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nd astrometry continued using plates until digital imaging improved to the point where it could outmatch photographic results kodak and other manufacturers discontinued production of most kinds of plates as the market for them dwindled between 1980 and 2000 terminating most remaining astronomical use including for sky surveys 5 physics edit photographic plates were also an important tool in early high energy physics as they are blackened by ionizing radiation ernest rutherford was one of the first to study the absorption in various materials of the rays produced in radioactive decay by using photographic plates to measure the intensity of the rays development of particle detection optimised nuclear emulsions in the 1930s and 1940s first in physics laboratories then by commercial manufacturers enabled the discovery and measurement of both the pi meson and k meson in 1947 and 1949 initiating a flood of new particle discoveries in the second half of the 20th century 6 electron microscopy edit photographic emulsions were originally coated on thin glass plates for imaging with electron microscopes which provided a more rigid stable and flatter plane compared to plastic films 7 beginning in the 1970s high contrast fine grain emulsions coated on thicker plastic films manufactured by kodak ilford and dupont replaced glass plates these films have largely been replaced by digital imaging technologies 8 medical imaging edit the sensitivity of certain types of photographic plates to ionizing radiation usually x rays is also useful in medical imaging and material science applications although they have been largely replaced with reusable and computer readable image plate detectors and other types of x ray detectors decline edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed july 2019 learn how and when to remove this message the earliest flexible films of the late 1880s were sold for amateur use in medium format cameras the plastic was not of very high optical quality and tended to curl and otherwise not provide as desirably flat a support surface as a sheet of glass initially a transparent plastic base was more expensive to produce than glass quality was eventually improved manufacturing costs came down and most amateurs gladly abandoned plates for films after large format high quality cut films for professional photographers were introduced in the late 1910s the use of plates for ordinary photography of any kind became increasingly rare the persistent use of plates in astronomical and other scientific applications started to decline in the early 1980s as they were gradually replaced by charge coupled devices ccds which also provide outstanding dimensional stability ccd cameras have several advantages over glass plates including high efficiency linear light response and simplified image acquisition and processing however even the largest ccd formats e g 8192 8192 pixels still do not have the detecting area and resolution of most photographic plates which has forced modern survey cameras to use large ccd arrays to obtain the same coverage the manufacture of photographic plates has been discontinued by kodak agfa and other widely known traditional makers eastern european sources have subsequently catered to the minimal remaining demand practically all of it for use in holography which requires a recording medium with a large surface area and a submicroscopic level of resolution that currently 2014 available electronic image sensors cannot provide in the realm of traditional photography a small number of historical process enthusiasts make their own wet or dry plates from raw materials and use them in vintage large format cameras preservation edit several institutions have established archives to preserve photographic plates and prevent their valuable historical information from being lost the emulsion on the plate can deteriorate in addition the glass plate medium is fragile and prone to cracking if not stored correctly 9 historical archives edit the united states library of congress has a large collection of both wet and dry plate photographic negatives dating from 1855 through 1900 10 over 7 500 of which have been digitized from the period 1861 to 1865 11 the george eastman museum holds an extensive collection of photographic plates 12 failed verification in 1955 wet plate negatives measuring 4 feet 6 inches 1 37 m 3 feet 2 inches 0 97 m were reported to have been discovered in 1951 as part of the holtermann collection these purportedly were the largest glass negatives discovered at that time 13 these images were taken in 1875 by charles bayliss 14 and formed the shore tower panorama 15 of sydney harbour 13 albumen contact prints made from these negatives are in the holdings of the holtermann collection the negatives are listed among the current holdings of the collection 14 16 scientific archives edit preservation of photographic plates is a particular need in astronomy where changes often occur slowly and the plates represent irreplaceable records of the sky and astronomical objects that extend back over 100 years the method of digitization of astronomical plates enables free and easy access to those unique astronomical data and it is one of the most popular approaches to preserving them this approach was applied at the baldone astrophysical observatory where about 22 000 glass and film plates of the schmidt telescope were scanned and cataloged 17 another astronomical plate archive is the astronomical photographic data archive apda at the pisgah astronomical research institute pari apda was created in response to recommendations of a group of international scientists who gathered in 2007 to discuss how to best preserve astronomical plates see the osborn and robbins reference listed under further reading the discussions revealed that some observatories could no longer maintain their plate collections and needed a place to archive them apda is dedicated to housing and cataloging unwanted plates with the goal of eventually cataloging the plates and creating a database of images that can be accessed via the internet by the global community of scientists researchers and students apda now has a collection of more than 404 000 photographic images from over 40 observatories that are housed in a secure building with environmental control the facility possesses several plate scanners including two high precision ones gamma i and gamma ii built for nasa and the space telescope science institute stsci and used by a team under the leadership of the late barry lasker to develop the guide star catalog and digitized sky survey that are used to guide and direct the hubble space telescope apda s networked storage system can store and analyze more than 100 terabytes of data 18 a historical collection of photographic plates from mt wilson observatory is available at the carnegie observatories 19 metadata is available via a searchable database 20 while a portion of the plates has been digitized see also edit camera film base photographic film mammoth plate references edit the largest photograph in the world of the handsomest train in the world pdf chicago alton railway archived from the original pdf on 7 february 2016 retrieved 30 january 2016 harrow photos history of the hills saunders photographic collection harrow school archived from the original on 17 april 2009 retrieved 8 february 2016 belle vue studio photo archive bradford museums galleries charon discovery image galleries nasa solar system exploration nasa solar system exploration archived from the original on 30 january 2016 retrieved 21 january 2016 girard terrence m dinescu dana i van altena william f platais imants monet david g lópez carlos e 2004 the southern proper motion program iii a near complete catalog to v 17 5 the astronomical journal 127 5 3060 arxiv astro ph 0402411 bibcode 2004aj 127 3060g doi 10 1086 383545 s2cid 15153001 herz a j lock w o may 1966 nuclear emulsions cern courier 6 83 87 dykstra michael j reuss laura e 2003 biological electron microscopy theory techniques and troubleshooting 2nd ed new york ny kluwer academic p 194 isbn 978 0306477492 retrieved 21 january 2016 fan g y ellisman m h 1 october 2000 digital imaging in transmission electron microscopy journal of microscopy 200 pt 1 1 13 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2818 2000 00737 x issn 0022 2720 pmid 11012823 s2cid 2034467 gillett martine garnier chantal flieder francoise 1986 glass plate negatives preservation and restoration restaurator 7 2 49 80 doi 10 1515 rest 1986 7 2 49 s2cid 93161043 civil war glass negatives and related prints u s library of congress retrieved 6 april 2016 civil war glass negatives and related prints united states library of congress retrieved 6 april 2016 conservation george eastman museum retrieved 23 march 2016 1 2 australia s holtermann collection of wet plate negatives pdf journal of photography of the george eastman house 4 3 6 8 march 1955 archived from the original pdf on 9 september 2015 retrieved 23 march 2016 1 2 panorama of sydney and the harbour new south wales art gallery of new south wales retrieved 24 march 2016 holtermann panorama pdf national gallery of australia archived from the original pdf on 20 april 2017 retrieved 24 march 2016 three glass plate negatives of sydney harbour from the holtermann residence st leonards state library of new south wales catalogue retrieved 7 april 2016 ilgmars eglitis and vitaly andruk june 2017 processing of digital plates 1 2m of baldone observatory schmidt telescope open astronomy 26 1 7 17 bibcode 2017oast 26 1n doi 10 1515 astro 2017 0002 adpa plate archive search tool past carnegie observatories retrieved 2020 12 16 carnegie observatories plate archive database plates obs carnegiescience edu retrieved 2021 01 07 further reading edit peter kroll constanze la dous hans jürgen bräuer treasure hunting in astronomical plate archives proceedings of the international workshop held at sonneberg observatory march 4 to 6 1999 verlag herri deutsch frankfurt am main 1999 isbn 3 8171 1599 7 wayne osborn lee robbins preserving astronomy s photographic legacy current state and the future of north american astronomical plates astronomical society of the pacific conference series vol 410 2009 isbn 978 1 58381 700 1 pisgah astronomical research institute pari astronomical photographic data archive apda https www pari edu research adpa external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to photographic plates carnegie observatories the sonneberg plates archiv sonneberg observatory the harvard college observatory plate stacks apda pari pisgah astronomical research institute astronomical photographic data archive pari apda archive from aug 2012 capturing oregon s frontier archived 2020 06 18 at the wayback machine documentary produced by oregon public broadcasting video demonstration of collodion wet plate preparation and photographic image creation course on field wet plate photography information on creation of wet plate photographs v t e photography equipment camera box camera light field digital field instant phone pinhole press rangefinder slr still tlr toy view darkroom enlarger safelight film base format holder stock available films discontinued films filter flash beauty dish cucoloris gobo hot shoe lens hood monolight reflector snoot softbox lens long focus prime zoom wide angle fisheye swivel telephoto manufacturers monopod movie projector slide projector tripod head zone plate terminology 35 mm equivalent focal length abbreviations list angle of view aperture backscatter black and white chromatic aberration circle of confusion clipping color balance color temperature depth of field depth of focus exposure exposure compensation exposure value f number film format 35mm large medium film speed focal length guide number hyperfocal distance lens flare metering mode perspective distortion telephoto compression photograph photographic printing albumen photographic processes reciprocity red eye effect science of photography shutter speed sync zebra patterning zone system genres abstract aerial aircraft architectural astrophotography banquet candid conceptual conservation cloudscape documentary eclipse ethnographic erotic fashion fine art fire fireworks forensic glamour high speed landscape monochrome nature neues sehen nude photojournalism pictorialism pornography portrait post mortem ruins selfie space selfie social documentary sports still life stock straight photography street underwater vernacular wedding wildlife techniques afocal blur bokeh bracketing brenizer burst mode combination printing contre jour crittercam pigeon photography ettr fill flash focus stacking hand colouring harris shutter high speed holography infrared intentional camera movement kirlian kite aerial lo fi photography lomography long exposure luminogram macro manipulation mordançage multiple exposure multi exposure hdr capture night panning panoramic photogram photomontage pre release capture print toning redscale rephotography rollout scanography schlieren photography sabattier effect slow motion stereoscopy stopping down strip slit scan sprocket hole sun printing tilt shift miniature faking time lapse ultraviolet vignetting xerography zoom burst composition diagonal method framing headroom lead room rule of thirds simplicity golden triangle composition history timeline of photography technology albumen print ambrotype analog film photography autochrome lumière calotype camera obscura daguerreotype dufaycolor heliography lippmann plate painted photography backdrops photography and the law photographic plate salt print tintype visual arts regional albania australia bangladesh canada china colombia denmark greece india japan korea luxembourg new zealand norway philippines serbia slovenia sudan taiwan turkey ukraine united states uzbekistan vietnam digital photography digital camera dslr milc camera back digiscoping comparison of digital and film photography film scanner image sensor cmos aps ccd three ccd camera foveon x3 sensor photo response non uniformity image sharing pixel color photography print film chromogenic print reversal film color management color space primary color cmyk color model rgb color model photographic processing anthotype bleach bypass c 41 process carbon print collodion process cross processing cyanotype developer digital image processing dye coupler e 6 process fixer gelatin silver print gum printing instant film k 14 process photogravure print permanence push processing salt print stop bath lists largest photographs most expensive photographs museums devoted to one photographer photographs considered the most important photographers norwegian polish street women photography periodicals related conservation and restoration of photographs film photographic plates polaroid art stereoscopy say 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