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phobos program wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 objectives 2 spacecraft design 3 phobos 1 4 phobos 2 5 systems and sensors 6 see also 7 references 8 external links toggle the table of contents phobos program 39 languages afrikaans العربية беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български català čeština dansk deutsch ελληνικά español فارسی suomi français עברית हिन्दी hrvatski magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia ido italiano 日本語 한국어 lietuvių latviešu македонски മലയാളം norsk bokmål polski português română русский slovenčina српски srpski svenska türkçe українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia 1988 soviet missions to mars not to be confused with fobos grunt this article includes a list of general references but lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations february 2015 learn how and when to remove this message phobos probe model the phobos program russian фобос fobos was an uncrewed space mission consisting of two probes launched by the soviet union to study mars and its moon phobos phobos 1 was launched on 7 july 1988 and phobos 2 on 12 july 1988 1 phobos 1 suffered a terminal failure en route to mars 2 phobos 2 attained mars orbit and made several passes collecting data on the martian system but contact was lost before the final phase prior to deployment of the planned phobos landers 1 phobos 1 and 2 were of a new spacecraft design the 1f succeeding the 4mv type used in the venera planetary missions of 1975 1985 and the 5vk design last used during the vega 1 and vega 2 missions to comet halley they each had a mass of 2600 kg 6220 kg with orbital insertion hardware attached and were launched aboard a proton k rocket 2 the program featured cooperation from 14 other nations including sweden switzerland austria france west germany and the united states which contributed the use of its nasa deep space network for tracking the twin spacecraft objectives edit the objectives of the phobos missions were to conduct studies of the interplanetary environment perform observations of the sun characterize the plasma environment in the martian vicinity conduct surface and atmospheric studies of mars and study the surface composition of the martian satellite phobos spacecraft design edit the main section of the spacecraft consisted of a pressurized toroidal electronics section surrounding a modular cylindrical experiment section below these were mounted four spherical tanks the fregat stage containing hydrazine for attitude control and after the main propulsion module was to be jettisoned orbit adjustment a total of 28 thrusters twenty four 50 n thrusters and four 10 n thrusters were mounted on the spherical tanks with additional thrusters mounted on the spacecraft body and solar panels attitude was maintained through the use of a three axis control system with pointing maintained with sun and star sensors phobos 1 edit main article phobos 1 phobos 1 operated nominally until a few weeks into the cruise to mars an expected communications session on september 2 1988 failed to occur the failure of controllers to regain contact with the spacecraft was traced to an error in the software uploaded on august 29 august 30 which had deactivated the attitude thrusters 3 by losing its lock on the sun the spacecraft could no longer properly orient its solar arrays thus depleting its batteries software instructions to turn off the probe s attitude control normally a fatal operation were part of a routine used when testing the spacecraft on the ground normally this routine would be removed before launch however the software was coded in proms and so removing the test code would have required removing and replacing the entire computer because of time pressure from the impending launch engineers decided to leave the command sequence in though it should never be used however a single character error in constructing an upload sequence resulted in the command executing with subsequent loss of the spacecraft 4 phobos 2 edit main article phobos 2 sample image taken by the phobos 2 probe enhanced image released by the iki taken 430 km away with a resolution of 80 420 m phobos 2 was launched atop a proton k with a blok d upper stage from baikonur cosmodrome on july 12 1988 and entered mars orbit on january 29 1989 phobos 2 operated nominally throughout its cruise and mars orbital insertion phases on january 29 1989 gathering data on the sun the interplanetary medium mars and phobos phobos 2 investigated mars s surface and atmosphere and returned 37 images of phobos 5 with a resolution of up to 40 meters communications were lost before planned deployment of a phobos lander systems and sensors edit phobos probes carried several instruments solar x ray and ultraviolet telescopes a neutron spectrometer and the grunt radar experiment designed to study the surface relief of phobos the lander had an x ray alpha spectrometer to provide information on the chemical element composition of the surface of phobos a seismometer to determine the internal structure of phobos and the razrez penetrator with temperature sensors and an accelerometer for testing the physical and mechanical properties of the surface the phobos 2 infrared spectrometer ism obtained 45000 spectra in the near infrared from 0 75 to 3 2 μm in the equatorial areas of mars with a spatial resolution ranging from 7 to 25 km and 400 spectra of phobos at 700 m resolution these observations made it possible to retrieve the first mineralogical maps of the planet and its satellite and to study the atmosphere of mars ism was developed at ias and despa paris observatory with support from cnes 6 list of instruments vsk tv imaging system 7 prop f hopping lander only carried by phobos 2 ars fp automatic x ray fluorescence spectrometer ferroprobe magnetometer kappameter magnetic permeability susceptibility sensor gravimeter temperature sensors bisin conductometer tiltmeter mechanical sensors penetrometer uiu accelerometer sensors on hopping mechanism das long lived autonomous station lander tv camera alpha x alpha proton x ray spectrometer libration sun sensor also known as stenopee seismometer razrez anchor penetrometer celestial mechanics experiment ism thermal infrared spectrometer radiometer 1 2 km resolution 6 near infrared imaging spectrometer thermal imaging camera magnetometers gamma ray spectrometers x ray telescope radiation detectors radar and laser altimeters lima d laser experiment designed to vaporise material from the phobos surface for chemical analysis by a mass spectrometer automatic space plasma experiment with rotating analyzer aspera an electron spectrometer and ion mass analyser from the swedish institute of space physics grunt imaging radar only carried by phobos 1 see also edit exploration of mars list of missions to mars space exploration references edit 1 2 sagdeev r z zakharov a v 1989 10 19 brief history of the phobos mission nature 341 6243 581 585 doi 10 1038 341581a0 issn 1476 4687 1 2 phobos project information soviet mars probe lost in space because of controller s error associated press neumann peter g september 14 1989 the risks digest volume 9 issue 24 the risks digest 9 24 via catless ncl ac uk avanesov g a bonev b i kempe f bazilevsky a t boycheva v chikov k n danz m dimrtrov d duxbury t gromatikov p halmann d head j heifets v n kolev v kostenko v i kottsov v a krasavtsev v m krasikov v a krumov a kuzmin a a losev k d lumme k mishev d n mohlmann d muinonen k murav ev v m murchie s murray b neumann w paul l petkov d petuchova i possel w rebel b shkuratov yu g simeonov s smith b totev a fedotov v p weide g g zapfe h zhukov b s ziman ya l october 14 1989 television observations of phobos nature 341 6243 585 587 bibcode 1989natur 341 585a doi 10 1038 341585a0 via www nature com 1 2 instrument ism pds sbn phobos 2 mars phobos jupiter vsk fregat images r z sagdeev a v zakharov 1989 brief history of the phobos mission nature 341 6243 581 585 bibcode 1989natur 341 581s doi 10 1038 341581a0 s2cid 41464654 articles in nature 341 1989 pages 581 619 phobos project information nasa nssdc fobos 1f ism phobos 2 archive the airport terminal also known as mariner 9 4209 75 the complete phobos 2 vsk image data set archived 2020 06 30 at the wayback machine external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to phobos program high quality processed images from the phobos 2 mission phobos mission images from the space research institute iki raw image data from the phobos 2 ism infrared instrument what we are searching for on phobos archived 2009 07 20 at the wayback machine an article on the phobos program at the web site of the russian space agency in russian another site with processed images from the soviet phobos 2 mission v t e soviet space probes earth satellites kosmos molniya zenit bion glonass meteor space observatories orion astron granat prognoz relikt 1 moon exploration luna lunokhod rovers zond program venus venera vega mars mars fobos design family 1mv 2mv 3mv 2m m69 4mv 5vk v t e spacecraft missions to mars list of missions to mars list of mars orbiters list of artificial objects on mars active orbiters 2001 mars odyssey mars express mars reconnaissance orbiter timeline trace gas orbiter hope tianwen 1 orbiter escapade enroute rovers curiosity mars science laboratory timeline perseverance mars 2020 timeline past flybys mars 1 mariner 4 zond 2 mariner 6 and 7 mars 6 mars 7 rosetta dawn mars cube one europa clipper hera psyche orbiters mars 2 mars 3 mariner 9 mars 4 mars 5 viking program viking 1 viking 2 phobos program phobos 1 phobos 2 mars observer mars global surveyor nozomi mars climate orbiter mangalyaan maven landers mars 2 mars 3 mars 6 mars 7 viking 1 viking 2 mars pathfinder mars polar lander deep space 2 beagle 2 phoenix exomars schiaparelli insight tianwen 1 lander rovers prop m sojourner mars exploration rover spirit timeline opportunity timeline zhurong aircraft ingenuity helicopter flights mars 2020 failed launches mars 1m no 1 1m no 2 2mv 4 no 1 2mv 3 no 1 mariner 3 mars 2m no 521 2m no 522 mariner 8 mars 3ms no 170 mars 96 fobos grunt yinghuo 1 future planned martian moons exploration mmx and idefix phobos rover 2026 tianwen 3 2028 rosalind franklin 2028 mbr explorer 2028 flyby in 2031 mangalyaan 2 2031 mars telecommunications network 2028 proposed lightship 2032 maggie spacex mars program tera hertz explorer terex skyfall helicopter cancelled or not developed aerial regional scale environmental survey astrobiology field laboratory beagle 3 biological oxidant and life detection dephine exolance icebreaker life kazachok marsokhod mars 4nm 5nm mars 5m mars 79 mars aster mars astrobiology explorer cacher max c mars geyser hopper mars grunt mars exploration ice mapper mars one mars micro orbiter nasa esa mars sample return mars sample recovery helicopters mars surveyor lander mars telecommunications orbiter melos rover metnet netlander northern light next mars orbiter padme phootprint sample collection for investigation of mars scim sky sailor spacex red dragon vesta voyager mars exploration concepts flyby orbiter landing sky crane atmospheric entry rover aircraft sample return human mission permanent settlement colonization life terraforming strategies mars scout program mars exploration program mars exploration joint initiative mars next generation advocacy the mars project the case for mars inspiration mars mars institute mars society mars race missions are ordered by launch date sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned indicates use of the planet as a gravity assist en route to another destination portal solar system retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title phobos_program oldid 1351678599 categories exploration of mars 1988 in the soviet union 1988 in spaceflight soviet missions to mars derelict space probes missions to phobos moon hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata articles lacking in text citations from february 2015 all articles lacking in text citations articles containing russian language text webarchive template wayback links commons category link from wikidata articles with russian language sources ru use american english from january 2014 all wikipedia articles written in american english this page was last edited on 29 april 2026 at 13 07 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents phobos program 39 languages add topic