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t changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 overview 2 see also 3 references toggle the table of contents philosophical theory 9 languages العربية ελληνικά esperanto español فارسی suomi la lojban svenska українська edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia systematic framework for addressing philosophical questions a philosophical theory is a view that attempts to explain or account for a particular problem in philosophy citation needed the use of the term theory is a statement of colloquial english and not a technical term 1 while any sort of thesis or opinion may be termed a position in analytic philosophy it is thought best to reserve the word theory for systematic comprehensive attempts to solve problems 2 overview edit the elements that comprise a philosophical position consist of statements which are believed to be true by the thinkers who accept them and which may or may not be empirical the sciences have a very clear idea of what a theory is however in the arts such as philosophy the definition is more hazy philosophical positions are not necessarily scientific theories although they may consist of both empirical and non empirical statements the collective statements of all philosophical movements schools of thought and belief systems consist of philosophical positions also included among philosophical positions are many principles dogmas doctrines hypotheses rules paradoxes laws as well as ologies isms sis s and effects 3 page needed some examples of philosophical positions include metatheory positions about the formation and content of theorems such as kurt gödel s incompleteness theorem political theory positions that underlie a political philosophy such as john rawls theory of justice ethical theory and meta ethics positions about the nature and purpose of ethical statements 4 such as the ethical theory of immanuel kant critical theory in its narrow sense a western european body of frankfurt school marxist thought that aims at criticizing and transforming rather than merely explaining social structures 5 in a broader sense critical theory relates to a wide variety of political literary and philosophical positions that take at least some of their inspiration from the frankfurt school and its dialectic and that typically contest the possibility of objectivity or aloofness from political positions and privileges 6 philosophical positions may also take the form of a religion philosophy of life ideology world view or life stance see also edit glossary of philosophy list of philosophies metaphilosophy references edit lacey a r 1976 a dictionary of philosophy second ed london and new york routledge p 122 isbn 0 415 05872 4 sparkes a w 1991 talking philosophy a wordbook new york new york routledge p 114 isbn 0 415 04222 4 bothamley jennifer 1993 dictionary of theories canton mi visible ink press richard t garner and bernard rosen moral philosophy a systematic introduction to normative ethics and meta ethics macmillan 1967 see generally max horkheimer traditional and critical theory 1937 critical theory at the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy v t e philosophy branches applied philosophy logic metaphilosophy philosophical methodology philosophy of education philosophy of information philosophy of language philosophy of mathematics philosophy of religion philosophy of science political philosophy practical philosophy social philosophy theoretical philosophy aesthetics aesthetic response formalism institutionalism epistemology empiricism fideism naturalism particularism rationalism skepticism solipsism ethics consequentialism deontology morality absolutism nihilism particularism skepticism universalism value theory virtue metaphysics free will compatibilism determinism hard incompatibilism hard libertarianism mind behaviorism dualism eliminativism emergentism epiphenomenalism functionalism objectivism subjectivism ontology action event process reality atomism conceptualism idealism materialism monism naturalism nominalism physicalism relativism realism and anti realism by era ancient agriculturalism chinese naturalism confucianism jain anekantavada syādvāda legalism logicians mazdakism mithraism mohism taoism yangism zoroastrianism zurvanism buddhist abhidharma madhyamaka pudgalavada sarvāstivadā sautrāntika svatantrika and prasangika śūnyatā tibetan yogacara greek and roman dispositio cyrenaics cynicism eretrian school hellenistic pyrrhonism stoicism epicureanism academic skepticism megarian school neopythagoreanism platonism academy middle neo peripatetic school pre socratic ionians pythagoreans eleatics atomists sophists school of the sextii second sophistic hindu ājīvika ajñana cārvāka mīmāṃsā nyaya vaisheshika samkhya yoga medieval buddhist chan huayan tiantai zen confucian korean neo xuanxue navya nyāya jewish renaissance humanism christian augustinianism byzantine occamism scholasticism scotism thomism islamic aristotelianism averroism avicennism illuminationism judeo islamic kalam sufi vedanta acintya bheda abheda advaita bhedabheda dvaita nimbarka sampradaya shuddhadvaita vishishtadvaita modern anarchism classical realism collectivism conservatism determinism dualism edo neo confucianism empiricism existentialism foundationalism historicism holism humanism anti idealism absolute british german italian objective subjective transcendental individualism kokugaku liberalism materialism modernism monism naturalism natural law nihilism new confucianism neo scholasticism pessimism pragmatism phenomenology positivism reductionism rationalism social contract socialism transcendentalism utilitarianism people cartesianism kantianism neo kierkegaardianism krausism hegelianism marxism newtonianism nietzscheanism spinozism contemporary kyoto school objectivism postcritique russian cosmism analytic applied ethics analytic feminism analytical marxism communitarianism consequentialism critical rationalism experimental philosophy falsificationism foundationalism vs coherentism internalism and externalism logical positivism legal positivism meta ethics moral realism quinean naturalism normative ethics ordinary language philosophy postanalytic philosophy quietism rawlsian reformed epistemology systemics scientism scientific realism scientific skepticism transactionalism contemporary utilitarianism vienna circle wittgensteinian continental critical theory frankfurt school deconstruction existentialism feminist hermeneutics new historicism phenomenology posthumanism postmodernism post structuralism social constructionism structuralism western marxism and neo marxism by region indigenous american aztec georgian romanian russian yugoslav african bantu egyptian ethiopian africana eastern chinese indian indonesian japanese korean middle eastern iranian pakistani taiwanese vietnamese western american australian british irish scottish canada czech danish dutch finland french german greek italian maltese polish slovene spanish philosophy portal category philosophy of biology education language mind religion science time v t e worldview related terms basic beliefs beliefs collective consciousness collective unconscious conceptual system context conventional wisdom conventions cultural movement epic poetry national epics world folk epics facts and factoids framing ideology life stance lifestyle memes memeplex mental model metanarrative mindset norms paradigm philosophical theory point of view presuppositions primal world beliefs reality tunnel schemata school of thought set social reality theory of everything umwelt value system aspects biases academic attentional attitude polarization belief cognitive list collective narcissism confirmation congruence cryptomnesia cultural ethnocentrism filter bubble homophily in group favoritism magical thinking media observational error observer expectancy selective exposure selective perception self deception self fulfilling prophecy clever hans effect placebo effect wishful thinking status quo stereotyping ethnic change and maintenance activism argument argumentum ad populum attitude change brainwashing censorship charisma circular reporting cognitive dissonance critical thinking crowd manipulation cultural dissonance deprogramming echo chamber education religious values euphemism excommunication fearmongering historical revisionism negationism ideological repression indoctrination manipulation psychology media manipulation media regulation missionaries moral entrepreneurship persuasion polite fiction political engineering propaganda propaganda model proselytism psychological warfare religious conversion forced religious persecution religious uniformity revolutions rhetoric self censorship social change social control social engineering social influence social progress suppression of dissent systemic bias woozle effect culture anthropology cultural social calendars ceremonies coronations cross cultural psychology cultural psychology doctrine employment serfdom slavery families funerals burial games holidays hygiene ritual identity philosophy cultural institutions liminality liturgy marriage myth and ritual oaths pilgrimages play rites of passage secular rituals social class social status caste symbols symbolic boundaries worship groupthink abilene paradox bandwagon effect collectives collective behavior animal collective effervescence collective intelligence conformity consensus theory crowd psychology cults culture bound syndromes deindividuation doublethink emergence emotional contagion entitativity false consensus effect folie à deux group action group cohesiveness group dynamics group emotion group polarization groupshift herd behavior holism hysterical contagion information cascade in group and out group invisible hand lynching majoritarianism mob rule mass action mass psychogenic illness milieu control mobbing moral panic peer pressure pluralistic ignorance political correctness pseudoconsensus scapegoating self organization social action social behavior social emotions social exclusion social facilitation animal social group social proof social psychology sociology spontaneous order status quo stigmergy swarm behaviour system justification viral phenomena knowledge axioms tacit assumptions conceptual framework epistemology outline evidence anecdotal scientific explanations faith fideism gnosis intuition meaning making memory meta knowledge methodology observation observational learning perception reasoning fallacious logic revelation testimony tradition folklore truth consensus theory criteria world disclosure metaphysics ætiology afterlife anima mundi causality concepts consciousness mind body problem cosmogony cosmology religious creation myth deities existence destiny eschatology everything nothing evolution existence fiction nonfiction free will future history ideas idios kosmos illusions incarnation information intelligence magic matter miracles mythology comparative national mythoi nature philosophical ontology origin myths political otherworlds axes mundi physics natural philosophy problem of evil reality souls spirit supernature teleology theology time unobservables value aesthetic taste aesthetic almsgiving charity altruism autonomy beauty codes of conduct comedy common good conscience consent creativity disgust duty economics ecstasy emotional religious elegance emotions aesthetic entertainment eroticism ethics étiquette family values food and drink prohibitions unclean animals golden rule guilt culpability happiness harmony honour human rights judgement justice law jurisprudence religious liberty political freedom love magnificence maxims meaning of life morality public obligations peace piety praxeology principles punishment qualities repentance reverence rights sexuality ethics sin social stigma stewardship styles sublime the suffering sympathy taboo theodicy trust unspoken rules virtues and vices works of art wrongdoing examples attitudes misanthropy optimism pessimism reclusion weltschmerz economic and political ideologies anarchism authoritarianism capitalism christian democracy collectivism colonialism communalism communism communitarianism conservatism constitutionalism distributism environmentalism extremism fanaticism fascism feminism fundamentalism globalism green politics imperialism individualism industrialisation intellectualism islamism liberalism libertarianism masculism militarism monarchism nationalism pacifism progressivism radicalism reformism republicanism sentientism 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