Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

and, pistachio, contents, description, etymology, distribution, habitat, cultivation, commercial, production, toxicity, uses, nutrition, history, see, also, references, external, links, diseases, environment, water, needs, priority, allergen, research, health, effects, modern,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (146), and (106), pistachio (84), from (37), pistachios (37), nut (29), with (28), retrieved (27), tree (26), are (22), edit (21), nuts (20), #production (20), iran (19), may (17), that (16), trees (15), pistacia (15), food (15), california (14), archived (14), was (13), vera (13), original (13), other (12), united (12), for (12), march (12), states (11), nutrition (11), vitamin (11), table (10), world (10), pdf (10), 2011 (10), 2024 (10), 000 (10), wikipedia (9), this (9), 2026 (9), april (9), agriculture (9), doi (9), such (9), water (9), 2023 (8), seeds (8), university (8), has (8), isbn (8), history (8), toggle (7), page (7), articles (7), fruit (7), red (7), english (7), press (7), july (7), 2007 (7), review (7), consumption (7), potassium (7), were (7), commercial (7), harvest (7), fat (7), acid (7), can (7), species (6), plants (6), asia (6), iucn (6), list (6), open (6), 2008 (6), february (6), new (6), article (6), oxford (6), 978 (6), 2019 (6), well (6), dietary (6), health (6), aflatoxin (6), not (6), century (6), which (6), contamination (6), years (6), wikidata (5), 2022 (5), family (5), links (5), description (5), central (5), threatened (5), plant (5), pine (5), hazel (5), cashew (5), american (5), cambridge (5), october (5), first (5), most (5), effects (5), uses (5), pmid (5), evidence (5), 2015 (5), december (5), shell (5), cultivation (5), also (5), but (5), they (5), total (5), hide (5), shells (5), cream (5), around (5), subsection (5), contents (4), search (4), about (4), using (4), commons (4), reference (4), link (4), september (4), cs1 (4), walnut (4), hickory (4), dictionary (4), agricultural (4), 2018 (4), 2006 (4), native (4), north (4), growing (4), encyclopedia (4), green (4), grow (4), small (4), journal (4), disease (4), intakes (4), research (4), butter (4), aflatoxins (4), quantity (4), state (4), europe (4), see (4), introduced (4), syria (4), have (4), found (4), early (4), among (4), seed (4), like (4), saturated (4), energy (4), amount (4), 100 (4), caused (4), priority (4), allergen (4), allergic (4), high (4), split (4), hull (4), soil (4), diseases (4), clade (4), move (4), sidebar (4), view (3), safety (3), wikimedia (3), use (3), august (3), britannica (3), service (3), french (3), language (3), cite (3), latin (3), june (3), drupes (3), near (3), org (3), peanut (3), macadamia (3), leaf (3), pinyon (3), wild (3), karuka (3), almond (3), chestnut (3), european (3), beech (3), free (3), 2020 (3), york (3), january (3), translated (3), ibn (3), natural (3), vol (3), into (3), people (3), 2012 (3), cultivated (3), indigenous (3), common (3), regions (3), science (3), skin (3), produces (3), effect (3), systematic (3), 2003 (3), heart (3), report (3), value (3), shahedi (3), kabir (3), oil (3), conditions (3), content (3), kernels (3), michailides (3), how (3), candy (3), 2017 (3), mexico (3), scientific (3), culinary (3), severe (3), after (3), modern (3), known (3), one (3), risk (3), per (3), raw (3), fatty (3), monounsaturated (3), polyunsaturated (3), fats (3), source (3), protein (3), several (3), vitamins (3), minerals (3), naturally (3), when (3), harvested (3), chocolate (3), ice (3), reactions (3), susceptible (3), having (3), orchard (3), some (3), cases (3), mold (3), toxicity (3), turkey (3), tonnes (3), bearing (3), changes (3), tools (3), main (3), languages (2), contact (2), privacy (2), policy (2), text (2), terms (2), non (2), organization (2), categories (2), taxon (2), citation (2), 1911 (2), number (2), maint (2), deprecated (2), archival (2), sources (2), names (2), unsourced (2), statements (2), all (2), wayback (2), containing (2), ancient (2), greek (2), short (2), described (2), 1753 (2), flora (2), edible (2), national (2), international (2), wfo (2), ipni (2), 70280 (2), kew (2), ncbi (2), old (2), wikispecies (2), angiosperms (2), black (2), planted (2), australian (2), yellow (2), asian (2), botanical (2), related (2), external (2), trade (2), 1917 (2), needed (2), crops (2), sons (2), garden (2), fairchild (2), david (2), 2014 (2), 248 (2), 245 (2), oclc (2), awwam (2), anthimi (2), observatione (2), ciborum (2), pliny (2), theophrastus (2), arthur (2), hort (2), companion (2), part (2), particularly (2), grows (2), alpine (2), areas (2), low (2), warmer (2), mutica (2), s2cid (2), 240 (2), kernel (2), these (2), deciduous (2), 2021 (2), adults (2), diabetes (2), mellitus (2), 966 (2), salehi (2), salas (2), salvadó (2), meta (2), analysis (2), 101 (2), clinical (2), blood (2), pressure (2), office (2), nutritional (2), center (2), applied (2), qualified (2), supplement (2), comparison (2), adequate (2), established (2), 2005 (2), daily (2), drug (2), administration (2), here (2), what (2), salad (2), halva (2), ardakani (2), acta (2), horticulturae (2), 726 (2), 2013 (2), processing (2), moisture (2), optimizing (2), november (2), self (2), heating (2), book (2), aspergillus (2), 583 (2), 1998 (2), nations (2), times (2), king (2), department (2), database (2), faostat (2), year (2), magazine (2), australia (2), 2004 (2), industry (2), 529 (2), botryosphaeria (2), 1984 (2), www (2), com (2), root (2), rot (2), machine (2), permanent (2), workshop (2), africa (2), considine (2), 556 (2), t63497a12670823 (2), references (2), there (2), producers (2), techniques (2), 950 (2), highly (2), drought (2), cold (2), led (2), declines (2), time (2), export (2), china (2), crop (2), had (2), cultivars (2), parts (2), including (2), been (2), late (2), elder (2), 700 (2), bce (2), levels (2), lower (2), eating (2), typical (2), their (2), amounts (2), include (2), more (2), folate (2), riboflavin (2), fiber (2), kcal (2), 351 (2), 562 (2), carbohydrates (2), estimated (2), 300 (2), often (2), fresh (2), roasted (2), used (2), paste (2), make (2), includes (2), persian (2), turkish (2), delight (2), cause (2), lead (2), symptoms (2), anacardiaceae (2), typically (2), molds (2), insects (2), poor (2), much (2), easier (2), damage (2), splits (2), entire (2), poorly (2), processed (2), produced (2), growth (2), contaminated (2), frequent (2), stress (2), needs (2), million (2), accounting (2), pounds (2), fungus (2), panicle (2), shoot (2), flowers (2), orchards (2), blight (2), significant (2), environment (2), alternate (2), meaning (2), male (2), drupe (2), mouth (2), special (2), winter (2), get (2), long (2), leaves (2), distribution (2), habitat (2), middle (2), etymology (2), colored (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), read (2), bahasa (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, contacts, disclaimers, available, under, additional, apply, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, profit, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, edited, utc, hidden, taxonbars, ids, incorporating, encyclopaedia, wikisource, needing, citations, authors, missing, given, webarchive, template, 1453, microformats, dmy, dates, different, symbols, mediterranean, climate, western, https, index, php, title, oldid, 1371079541, yale, lux, israel, latvia, bnf, data, france, gnd, authority, control, databases, 0000393766, 1300829, tropicos, urn, lsid, powo, pive3, 2407011, pfi, 3033, 200787, life, 149616, observation, nzor, 414e607d, fc25, 479e, 9c12, 0118c0dda116, 55513, 63497, 506470, itis, 10206336, irmng, 122975, inaturalist, 28655, grin, 3190585, gbif, 200012704, fna, 150951, eunis, piave, eppo, 483483, eol, 2386, ecocrop, 77mj8, col, calflora, 12781, 254593, bold, apdb, 131954, q36071, identifiers, category, soybean, paradise, queensland, brazil, stone, single, mexican, korean, colorado, chilgoza, spp, monkey, puzzle, bunya, araucaria, ginkgo, burrawang, cycad, gymnosperms, heartnut, butternut, pili, pekea, panda, oleosa, mongongo, jack, irvingia, gabonensis, johnstone, river, shellbark, shagbark, pecan, mockernut, gabon, durian, coconut, chilean, breadfruit, borneo, tallow, betel, bopple, palm, malabar, kurrajong, kola, filbert, beaked, hazelnut, sweet, candlenut, breadnut, acorn, true, 11th, encyclopædia, chisholm, hugh, wikibooks, recipe, module, cookbook, look, wiktionary, media, dahl, frederick, reuters, faces, challenge, war, durkin, andrea, global, quirks, nutshell, importance, introduction, cyclopedia, liberty, hyde, bailey, charles, scribner, blackburn, 1932846301, 174, published, 1938, web, rieger, mark, georgia, xiv, 1864, clement, mullet, paris, franck, 780050566, livre, awam, kitab, felahah, yaḥyá, 1877, leipzig, q130283165, 16829336m, 882735061, 34013844, lccn, benedictus, gotthelf, teubner, epistula, theudericum, regem, francorum, rose, valentin, xiii, james, strong, cyclopaedia, biblical, theological, ecclesiastical, literature, 1916, sir, london, william, heinemann, 317, enquiry, davidson, 1999, harlan, walker, 1996, symposium, 0907325727, cooks, potts, john, wiley, 199, 1405189880, archaeology, east, volume, ireco, tavallali, rahemi, 246, forests, located, eastern, sarakhs, region, origin, almonds, oak, forest, another, along, altitudes, khinjuk, 7346114, eurasian, agric, environ, sci, rootstock, nutrient, acquisition, quality, believed, online, marks, gil, 2010, hmh, pale, covered, papery, persia, area, still, best, 0544186316, jewish, muley, arti, glycemic, outcomes, type, 1002, 226250006, 33141798, 11124, jbisrir, 00397, jbi, synthesis, mohammadifard, abargouei, guasch, ferré, humphries, sarrafzadegan, 982, 25809855, 3945, ajcn, 114, 091595, soy, randomized, controlled, trials, products, labeling, supplements, claims, letter, enforcement, discretion, coronary, docket, 02p, 0505, dreher, 22458696, 1111, 4887, 00467, 234, reviews, composition, potential, benefits, bulló, juanola, falgarona, hernández, alonso, s79, 26148925, 1017, s0007114514003250, 113, british, attributes, stallings, virginia, harrison, meghan, oria, maria, eds, adequacy, 124, nbk545428, 30844154, 309, 48834, 17226, 25353, sodium, 120, dri, fda, facts, labels, spiegel, alison, huffington, post, remember, happened, them, recipesource, shaker, ardakai, mir, damadiha, javan, shah, institute, document, 29328, 581, 579, vital, role, industries, development, exports, shakerardekani, karim, mohd, ghazali, chin, 710, 704, roasting, hardness, colour, 568, 565, process, ardekani, 2009, technology, resources, formulation, allergy, canada, german, insurance, association, tis, gdv, spontaneous, combustion, mabberley, 1993, 0521340608, doster, 1994, moulds, 590, 1094, phyto, 1994phpat, 583d, bibcode, phytopathology, union, boutrif, fao, prevention, creswell, sapling, viral, made, marketing, resource, corporate, statistical, pick, lists, erdbrink, thomas, scarred, riverbeds, dead, parched, keim, brandon, wired, disaster, hints, breakdown, sciencedaily, potentially, devastating, parfitt, arjmand, 21273, hortsci, hortscience, resistance, dothidea, bolkan, hasan, footed, bug, implicated, epicarp, lesion, infoagro, bbc, gardeners, 2025, gardenersworld, ucipm, phytophthora, crown, esteban, herrera, 1997, cooperative, extension, circular, 532, 1093, oed, 7304444088, adj, nugent, jeff, julia, boniface, publications, 1856230292, permaculture, selection, ipgri, irbid, jordan, padulosi, hadj, hassan, editors, towards, comprehensive, documentation, genetic, diversity, west, douglas, glenn, 1995, 8th, boston, springer, 4757, 6918, van, nostrand, lexico, participants, ffi, ssc, regional, listing, bishkek, kyrgyzstan, 2305, rlts, lentiscus, 150, farmers, approximately, whom, scale, inefficient, manual, picking, far, larger, efficient, mechanized, took, place, 1976, rivaled, weather, while, increasing, second, important, product, gas, sector, 1904, 1905, hardier, collected, promoted, until, 1929, already, fruited, niles, walter, swingle, 19th, commercially, speaking, where, 1854, excavations, northeastern, iraq, atlantic, jarmo, archaeologists, brought, down, 12th, work, manuscript, sixth, implies, remained, antiquity, anthimus, observance, foods, wrote, his, unique, italy, roman, same, flaccus, pompeius, hispania, lucius, vitellius, proconsul, appears, writings, πιστάκια, recognizable, its, pistákia, dioscorides, bactria, terebinth, romans, across, southern, said, contained, during, reign, marduk, apla, iddina, hanging, gardens, babylon, shows, 6750, earliest, archeological, goes, back, bronze, age, comes, uzbekistan, djarkutan, archaeological, three, months, less, significantly, reduced, triglyceride, lowered, persons, without, approved, specific, suggests, does, prove, day, diet, cholesterol, reduce, although, serving, supplies, substantial, normal, associated, weight, gain, obesity, ounces, claim, relative, higher, certain, phytosterols, carotenoids, phytochemicals, tocopherol, profile, consists, mainly, acids, linoleic, oleic, stearic, palmitic, gram, provide, rich, moderate, thiamin, kilojoules, percentages, except, based, expert, recommendation, academies, recommendations, usda, entry, constituents, zinc, 1025, 490, phosphorus, manganese, 121, magnesium, iron, 105, calcium, pantothenic, niacin, 160, thiamine, 1205, zeaxanthin, lutein, equiv, 744, 820, sugars, beige, color, dyed, originally, dye, stains, picked, hand, 21st, remain, unstained, eaten, whole, either, confections, americans, pudding, whipped, canned, indian, cooking, pounded, grilled, meats, pulao, rice, dishes, mortadella, cuts, biscotti, lokum, baklava, spumoni, kulfi, traditional, salted, showing, filling, dubai, included, reaction, hives, swelling, face, lips, tongue, coughing, shortness, breath, upset, stomach, anaphylaxis, large, quantities, presence, due, addition, occurring, stored, combustible, fabric, jute, spontaneously, combust, lipases, members, contain, irritant, urushiol, mango, sumac, poison, ivy, before, covering, intact, protects, invasion, protection, damaged, management, practices, birds, makes, exposure, undergo, called, wherein, both, treated, keep, below, strict, thresholds, batch, must, destroyed, because, potent, occur, storage, spread, pests, appear, gray, filament, infected, unsafe, humid, environments, outbreaks, acute, illnesses, kenya, deaths, parasiticus, flavus, carcinogens, require, over, adding, nearly, classified, extremely, problem, gal, 800, acre, grown, than, devoted, 428, acres, 173, billion, together, 380, 321, 986, 796, 316, 142, 383, 498, vulnerable, numerous, infestation, america, infection, causes, death, young, rapidly, discovered, sudden, loss, anthracnose, shoots, leptoglossus, clypealis, live, take, reach, heavier, peak, reached, usually, pruned, size, enough, pollen, females, greece, equipment, shake, off, hulling, drying, sorted, according, closed, then, machines, produce, biennial, dormant, desert, tolerant, reported, irrigated, ppm, soluble, salts, fairly, hardy, right, survive, temperatures, ranging, between, summer, need, sunny, position, drained, humidity, too, sufficiently, draining, hot, summers, required, proper, ripening, 118, saline, superseded, 16th, forms, italian, via, ultimately, deriving, pesto, pestle, pistakē, pistákion, πιστάκιον, pistacchio, pistace, each, mature, averages, every, two, kilograms, 110, elongated, portion, commonly, thought, hard, exterior, mauve, light, flesh, distinctive, flavor, ripens, autumnal, abruptly, partly, happens, audible, pop, humans, selected, trait, splitting, vary, consistently, dehiscence, fruits, yet, begun, tall, separate, female, borne, panicles, unisexual, apetalous, dioecious, centimetres, inches, pinnate, metres, feet, combined, medium, sized, widely, consumed, ingredient, desserts, considered, induce, binomial, name, genus, sapindales, order, rosids, eudicots, tracheophytes, plantae, kingdom, classification, conservation, status, bears, disambiguation, member, item, projects, printable, version, download, print, switch, legacy, parser, shortened, url, information, general, actions, talk, winaray, tiếng, việt, vèneto, اردو, українська, ئۇيغۇرچە, uyghurche, türkçe, tagalog, ไทย, тоҷикӣ, தமிழ், svenska, српски, srpski, shqip, slovenščina, simple, srpskohrvatski, српскохрватски, سنڌي, scots, sicilianu, русский, română, português, پنجابی, polski, occitan, norsk, bokmål, nederlands, नेपाली, မြန်မာဘာသာ, melayu, മലയാളം, latviešu, lëtzebuergesch, latina, кыргызча, kurdî, 한국어, ಕನ್ನಡ, қазақша, qaraqalpaqsha, 日本語, italiano, ido, indonesia, արեւմտահայերէն, հայերեն, kreyòl, ayisyen, hornjoserbsce, hrvatski, हिन्दी, עברית, ગુજરાતી, گیلکی, galego, gaeilge, français, suomi, فارسی, euskara, eesti, español, esperanto, ελληνικά, ދިވެހިބަސް, deutsch, dansk, cymraeg, čeština, کوردی, cebuano, català, bosanski, বাংলা, български, беларуская, تۆرکجه, azərbaycanca, مصرى, الدارجة, العربية, aragonés, top, personal, pages, recent, community, portal, learn, help, contribute, random, current, events, navigation, jump,

Text of the page (random words):
ction edit pistachio production 2024 tonnes united states 498 950 turkey 383 000 iran 316 142 syria 83 796 china 78 986 world 1 380 321 source faostat of the united nations 17 in 2024 world production of pistachios in shells was 1 4 million tonnes 3 1 billion pounds with the united states turkey and iran together accounting for 87 of the total table in 2023 the state of california produced 99 of the pistachios grown in the united states with more than 428 000 acres 173 000 ha devoted to the crop in 2022 18 water needs edit in a typical california orchard of 1 acre 0 40 ha pistachios require over 1 000 000 us gal 3 800 000 l of water per year an amount adding stress to the state s water problem 19 nearly all california pistachios grow in state regions classified as having extremely high water stress 19 toxicity edit as with other tree seeds aflatoxin is found in poorly harvested or processed pistachios aflatoxins are potent carcinogens produced by molds such as aspergillus flavus and a parasiticus the mold contamination may occur from soil or poor storage and be spread by pests high levels of mold growth typically appear as gray to black filament like growth eating mold infected and aflatoxin contaminated pistachios is unsafe 20 aflatoxin contamination is a frequent risk particularly in warmer and humid environments food contaminated with aflatoxins has caused frequent outbreaks of acute illnesses in parts of the world in some cases such as in kenya this has led to several deaths 21 pistachio shells typically split naturally before harvest with a hull covering the intact seeds the hull protects the kernel from invasion by molds and insects but this hull protection can be damaged in the orchard by poor orchard management practices by birds or after harvest which makes exposure to contamination much easier some pistachios undergo a so called early split wherein both the hull and the shell split damage or early splits can lead to aflatoxin contamination 22 in some cases a harvest may be treated to keep contamination below strict food safety thresholds in other cases an entire batch of pistachios must be destroyed because of aflatoxin contamination like other members of the family anacardiaceae which includes poison ivy sumac mango and cashew pistachios contain urushiol an irritant that can cause allergic skin reactions 23 large quantities of pistachios are self heating in the presence of moisture due to their high oil content in addition to naturally occurring lipases and can spontaneously combust if stored with a combustible fabric such as jute 24 priority allergen edit pistachios are included among other tree nuts as a priority allergen that may cause severe allergic reactions in susceptible people 25 an allergic reaction to pistachio consumption may lead to anaphylaxis having symptoms such as hives or swelling of the face lips or tongue coughing or shortness of breath and upset stomach among other effects 25 turkish delight dubai chocolate showing pistachio filling uses edit the kernels are often eaten whole either fresh or roasted and salted and are also used in turkish delight candy pistachio ice cream traditional persian ice cream kulfi spumoni pistachio butter 26 27 pistachio paste 28 and confections such as baklava pistachio chocolate 29 pistachio halva 30 pistachio lokum or biscotti and cold cuts such as mortadella americans make pistachio salad which includes fresh pistachios or pistachio pudding whipped cream and canned fruit 31 indian cooking uses pounded pistachios with grilled meats and in pulao rice dishes the shell of the pistachio is naturally a beige color but it may be dyed red or green in commercial pistachios originally dye was applied to hide stains on the shells caused when the nuts were picked by hand 32 in the 21st century most pistachios are harvested by machine and the shells remain unstained 32 nutrition edit pistachio nuts raw nutritional value per 100 g 3 5 oz energy 2 351 kj 562 kcal carbohydrates 27 51 g sugars 7 66 g dietary fiber 10 3 g fat 45 39 g saturated 5 556 g monounsaturated 23 820 g polyunsaturated 13 744 g protein 20 27 g vitamins and minerals vitamins quantity dv vitamin a equiv lutein zeaxanthin 1205 μg thiamine b 1 73 0 87 mg riboflavin b 2 12 0 160 mg niacin b 3 8 1 300 mg pantothenic acid b 5 10 0 52 mg vitamin b 6 100 1 700 mg folate b 9 13 51 μg vitamin c 6 5 6 mg vitamin d 0 0 μg vitamin e 15 2 3 mg vitamin k 11 13 2 μg minerals quantity dv calcium 8 105 mg iron 22 3 92 mg magnesium 29 121 mg manganese 52 1 2 mg phosphorus 39 490 mg potassium 34 1025 mg zinc 20 2 2 mg other constituents quantity water 4 g link to usda database entry percentages estimated using us recommendations for adults 33 except for potassium which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the national academies 34 raw pistachios are 4 water 45 fat 28 carbohydrates and 20 protein table in a 100 gram reference amount pistachios provide 2 351 kilojoules 562 kcal of food energy they are a rich source 20 or more of the daily value or dv of protein dietary fiber several dietary minerals and the b vitamins thiamin 73 dv and vitamin b 6 100 dv table pistachios are a moderate source 10 19 dv of riboflavin vitamin b 5 folate vitamin e and vitamin k table the fat profile of raw pistachios consists mainly of monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats with a small amount of saturated fats table saturated fatty acids include palmitic acid 10 of total and stearic acid 2 table oleic acid is the most common monounsaturated fatty acid 52 of total fat and linoleic acid a polyunsaturated fatty acid is 30 of total fat relative to other tree nuts pistachios have a lower amount of fat and food energy but higher amounts of potassium vitamin k γ tocopherol and certain phytochemicals such as carotenoids and phytosterols 35 36 research and health effects edit in july 2003 the united states food and drug administration approved the first qualified health claim specific to consumption of seeds including pistachios to lower the risk of heart disease scientific evidence suggests but does not prove that eating 1 5 ounces 42 5 g per day of most nuts such as pistachios as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease 37 although a typical serving of pistachios supplies substantial food energy nutrition table their consumption in normal amounts is not associated with weight gain or obesity 35 one review found that pistachio consumption lowered blood pressure in persons without diabetes mellitus 38 a 2021 review found that pistachio consumption for three months or less significantly reduced triglyceride levels 39 history edit the pistachio tree is native to iran and central asia 40 41 42 43 archaeological evidence shows that pistachio seeds were a common food as early as 6750 bce 44 the earliest archeological evidence of pistachio production goes back to the bronze age central asia and comes from djarkutan modern uzbekistan 45 46 the hanging gardens of babylon were said to have contained pistachio trees during the reign of king marduk apla iddina ii about 700 bce 44 the romans introduced pistachio trees from asia to europe in the first century ad they are cultivated across southern europe and north africa 47 theophrastus described it as a terebinth like tree with almond like nuts from bactria 48 it appears in dioscorides writings as pistákia πιστάκια recognizable as p vera by its comparison to pine nuts 49 pliny the elder wrote in his natural history that pistacia well known among us was one of the trees unique to syria and that the seed was introduced into italy by the roman proconsul in syria lucius vitellius the elder in office in 35 ad and into hispania at the same time by flaccus pompeius 50 the manuscript de observatione ciborum on the observance of foods by anthimus 51 from the early sixth century implies that pistacia remained well known in europe in late antiquity an article on pistachio tree cultivation was brought down in ibn al awwam s 12th century agricultural work book on agriculture 52 archaeologists have found evidence from excavations at jarmo in northeastern iraq for the consumption of atlantic pistachio 44 modern edit in the 19th century the pistachio was cultivated commercially in parts of the english speaking world including australia and the united states in the states of new mexico 8 and california where it had been introduced as a garden tree in 1854 53 in 1904 and 1905 david fairchild of the united states department of agriculture introduced hardier cultivars to california collected from china but it was not promoted as a commercial crop until 1929 8 54 walter t swingle s pistachios from syria had already fruited well at niles california by 1917 55 the first commercial pistachio harvest in california took place in 1976 56 by 2008 u s pistachio production rivaled that of iran drought and cold weather in iran led to severe declines in production while u s production was increasing at that time pistachios were iran s second most important export product after the oil and gas sector 57 by 2020 there were 150 000 pistachio farmers in iran approximately 70 of whom were small scale producers using inefficient manual picking and processing techniques there were 950 far larger u s producers using highly efficient mechanized production techniques 56 see also edit list of culinary nuts pistacia lentiscus references edit participants of the ffi iucn ssc central asian regional tree red listing workshop bishkek kyrgyzstan 11 13 july 2006 2007 pistacia vera the iucn red list of threatened species 2007 e t63497a12670823 doi 10 2305 iucn uk 2007 rlts t63497a12670823 en pistachio lexico uk english dictionary oxford university press archived from the original on 22 march 2020 pistachio cambridge dictionary cambridge university press retrieved 17 february 2024 considine douglas m considine glenn d 1995 van nostrand s scientific encyclopedia 8th ed boston ma s l springer us p 556 isbn 978 1 4757 6918 0 towards a comprehensive documentation and use of pistacia genetic diversity in central and west asia north africa and europe report of the ipgri workshop 14 17 december 1998 irbid jordan s padulosi and a hadj hassan editors nugent jeff julia boniface 30 march 2005 pistachio nuts permaculture plants a selection permanent publications p 41 isbn 978 1856230292 pistachio n adj oxford english dictionary oxford university press 2 march 2023 doi 10 1093 oed 7304444088 retrieved 29 september 2024 1 2 3 esteban herrera 1997 growing pistachios in new mexico new mexico state university cooperative extension service circular 532 archived 20 july 2011 at the wayback machine michailides t j october 2014 phytophthora root and crown rot ucipm retrieved 27 september 2024 how to plant and grow pistachio tree www gardenersworld com bbc gardeners world magazine retrieved 11 november 2025 pistachio cultivation translated www infoagro com 18 march 2019 bolkan hasan 1 march 1984 leaf footed bug implicated in pistachio epicarp lesion california agriculture 38 16 17 archived from the original on 19 april 2022 retrieved 2 august 2018 parfitt d e arjmand n michailides t j july 2003 resistance to botryosphaeria dothidea in pistachio hortscience 38 4 529 doi 10 21273 hortsci 38 4 529 california pistachio industry threatened by potentially devastating disease sciencedaily 12 january 2004 retrieved 9 march 2017 keim brandon 26 april 2011 australia pistachio disaster hints at agricultural breakdown wired magazine science retrieved 9 march 2017 erdbrink thomas 18 december 2015 scarred riverbeds and dead pistachio trees in a parched iran the new york times retrieved 9 march 2017 pistachio production in shell in 2024 crops regions world list production quantity year pick lists un food and agriculture organization corporate statistical database faostat 2026 retrieved 8 july 2026 pistachios agricultural marketing resource center us department of agriculture december 2023 retrieved 12 march 2026 1 2 creswell j gu j 2 april 2026 how a sapling and a viral candy made california the world s pistachio king the new york times retrieved 6 april 2026 e boutrif 1998 prevention of aflatoxin in pistachios pdf fao united nations archived pdf from the original on 9 october 2022 aflatoxins in pistachios pdf european union 2008 archived pdf from the original on 9 october 2022 doster and michailides 1994 aspergillus moulds and aflatoxins in pistachio nuts in california phytopathology 84 6 583 590 bibcode 1994phpat 84 583d doi 10 1094 phyto 84 583 mabberley d j 1993 the plant book cambridge cambridge university press p 27 isbn 0521340608 pistachio nuts rf self heating spontaneous combustion tis gdv de the german insurance association retrieved 5 november 2007 1 2 tree nuts food allergy canada 2026 retrieved 20 march 2026 ardekani a s h shahedi m kabir g 2009 optimizing formulation of pistachio butter production pdf journal of science and technology of agriculture and natural resources 13 47 49 59 archived from the original pdf on 19 august 2011 ardakani shahedi m kabir g 2006 optimizing of the process of pistachio butter production acta horticulturae vol 726 pp 565 568 archived from the original on 3 april 2013 retrieved 4 may 2011 shakerardekani a karim r mohd ghazali h chin n l 2011 effect of roasting conditions on hardness moisture content and colour of pistachio kernels pdf international food research journal 18 704 710 ardakani 2006 the vital role of pistachio processing industries in development of iran non oil exports acta horticulturae vol 726 pp 579 581 archived from the original on 3 april 2013 retrieved 4 may 2011 shaker ardakai a mir damadiha f salehi f shahedi m kabir g h javan shah a et al 2007 pistachio halva production document number 29328 iran pistachio research institute archived from the original on 31 december 2018 retrieved 4 may 2011 pistachio salad recipesource retrieved 17 january 2011 1 2 spiegel alison 2 february 2015 remember red pistachios here s what happened to them the huffington post archived from the original on 16 september 2019 retrieved 9 december 2023 united states food and drug administration 2024 daily value on the nutrition and supplement facts labels fda archived from the original on 27 march 2024 retrieved 28 march 2024 table 4 7 comparison of potassium adequate intakes established in this report to potassium adequate intakes established in the 2005 dri report p 120 in stallings virginia a harrison meghan oria maria eds 2019 potassium dietary reference intakes for adequacy dietary reference intakes for sodium and potassium pp 101 124 doi 10 17226 25353 isbn 978 0 309 48834 1 pmid 30844154 ncbi nbk545428 1 2 bulló m juanola falgarona m hernández alonso p salas salvadó j april 2015 nutrition attributes and health effects of pistachio nuts the british journal of nutrition review 113 supplement 2 s79 93 doi 10 1017 s0007114514003250 pmid 26148925 dreher ml april 2012 pistachio nuts composit...