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lic judged photography and many of today s photo books celebrate photojournalism as if it had been the exclusive province of near celebrity magazine photographers citation needed in 1947 a few famous photographers founded the international photographic cooperative magnum photos in 1989 corbis corporation and in 1995 getty images were founded these powerful image libraries sell the rights to photographs and other still images citation needed decline edit sports photojournalists at indianapolis motor speedway the golden age of photojournalism ended in the 1970s when many photo magazines ceased publication most prominently life which ended weekly publication in december 1972 30 they found that they could not compete with other media for advertising revenue to sustain their large circulations and high costs still those magazines taught journalism much about the photographic essay and the power of still images 31 however since the late 1970s photojournalism and documentary photography have increasingly been accorded a place in art galleries alongside fine art photography luc delahaye manuel rivera ortiz and the members of vii photo agency are among many who regularly exhibit in galleries and museums 32 professional organizations edit the danish union of press photographers pressefotografforbundet was the first national organization for newspaper photographers in the world it was founded in 1912 in copenhagen denmark by six press photographers 33 today it has over 800 members the national press photographers association nppa was founded in 1946 in the u s and has about 10 000 members others around the world include the british press photographers association bppa 34 founded in 1984 then relaunched in 2003 and now has around 450 members hong kong press photographers association 1989 northern ireland press photographers association 2000 pressfotografernas klubb sweden 1930 and pk pressefotografenes klubb norway 35 magnum photos was founded in 1947 by robert capa david chim seymour henri cartier bresson george rodger william vandivert rita vandivert and maria eisner being one of the first photographic cooperatives owned and administered entirely by its members worldwide vii photo agency was founded in september 2001 and got its name from the original seven founders alexandra boulat ron haviv gary knight antonin kratochvil christopher morris james nachtwey and john stanmeyer today it has 30 members along with a mentor program news organizations and journalism schools run many different awards for photojournalists since 1968 pulitzer prizes have been awarded for the following categories of photojournalism feature photography and spot news photography other awards are world press photo best of photojournalism and pictures of the year as well as the uk based the press photographer s year 36 ethical legal and social considerations edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed september 2015 learn how and when to remove this message photojournalists at the 2016 labour party conference in liverpool photojournalism works within the same ethical approaches to objectivity that are applied by other journalists what to photograph what to include in the frame how to curate and how to edit are constant considerations photographing news for an assignment or to illustrate a story can present many possible ethical problems photojournalists have a moral responsibility to decide what pictures to take what picture to stage and what pictures to show the public for example photographs of violence and tragedy are prevalent in us journalism because as an understated rule of thumb if it bleeds it leads the public may be attracted to the spectacle of gruesome photographs and dramatic stories controversy may arise when deciding which photographs are too violent to show the public citation needed photographs of the dead or injured arouse controversy because more often than not the name of person depicted in the photograph is not given in the caption the photograph of the street execution of a viet cong soldier during the vietnam war provoked a lot of interest because it captured the exact moment of death the victim s wife learned about her husband s death when she was given a newspaper with the photo on the front page 37 this photo has claimed a reputation of galvanizing the anti war movement in the united states 38 and impacted many people s perception of the war being exposed to such violence can have physiological and psychological effects on those who document it and is but one of many different forms of emotional labor that photojournalists report experiencing 39 in this case the photographer eddie adams was quoted saying i was getting money for showing one man killing another two lives were destroyed and i was getting paid for it i was a hero 40 he expressed how this photo haunted him due to its impact on the world a key example of how impactful photography can be is found during documentation of the us civil rights movement bill hudson was in birmingham alabama on a quest to document the peaceful protests of the movement when he took a photo of high school student walter gadsden in this photograph gadsden appeared to be attacked by a police dog and the resulting image brought the gory side of the movement to everyone s attention the photo was seen above the fold in the may 1963 the new york times in the case of this particular photograph it helped change the path of the civil rights movement citation needed and gained it even more attention other issues involving photojournalism include the right to privacy negotiating how the subject desires to be depicted 41 and questions of whether compensation is warranted especially regarding pictures of violence photojournalists face the ethical dilemma of whether or not to publish images of the victims the victim s right to privacy is sometimes not addressed or the picture is printed without their knowledge or consent another major issue of photojournalism is photo manipulation what degree is acceptable some pictures are simply manipulated for color enhancement whereas others are manipulated to the extent where people are edited in or out of the picture war photography has always been a genre of photojournalism that is frequently staged due to the bulkiness and types of cameras present during past wars in history it was rare when a photograph could capture a spontaneous news event subjects were carefully composed and staged in order to capture better images another ethical issue is false or misleading captioning the 2006 lebanon war photographs controversies is a notable example of some of these issue and see photo manipulation use in journalism for other examples citation needed the emergence of digital photography offers new realms of opportunity for the manipulation reproduction and transmission of images it has inevitably complicated many of the ethical issues involved citation needed often ethical conflicts can be mitigated or enhanced by the actions of a sub editor or picture editor who takes control of the images once they have been delivered to the news organization the photojournalist often has no control as to how images are ultimately used citation needed the national press photographers association nppa is a professional society in the us that emphasizes photojournalism members of the nppa accept the following code of ethics the practice of photojournalism both as a science and art is worthy of the very best thought and effort of those who enter into it as a profession photojournalism affords an opportunity to serve the public that is equaled by few other vocations and all members of the profession should strive by example and influence to maintain high standards of ethical conduct free of mercenary considerations of any kind it is the individual responsibility of every photojournalist at all times to strive for pictures that report truthfully honestly and objectively business promotion in its many forms is essential but untrue statements of any nature are not worthy of a professional photojournalist and we severely condemn any such practice it is our duty to encourage and assist all members of our profession individually and collectively so that the quality of photojournalism may constantly be raised to higher standards it is the duty of every photojournalist to work to preserve all freedom of the press rights recognized by law and to work to protect and expand freedom of access to all sources of news and visual information our standards of business dealings ambitions and relations shall have in them a note of sympathy for our common humanity and shall always require us to take into consideration our highest duties as members of society in every situation in our business life in every responsibility that comes before us our chief thought shall be to fulfill that responsibility and discharge that duty so that when each of us is finished we shall have endeavored to lift the level of human ideals and achievement higher than we found it no code of ethics can prejudge every situation thus common sense and good judgment are required in applying ethical principles 42 unethical practices edit most photojournalists consider stage managed shots presented as candid to be unethical 43 mike meadows a veteran photographer of the los angeles times was covering a major wild fire sweeping southern california on 27 october 1993 his picture of a los angeles county firefighter mike alves cooling himself off with water in a pool in altadena ran both in the times and nationally prior to submitting the photograph for a pulitzer prize meadows assignment editor fred sweets contacted the firefighter who reportedly said he had been asked by meadows to go to the pool and splash water on his head meadows denied the accusation claiming i may have been guilty of saying this would make a nice shot but to the best of my recollection i did not directly ask him to do that i ve been doing breaking news stories for years and years and i ve never in my life set up a picture meadows was suspended without pay for a week and picture was withdrawn from any prize competitions the times called it a fabrication and the paper s photography director larry armstrong said when you manipulate the situation you manipulate the news 43 44 edward keating a pulitzer prize winner from the new york times photographed a young boy pointing a toy gun outside a middle eastern grocery store near a town where the fbi raided an alleged al qaeda cell other photographers at the scene claimed that keating pointed with his own arm to show the boy which way to look and aim the gun after the columbia journalism review reported the incident keating was forced to leave the paper 45 impact of new technologies edit roger fenton s photographic van 1855 formerly a wine merchant s wagon his assistant is pictured at the front as early as the crimean war in the mid 19th century photographers were using the novel technology of the glass plate camera to record images of british soldiers in the field as a result they had to deal with not only war conditions but their pictures often required long shutter speeds and they had to prepare each plate before taking the shot and develop it immediately after this led to for example roger fenton traveling around in a transportable dark room which at times made him a target of the enemy these technological barriers are why he was unable to obtain any direct images of the action 5 the use of photography as a way of reporting news did not become widespread until the advent of smaller more portable cameras that used an enlargeable film negative to record images the introduction of the 35 mm leica camera in 1925 made it possible for photographers to move with the action take multiple shots of events as they were unfolding as well as be more able to create a narrative through their photographs alone 46 since the 1960s motor drives electronic flash auto focus better lenses and other camera enhancements have made picture taking easier new digital cameras free photojournalists from the limitation of film roll length although the number depends on the amount of megapixels the camera contains whether one s shooting mode is jpeg or raw and what size of memory card one is using it is possible to store thousands of images on a single memory card 47 leica 1 1925 s introduction marked the beginning of modern photojournalism in the 21st century digital cameras and mobile phones became central tools of photojournalism changing how news images were gathered and distributed 48 social media are playing a big part in revealing world events to a vast audience whenever there is a major event in the world there are usually people with camera phones ready to capture photos and post them on various social networks such convenience allows the associated press and other companies to reach out to the citizen journalist who holds ownership of the photos and get permission to use those photos in news outlets 49 the content of photos tends to outweigh their quality when it comes to news value on 18 february 2004 the new york times published on their front page a photo of at t ceo john zeglis which was taken with a camera phone 50 content remains the most important element of photojournalism but the ability to extend deadlines with rapid gathering and editing of images has brought significant changes even by the end of the 1990s when digital cameras such as the nikon d1 and the canon eos d30 were still in their infancy nearly 30 minutes were needed to scan and transmit a single color photograph from a remote location to a news office for printing now equipped with a digital camera a mobile phone and a laptop computer a photojournalist can send a high quality image in minutes even seconds after an event occurs camera phones and portable satellite links increasingly allow for the mobile transmission of images from almost any point on the earth citation needed there is some concern by news photographers that the profession of photojournalism as it is known today could change to such a degree that it is unrecognizable as image capturing technology naturally progresses 51 staff photojournalism jobs continued to dwindle in the 2010s and some of the largest news media outlets in the us now rely on freelancers for the majority of their needs 52 for example in 2016 the new york times employed 52 photo editors and relied on freelancers to provide 50 or more of its visuals the wall street journal employed 24 photo editors and relied on freelancers for 66 of its features imagery and 33 of its news imagery the washington post employed 19 photo editors and relied on freelancers for 80 of its international news imagery 50 of its political news imagery and between 60 80 of its national news imagery the age of the citizen journalist and the providing of news 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