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one that does not use film is realized today through image editing software this latter technique is referred to by professionals as compositing and in casual usage is often called photoshopping from the name of the popular software system 2 a composite of related photographs to extend a view of a single scene or subject would not be labeled as a montage but instead a stitched image or a digital image mosaic history edit author oliver grau in his book virtual art from illusion to immersion notes that the creation of an artificial immersive virtual reality arising as a result of technical exploitation of new inventions is a long standing human practice throughout the ages such environments as dioramas were made of composited images 19th century edit the two ways of life a moralistic photo montage of rejlanders own work 1857 a choice between vice at left and virtue at right robinson s fading away 1858 the first and most famous mid victorian photomontage then called combination printing was the two ways of life 1857 by oscar rejlander 3 followed shortly thereafter by the images of photographer henry peach robinson such as fading away 1858 these works actively set out to challenge the then dominant painting and theatrical tableau vivants composite photographic portrait of the new south wales contingent sudan campaign 1885 carnival south end exhibition rink halifax nova scotia canada february 1899 the carefully prepared photomontage composite was a notman specialty each figure being photographed separately and then combined as a single image in late victorian north america william notman of montreal used photomontage to commemorate large social events which could not otherwise be captured on film fantasy photomontage postcards were also popular in the late victorian era and edwardian era 4 one of the preeminent producers in this period was the bamforth co ltd of holmfirth west yorkshire and new york the high point of its popularity came however during world war i when photographers in france great britain germany austria and hungary produced a profusion of postcards showing soldiers on one plane and lovers wives children families or parents on another 5 many of the early examples of fine art photomontage consist of photographed elements superimposed on watercolours a combination returned to by e g george grosz in about 1915 20th century edit heartfield grosz and dada edit in 1916 john heartfield and george grosz experimented with pasting pictures together a form of art later named photomontage george grosz wrote when john heartfield and i invented photomontage in my south end studio at five o clock on a may morning in 1916 neither of us had any inkling of its great possibilities nor of the thorny yet successful road it was to take as so often happens in life we had stumbled across a vein of gold without knowing it 6 7 john heartfield and george grosz were members of berlin club dada 1916 1920 8 the german dadists were instrumental in making montage into a modern art form the term photomontage became widely known at the end of world war i around 1918 or 1919 5 heartfield used photomontage extensively in his innovative book dust jackets for the berlin publishing house malik verlag 9 10 he revolutionized the look of these book covers heartfield was the first to use photomontage to tell a story from the front cover of the book to the back cover he also employed groundbreaking typography to enhance the effect 11 from 1930 to 1938 john heartfield used photomontage to create 240 photomontages of the nazi period 12 13 to use art as a weapon against fascism and the third reich the photomontages appeared on street covers all over berlin on the cover of the widely circulated aiz magazine published by willi münzenberg heartfield lived in berlin until april 1933 when he escaped to czechoslovakia after he was targeted for assassination by the ss continuing to produce anti fascist art in czechoslovakia until 1938 heartfield s political photomontages earned him the number five position on the gestapo s most wanted list hannah höch began experimenting with photomontage in 1918 höch worked for ullstein verlag designing knitting and embroidery patterns that were inspired by her photomontage work of the time 14 she continued to work with photomontage for almost the rest of her life even after she broke from the berlin dadaists other major artists who were members of berlin club dada and major exponents of photomontage were kurt schwitters raoul hausmann and johannes baader individual photographs combined to create a new subject or visual image proved to be a powerful tool for the dadists protesting world war i and the interests that they believed inspired the war photomontage survived dada and was a technique inherited and used by european surrealists such as salvador dalí its influence also spread to japan including within the interwar modernist new photography field japanese shinkō shashin 15 avant garde painter harue koga produced photomontage style paintings based on images culled from magazines 16 japanese poet photographer kansuke yamamoto also experimented with photographic collage and photomontage in his 1953 collage reminiscence he superimposed the motif of a cage over a city 17 18 the world s first retrospective show of photomontage was held in germany in 1931 19 a later term coined in europe was photocollage which usually referred to large and ambitious works that added typography brushwork or even objects stuck to the photomontage russian soviet constructivism edit parallel to the germans russian constructivist artists such as el lissitzky alexander rodchenko and the husband and wife team of gustav klutsis and valentina kulagina created pioneering photomontage work as propaganda such as in the journal ussr in construction for the soviet government in the americas edit following his exile to mexico in the late 1930s spanish civil war activist and montage artist josep renau berenguer compiled his acclaimed fata morgana usa the american way of life a book of photomontage images highly critical of american culture and north american consumer culture 20 his contemporary lola alvarez bravo experimented with photomontage on life and social issues in mexican cities in argentina during the late 1940s the german exile grete stern began to contribute photomontage work on the theme of sueños dreams as part of a regular psychoanalytical article in the magazine idilio 21 postwar photomontage edit the pioneering techniques of early photomontage artists were co opted by the advertising industry from the late 1920s onward the american photographer alfred gescheidt while working primarily in advertising and commercial art in the 1960s and 1970s used photomontage techniques to create satirical posters and postcards 22 139 a 1950 photomontage by grete stern starting in the 1960s jerry uelsmann became influential in the photomontage world using multiple enlargers to utilize many techniques that would someday influence digital photomontage down to the naming of tools in photoshop in 1985 he even published a book demonstrating and explaining his techniques two years before thomas and john knoll began selling photoshop through adobe ten years later in 1995 adobe s creative director russel brown tried to get uelsmann to test out photoshop uelsmann didn t like it but his wife maggie taylor did and began using it to produce digital photomontage becoming a founder of the modern genre techniques edit other methods for combining images are also called photomontage such as victorian combination printing the printing of more than one negative on a single piece of printing paper e g o g rejlander 1857 front projection and computer montage techniques much as a collage is composed of multiple facets artists also combine montage techniques a series of black and white photomontage projections by romare bearden 1912 1988 is an example his method began with compositions of paper paint and photographs put on boards measuring 8½ 11 inches bearden fixed the imagery with an emulsion that he then applied with hand roller subsequently he photographed and enlarged them the nineteenth century tradition of physically joining multiple images into a composite and photographing the results prevailed in press photography and offset lithography until the widespread use of digital image editing 20th century xerox technology made possible the ability to copy both flat images and three dimensional objects using the copier as a scanning camera such copier images could then be combined with real objects in a traditional cut and glue collage manner contemporary photograph editors in magazines now create paste ups digitally creating a photomontage has for the most part become easier with the advent of computer software such as adobe photoshop paint shop pro corel photopaint pixelmator paint net or gimp these programs make the changes digitally allowing for faster workflow and more precise results they also mitigate mistakes by allowing the artist to undo errors yet some artists are pushing the boundaries of digital image editing to create extremely time intensive compositions that rival the demands of the traditional arts the current trend is to create images that combine painting 23 theatre illustration and graphics in a seamless photographic whole legal and ethical issues edit example for an artificially created totally misleading image a race car exhibited at an airport below was cropped and combined on a computer with snowy mountains leading to an image of a situation which never existed bmw m8 gte endurance race car at munich airport in 2021 further information derivative work a photomontage may contain elements at once real and imaginary combined photographs and digital manipulations may set up a conflict between aesthetics and ethics for instance in fake photographs that are presented to the world as real news for example in the united states the national press photographers association nppa has set out a code of ethics promoting the accuracy of published images advising that photographers do not manipulate images that can mislead viewers or misrepresent subjects 24 scrapbooking edit photomontage also may be present in the scrapbooking phenomenon in which family images are pasted into scrapbooks and a collage created along with paper ephemera and decorative items digital art scrapbooking employs a computer to create simple collage designs and captions the amateur scrapbooker can turn home projects into professional output such as cds dvds displays on television uploads to a website for viewing or assemblies into one or more books for sharing photograph manipulation edit photograph manipulation refers to alterations made to an image often the goal of photograph manipulation is to create another realistic image this has led to numerous political and ethical concerns particularly in journalism gallery edit examples by modern artists edit hannah höch cut with the kitchen knife dada through the last weimar beer belly cultural epoch of germany 1919 gustav klutsis design for a stand at the entrance to an exhibition 1920 el lissitzky the constructor 1924 other edit composite of 11 different images perspective run photomontage showing what a complete iceberg might look like under water photocollage a modern photomontage showing five digits instead of four see also edit compositing composograph collage decollage derivative work facial composite famous photographical manipulations multiple exposure photo mosaic surrealist techniques crimes de la commune references edit clark lloyd douglas brown brian a apparatus and method for application of selective digital photomontage to motion pictures pdf archived pdf from the original on 2022 10 09 geelan david 2006 undead theories constructivism eclecticism and research in education sense publishers isbn 90 77874 31 3 davenport alma 1991 the history of photography an overview university of new mexico press p 164 isbn 978 0 8263 2076 6 retrieved 5 january 2013 valcke jennifer october 2011 static films and moving pictures montage in avant garde photography and film grin verlag p 11 isbn 978 3 656 03720 0 retrieved 5 january 2013 marie monique huss histoires de famille cartes postales et culture de guerre paris noesis 2000 king david october 2015 laughter is a devastating weapon harry n abrams p 13 isbn 978 1849761840 archived from the original on 2023 07 19 retrieved 2020 08 02 george grosz quote on photomontage invention official john heartfield exhibition archived from the original on 9 may 2019 retrieved 9 january 2017 berlin club dada 1916 1920 official john heartfield exhibition archived from the original on 10 january 2017 retrieved 9 january 2017 zervigón andrés november 2012 john heartfield and the agitated image photography persuasion and the rise of avant garde photomontage university of chicago press isbn 978 0226981789 archived from the original on 2023 07 19 retrieved 2020 08 02 malik verlag photomontage book dust jackets official john heartfield exhibition archived from the original on 10 january 2017 retrieved 9 january 2017 john heartfield photomontage book dust jackets official john heartfield exhibition archived from the original on 10 january 2017 retrieved 9 january 2017 heartfield john may 1997 photomontages of the nazi period universe books isbn 0876639546 archived from the original on 2023 07 19 retrieved 2020 08 02 john heartfield photomontages of the nazi period official john heartfield exhibition archived from the original on 12 march 2017 retrieved 9 january 2017 maria makela 1996 by design the early work of hannah höch in context in boswell peter makela maria lanchner carolyn eds the photomontages of hannah höch 1 ed minneapolis walker art center p 62 isbn 9780935640526 smith kevin michael spring 2019 images under construction photomontage in interwar europe and japan trans asia photography review 9 2 retrieved 6 february 2026 eskola jack 2015 harue koga david bowie of the early 20th century japanese art avant garde kansuke yamamoto j paul getty museum retrieved 6 february 2026 aoki eiko 2013 the pacific rim divide of japan s modern divide trans asia photography review 4 1 retrieved 6 february 2026 becker lutz 2011 11 11 cut paste european photomontage 1920 1945 gangemi editore spa p 13 isbn 978 88 492 6515 6 retrieved 5 january 2013 art for a change posters of the spanish civil war archived from the original on 2007 08 04 retrieved 2007 08 26 untitled document zonezero com archived from the original on 2007 08 22 retrieved 2007 08 26 chapnick howard 1994 truth needs no ally inside photojournalism columbia missouri university of missouri press isbn 9780826209542 yuri rydkin within photo collages sygma archived from the original on 7 march 2021 retrieved 8 january 2021 foreword art critic теймур даими photo artist василий ломакин literary critic елена зейферт nppa org archived 2006 12 12 at the wayback machine nppa code...