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chrysostom hilarion john cassian 11th 12th bernard of clairvaux guigo ii hildegard of bingen symeon the new theologian sava i of serbia 13th 14th dominican dominic de guzmán franciscan francis of assisi anthony of padua bonaventure jacopone da todi angela of foligno english richard rolle walter hilton julian of norwich margery kempe flemish beatrice of nazareth lutgardis hadewijch john van ruysbroeck german meister eckhart johannes tauler henry suso female beatrice of nazareth bridget of sweden catherine of siena gertrude the great mechthild of magdeburg marguerite porete 15th 16th spanish ignatius of loyola francisco de osuna john of ávila teresa of ávila john of the cross others catherine of genoa 17th 18th french margaret mary alacoque pierre de bérulle jean jacques olier louis de montfort charles de condren john eudes john of st samson others mary of jesus of ágreda paul of the cross anne catherine emmerich veronica giuliani francis de sales 19th dina bélanger catherine labouré mélanie calvat maximin giraud bernadette soubirous conchita de armida luisa piccarreta mary of the divine heart thérèse of lisieux gemma galgani 20th padre pio therese neumann marthe robin alexandrina of balazar faustina kowalska sister lúcia of fátima edgar cayce simone weil alfred delp thomas merton charles de foucauld edvige carboni elena aiello edith stein contemporary papal views aspects of meditation orationis formas 1989 reflection on the new age 2003 literature and media lingua ignota ordo virtutum scivias ascent of mount carmel dark night of the soul spiritual canticle way of perfection book of the first monks the interior castle abbey of the holy ghost a dialogue of comfort against tribulation from willow creek to sacred heart the glories of mary the imitation of christ the ladder of divine ascent philokalia revelations of divine love the story of a soul theologia germanica devotio moderna fatima in lucia s own words calls from the message of fatima the miracle of our lady of fatima sol de fátima the cloud of unknowing on the consolation of philosophy the mirror of simple souls sister catherine treatise tractatus de purgatorio sancti patricii the vision of adamnán divine comedy inferno purgatorio paradiso fatima v t e bérulle was born in the château of cérilly near troyes in champagne into two families of distinguished magistrates on 4 february 1575 1 the château de cérilly is situated in the modern department of yonne while the village adjacent to it bérulle is in aube he was educated by the jesuits at clermont and at the sorbonne in paris he published his first work his bref discours de l abnegation interieure in 1597 soon after his ordination as a priest in 1599 he assisted cardinal duperron in his public controversy with the protestant philippe de mornay and made numerous converts with the co operation of his cousin madame acarie marie of the incarnation in 1604 he introduced the discalced carmelite nuns of the reform of teresa of ávila into france 1 in 1608 vincent de paul moved to paris where he came under the influence of abbé later cardinal pierre de bérulle whom he took as his spiritual director for a time de bérulle was responsible for de paul taking up an appointment to the parish of clichy 2 a mainstay of the counter reformation in france in 1611 bérulle founded in paris the congregation of the french oratory on the model of the one founded in 1556 by philip neri at rome the french congregation however varied in important respects from the italian oratory 3 statesman edit bérulle was a chaplain to king henry iv of france and several times declined his offers to be made a bishop he obtained the necessary dispensations from rome for henrietta maria s marriage to charles i and acted as her chaplain during the first year of her stay in england in 1626 as french ambassador to spain he concluded the favourable treaty of monzón to which his enemy cardinal richelieu found objections after the reconciliation of king louis xiii with his mother marie de medici through his agency he was appointed a councillor of state but had to resign this office owing to his pro habsburg policy which was opposed by richelieu for religious reasons cardinal bérulle favored the allegiance of france with austria and spain the other catholic powers while cardinal richelieu wanted to undermine their influence in europe 4 he was made cardinal by pope urban viii on 30 august 1627 but never received the red hat bérulle died october 2 1629 in paris while celebrating mass and was buried in the chapel of the oratorian college of juilly 4 french school of spirituality edit in the early part of his career bérulle was confident of the ability of the individual to both remake society and reform the church relying on human reason and diligent effort he worked to convert the huguenots through theological treatises and conferences when his efforts seemed to have little effect he came to the realisation that everything depended on god and that one should attempt to live in accordance with the will of god without concern for success or failure 5 bérulle is generally regarded as being an initiator of the french school of spirituality a powerful spiritual missionary and reform movement that animated the church in france in the early seventeenth century the movement was characterised by a deep sense of god s grandeur and of the church as the body of christ a pessimistic augustinian view of man that nonetheless stressed positive potential through god and a strong apostolic and missionary commitment 2 cornelius jansen and jean du vergier de hauranne the abbé abbot of saint cyran key collaborators of bérulle worked together to promote an augustinian penitential theology hoping that bérulle s oratory would be the means by which the theology would displace that of laxist jesuits 6 bérulle s depiction of the mystical journey through mary to christ and through christ to the trinity is a hallmark of the french school of spirituality 7 it has been asserted that the term school is potentially problematic though because at least some other cited members of this school such as jean eudes jean jacques olier louis marie grignion de montfort and jean baptiste de la salle do not simply develop the thought of bérulle but all have their own significant insights it has therefore been asserted that the school does not have simply one founder however the many common elements such as an emphasis on living in the spirit of jesus particular forms of meditative prayer and in some measure a spiritual theology of priesthood taught in seminaries influenced by french school since the 1600s means that it can be considered as a distinct tradition of spirituality more recently known as berullism 8 berullian spiritual theology of priesthood edit cardinal pierre de bérulle substantial and polemicised lutheran calvinist and counter reformation theological and philosophical notions have been noted in berulle s spiritual theology of priesthood this spiritual theology created a sea change in the roman catholic theology of the priesthood principally through an over identification with christ according to clare mcgrath merkle berullian clerical spirituality has been characterised by a negative spiritual anthropology of self annihilationism and neantism in which the priest must lose his identity to make room for that of christ 9 philosophy and works edit bérulle encouraged descartes philosophical studies and it was through him that the samaritan pentateuch recently brought over from constantinople was inserted in lejay s bible polyglotte 1628 45 bérulle has been claimed to be an opponent of the abstract school of mysticism that bypassed the humanity of christ although his own method of prayer included a focus on adoring the being of christ himself considered in the abstract 10 pope urban viii called him the apostle of the incarnate word the carmelite nuns who were brought to france by bérulle objected to his attempts to influence their spirituality nevertheless berullian influences did remain within the spirituality of female carmelite monastic communities and perdured into the 20th century until blessed marie eugene ocd visited the communities to provide standard carmelite spiritual formation 11 in his discours de l état et des grandeurs de jésus bérulle emphasised jesus as the incarnate word of god and the abasement self surrender servitude and humiliation all bérulle s words of his incarnation he even took the incarnation as the defining characteristic of his spirituality and his oratory when he asked christ that in this piety devotion and special servitude to the mystery of your incarnation and of your humanised divinity and deified humanity be our life and our state our spirit and our particular difference 12 the chief works of cardinal de bérulle are bref discours de l abnégation intérieure brief discourse on interior abnegation 1597 traité des énergumènes treatise on the possessed troyes 1599 this addresses the nature of diabolical possession a topic of much controversy at the time diabolical possession bérulle argued consists precisely in a right which the malign spirit has of residing in the possessed person s body and of altering it in some manner 13 at its heart lay the profound diabolical hostility to the incarnation such that satan through possession attempts to ape god becoming incarnate himself trois discours de controverse three discourses of controversy paris 1609 on various subjects discours de l état et des grandeurs de jésus discourse on the state and grandeurs of jesus paris 1623 this work was reprinted several times the substance and often the actual expressions are to be found in the diffuse méditations of father bourgoing and also in bossuet s elévations sur les mystères the work was also popular among jansenists translated as discourses on the state and grandeurs of jesus the ineffable union of the deity with humanity trans lisa richmond washington d c catholic university of america press 2023 vie de jésus life of jesus paris 1629 this was a sequel to the preceding work which the author left unfinished at the time of his death having only had the time to consider the mystery of the annunciation and partially in a draft the visitation elévation à jésus christ sur sainte madeleine elevation to jesus christ regarding st mary magdalene paris 1627 2 in addition bérulle wrote a number of short devotional works œuvres de pieté and documents for the guidance of the oratory bérulle s works edited by p bourgoing 2 vols 1644 were reprinted by migne in 1857 a selected modern english translation is available as bérulle and the french school selected writings trans lowell m glendon new york paulist press 1989 references edit 1 2 ingold augustin pierre de bérulle the catholic encyclopedia vol 2 new york robert appleton company 1907 12 jun 2013 1 2 3 berulle pierre de vincentian online library https www newadvent org cathen 11274a htm ingold augustin french congregation of the oratory the catholic encyclopedia vol 11 new york robert appleton company 1911 1 2 miranda salvatore pierre de bérulle cardinals of the holy roman church florida international university archived from the original on 30 april 2015 retrieved 18 november 2025 minton anne m the spirituality of bérulle a new look order of preachers central province archived 2017 12 01 at the wayback machine sedgwick alexander jansenism in seventeenth century france voices from the wilderness charlottesville university of virginia 1977 p 49 an anthology of christian mysticism harvey d egan 1991 isbn 0 8146 6012 6 p 481 david d thayer the french school in peter tyler ed the bloomsbury guide to christian spirituality 2012 p 181 see also krumenacker yves qu est ce qu une école de spiritualité in port royal et l école française de spiritualité actes du colloque organisé par la société des amis de port royal paris bibliothèque mazarine 2007 pp 11 23 mcgrath merkle clare berulle s spiritual theology of priesthood munster aschendorff 2018 henri bremond a literary history of religious thought in france from the wars of religion down to our own times vol 3 the triumph of mysticism trans k l montgomery london society for promoting christian knowledge 1928 1936 p 61 selection autobiography of blessed anne of st bartholomew available at https carmelitequotes blog 2019 09 20 quote of the day 20 september pierre de bérulle discours de l état et des grandeurs de jésus viii 13 in j p migne ed œuvres complétes de de bérulle paris j p migne 1856 p 314 pierre de bérulle traité des énergumènes vi 1 in j p migne ed œuvres complétes de de bérulle paris j p migne 1856 p 860 this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain chisholm hugh ed 1911 bérulle pierre de encyclopædia britannica vol 3 11th ed cambridge university press pierre de bérulle jean pierre papon dictionnaire in french v t e history of catholic theology key figures general history of the catholic church timeline history of the papacy papal primacy ecumenical councils catholic bible vulgate biblical canon history of christian theology early church paul clement of rome first epistle of clement didache ignatius of antioch polycarp epistle of barnabas the shepherd of hermas aristides of athens justin martyr epistle to diognetus irenaeus montanism tertullian origen novatian cyprian constantine to pope gregory i eusebius athanasius of alexandria arianism pelagianism nestorianism monophysitism ephrem the syrian hilary of poitiers cyril of jerusalem basil of caesarea gregory of nazianzus gregory of nyssa ambrose john chrysostom jerome augustine of hippo john cassian orosius cyril of alexandria peter chrysologus pope leo i boethius pseudo dionysius the areopagite pope gregory i early middle ages isidore of seville john climacus maximus the confessor monothelitism ecthesis bede john of damascus iconoclasm transubstantiation dispute predestination disputes paulinus ii of aquileia alcuin benedict of aniane benedict of nursia rabanus maurus paschasius radbertus john scotus eriugena high middle ages roscellinus gregory of narek berengar of tours peter damian anselm of canterbury joachim of fiore peter abelard decretum gratiani bernard of clairvaux peter lombard anselm of laon hildegard of bingen hugh of saint victor dominic de guzmán robert grosseteste francis of assisi anthony of padua beatrice of nazareth bonaventure albertus magnus boetius of dacia henry of ghent thomas aquinas siger of brabant thomism roger bacon mysticism and reforms ramon llull duns scotus dante alighieri william of ockham richard rolle john of ruusbroec catherine of siena bridget of sweden meister eckhart johannes tauler walter hilton the cloud of unknowing heinrich seuse geert groote devotio moderna julian of norwich thomas à kempis nicholas of cusa marsilio ficino girolamo savonarola giovanni pico della mirandola reformation counter reformation erasmus thomas cajetan thomas more john fisher johann eck francisco d...