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the (133), and (70), pit (49), house (29), were (24), hut (19), houses (17), from (16), stone (14), with (13), edit (13), for (13), that (13), have (12), are (12), retrieved (11), architecture (11), prehistoric (11), chinese (10), people (10), used (10), this (9), 2026 (9), structures (9), ground (9), structure (9), earth (8), other (8), culture (8), dwellings (8), north (8), during (8), sample (8), they (8), wikipedia (7), may (7), language (7), korean (7), archaeological (7), dugout (7), paleolithic (7), art (7), roof (7), shelter (7), gilman (7), ethnographic (7), also (7), had (7), was (6), all (6), cultural (6), long (6), cairn (6), archaeology (6), cave (6), new (6), vol (6), america (6), american (6), 1987 (6), encyclopedia (6), not (6), some (6), societies (6), but (6), occupation (6), found (6), europe (6), metres (6), site (5), commons (5), page (5), articles (5), related (5), hole (5), dwelling (5), grave (5), age (5), tool (5), fire (5), bone (5), tools (5), history (5), 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he warmer months procuring resources at different locations according to the season and tradition and moved during colder months into permanent semi subterranean pit houses situated near major rivers and tributaries such as the columbia and fraser pit house villages provided community opportunities and assurances over the winter as well as social gathering space through which local and regional economies customs and traditions were practiced and developed through time individual pit houses could vary in shape but were typically round with wooden frames covered at ground level with thatch and earth and featured an earthen bench along the circumference used for sitting sleeping and storage the houses could range in size from a few to greater than twenty meters in diameter a common design featured a central hole in the roof that provided ladder access and ventilation including for the smoke of an interior fire though side entry pit houses were also used 10 in the northwestern great plains and the plateau region located nearby climate changes and extreme temperature and weather conditions made it difficult to live year round hot summers led to the building of simple tent like structures that were portable and could be packed up to move for cold winter months pit houses provided the warm protected shelter necessary for survival 11 in asia edit recreation of an umjip in korea umjip were widely used from the neolithic age until the three kingdoms of korea period 12 13 in japan dateana tatemono 竪穴建物 were discovered in numerous archeological sites the earliest site could be traced to paleolithic times in hokkaido and kyushu in china some neolithic archaeological sites around the yellow river such as banpo and yangshao culture have found pit house relics until 20th century diyinzi 地窨子 or diwozi 地窝子 were still built in some northern regions they have once exclusively built for constructing industrial facilities e g karamay oil field daqing oil field and during the early period of the xinjiang production and construction corps 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 cross cultural patterning edit barn on a wooden cellar in gluringen valais switzerland traces in the ground would appear as a pit house a cross cultural middle range model of pit house architecture using george murdock s 1967 ethnographic atlas 22 found that 82 of the 862 societies in the sample occupy pit structures as either their primary or secondary dwellings 23 all but six of the 82 societies live above 32 north latitude and four of the six cases in this sample that are below 32 north latitude are from high mountain regions in east africa paraguay and eastern brazil 24 the last example is from the yami 25 who occupied a small island south of taiwan three conditions were always present among groups in the sample 1 non tropical climate during the season of pit structure habitation 2 minimally a biseasonal settlement pattern 3 reliance on stored food during the period of pit structure occupation these conditions may be related to other factors of society and the presence of any or all of these three elements in society does not pre condition occupation of pit structures nonetheless these three conditions were present in all cases of pit structure occupation present in the ethnographic atlas other cultural patterns were common but not universal across the sample these commonalities include cold season of occupation low population estimates and simple political and economic systems the ethnographic sample is based almost entirely on case studies from societies located in northern latitudes the period of pit structure occupation is generally during the cold season probably due to their thermal efficiency dug into the ground pit structures take advantage to the insulating properties of soil as well as having a low profile protecting them from exposure to wind induced heat loss 26 since less heat is lost by transmission than is in above ground structures less energy is required to maintain stable temperatures inside the structure 27 out of the 82 ethnographic cases in the ethnographic atlas 50 societies had population estimates of these 64 had fewer than 100 people per settlement 28 in only 6 of cases were there more than 400 persons per settlement the cases with the highest population densities were the arikara and hidatsa of the north american great plains and the konso of ethiopia gilman attributes high population densities among the arikara to the availability of buffalo pit structure occupations are generally associated with simple political and economic systems for 86 of the sample class stratification or social distinctions based on non hereditary wealth were reported as absent 29 however some pit dwelling societies are characterized by chiefdom level complexity in terms of economic organization 77 of the societies who occupy pit structures had a hunting and gathering economy 30 this is a large fraction of the sample but is not considered a universally consistent feature like biseasonal settlement and a reliance on stored foods during pit structure occupation during the part of the year when people are not living in pit structures activities should be focused on acquiring foods to store 28 based on the sample from the ethnographic atlas this may be through either hunting and gathering or agricultural activity many different prehistoric groups used pit houses although generally associated with the american southwest cultures such as fremont pueblo hohokam and mogollon pit houses were used by a wide variety of people in a wide variety of places over the past 12 000 years large pit house formations have been excavated in british columbia canada such as at keatley creek archaeological site see also edit burdei dugout shelter earth shelter earth lodge kekuli kiva larder pantry quiggly hole root cellar sinagua zemlyanka timber framing housing portal notes edit pit house in the online merriam webster s dictionary harris c m 1998 dugout american architecture an illustrated encyclopedia p 104 new york w w norton whitney w d 1889 dugout def 2 the century dictionary an encyclopedic lexicon of the english language vol 3 p 1793 new york the century co hidden treasure fact files by neil faulkner last updated 2011 02 17 https www bbc co uk history ancient archaeology fact_files_08 shtml accessed 2 14 2013 crabtree pam j medieval archaeology an encyclopedia new york garland pub 2001 533 isbn 0815312865 g l brook symposium c kay c 2000 lexicology semantics and lexicography selected papers from the fourth g l brook symposium manchester august 1998 amsterdam j benjamins hourihane c strickland d h simonetta m n d anglo saxon architecture in the grove encyclopedia of medieval art and architecture vol 2 p 80 2012 new york ny isbn 9780195395365 hoffecker john a prehistory of the north human settlement of the higher latitudes rutgers 2005 isbn 0 8135 3468 2 west stanley 2001 west stow revisited st edmundsbury borough council isbn 978 0 95417470 5 mattes matthew 2014 lithic design and technological organization in housepit 1 of the s7istken site middle fraser canyon british columbia ma thesis university of montana snow dean 2010 archaeology of native north america upper saddle river nj prentice hall p 261 isbn 978 0136156864 김 봉열 움집 encyclopedia of korean culture in korean academy of korean studies retrieved 2024 12 03 강 영환 움집 encyclopedia of korean folk culture in korean retrieved 2024 12 02 齐齐哈尔历史文化解读 地窨子考 齐齐哈尔市人民政府 people s government of the qiqihar city in chinese 2022 08 30 retrieved 2026 02 20 孪井滩生态移民示范区呼布其嘎查 地窝子 火了 阿拉善日报 alxa daily in chinese 2016 08 03 retrieved 2026 02 20 中国石油大庆油田的故事 井打到哪里 铁人精神就带到哪里 中国石油新闻中心 petro china news center in chinese 2023 09 22 retrieved 2026 02 21 笨人就干一件事 他打破了大庆油田开采的禁区 in chinese china central television 2019 10 10 retrieved 2026 02 21 戈壁滩上采油气 走进产业地标 跨越时空 产业向上 in chinese people s daily 2024 10 16 retrieved 2026 02 20 地窝子 扎根新疆最早的家 in chinese xinjiang daily 2025 10 09 retrieved 2026 02 20 有一种蜗居叫 地窝子 dahebao in chinese 2018 08 02 retrieved 2026 02 20 地窝子 新疆兵团人最早的家 sohu in chinese 2018 01 20 retrieved 2026 02 20 george peter murdock 1967 ethnographic atlas university of pittsburgh press gilman 1987 540 gonzalez 1953 kano and segawa 1956 gilman 1987 542 farwell 1981 1 2 gilman 1987 544 gilman 1987 547 gilman 1987 545 references edit farwell r y 1981 pit houses prehistoric energy conservation el palacio vol 87 pp 43 47 gilman p 1987 architecture as artifact pit structures and pueblos in the american southwest american antiquity vol 52 no 3 pp 538 564 doi 10 2307 281598 jstor 281598 s2cid 161823882 gonzalez a r 1953 concerning the existence of the pit house in south america american antiquity vol 18 no 3 pp 271 272 doi 10 2307 277052 jstor 277052 s2cid 163581274 kano t segawa k 1956 an illustrative ethnography of formosan aborigines tokyo maruzen smith c s 2003 hunter gatherer mobility storage and houses in a marginal environment an example from the mid holocene of wyoming journal of anthropological archaeology vol 22 no 2 pp 162 189 doi 10 1016 s0278 4165 03 00017 5 external links edit media related to category pit houses at wikimedia commons media related to category post in ground construction at wikimedia commons v t e prehistoric technology prehistory timeline outline stone age subdivisions new stone age technology history glossary tools farming neolithic revolution founder crops new world crops ard plough celt digging stick domestication goad irrigation secondary products sickle terracing food processing paleolithic diet fire basket cooking earth oven granaries grinding slab ground stone hearth aşıklı höyük qesem cave manos metate mortar and pestle pottery quern stone storage pits hunting arrow boomerang throwing stick bow and arrow history nets spear spear thrower baton harpoon schöningen woomera projectile points arrowhead transverse bare island cascade clovis cresswell cumberland eden folsom lamoka manis mastodon plano systems game drive system buffalo jump toolmaking earliest toolmaking oldowan acheulean mousterian aurignacian clovis culture cupstone fire hardening gravettian culture hafting hand axe grooves langdale axe industry levallois technique lithic core lithic reduction analysis debitage flake lithic technology magdalenian culture metallurgy microblade technology mining prepared core technique solutrean industry striking platform tool stone uniface yubetsu technique other tools adze awl bone axe bannerstone blade prismatic bone tool bow drill burin canoe oar pesse canoe chopper tool cleaver denticulate tool fire plough fire saw hammerstone knife microlith quern stone racloir rope scraper side stone tool tally stick weapons wheel illustration architecture ceremonial kiva pyramid standing stones megalith row stonehenge dwellings neolithic architecture long house british megalith architecture nordic megalith architecture burdei cave cliff dwelling dugout hut quiggly hole jacal longhouse mudbrick mehrgarh pit house pueblitos pueblo rock shelter blombos cave abri de la madeleine sibudu cave roundhouse stilt house alp pile dwellings stone roof wattle and daub water management check dam cistern flush toilet reservoir well other architecture archaeological features broch burnt mound fulacht fiadh causewayed enclosure tor enclosure circular enclosure goseck cursus henge thornborough megalithic architectural elements midden oldest extant buildings timber circle timber trackway sweet track arts and culture material goods baskets beadwork beds chalcolithic clothing textiles timeline cosmetics glue hides shoes ötzi jewelry amber use mirrors pottery cardium cord marked grooved ware jōmon linear unstan ware sewing needle weaving wine winery wine press prehistoric art art of the upper paleolithic art of the middle paleolithic blombos cave list of stone age art bird stone cairn carved stone balls cave paintings cup and ring mark geoglyph hill figure golden hats guardian stones gwion gwion rock paintings painting pigment megalithic art petroform petroglyph petrosomatoglyph pictogram rock art rock cupule stone carving sculpture statue menhir stone circle list british isles and brittany venus figurine prehistoric music evolutionary musicology music archaeology alligator drum paleolithic flute divje babe flute gudi prehistoric religion evolutionary origin of religion paleolithic religion spiritual drug use burial burial mounds bowl barrow round barrow mound builders culture u s sites chamber tomb cotswold severn cist dartmoor kistvaens clava cairn court cairn cremation dolmen great dolmen funeral pyre gallery grave transepted wedge shaped grave goods jar burial kuyavian long barrows long barrow unchambered grønsalen megalithic tomb mummy passage grave rectangular dolmen ring cairn simple dolmen stone box grave tor cairn unchambered long cairn other cultural archaeoastronomy sites lunar calendar behavioral modernity origin of language prehistoric counting prehistoric medicine trepanning prehistoric warfare symbols symbolism v t e hut dwelling designs and semi permanent human shelters traditional immobile bahay kubo nipa hut barabara beehive house bothy bunong burdei bure cleit clochán beehive hut crotto dugout earth lodge funco girna goahti hogan humpy icelandic turf house igloo jacal kapar log cabin maloca menstruation mitato musgum mud huts oca orri palloza pit house qargi qarmaq quiggly hole quinzhee rondavel roundhouse ruka sassi di matera shieling sod house sukkah tongkonan trullo tukul wigwam wickiup and wetu zemlyanka housing portal traditional mobile chum lavvu shepherd s hut tipi yaranga yurt and ger ger district open air beach fale cabana chickee gazebo lean to palapa pergola ramada toguna modern beach hut hopper hut iris hut logging camp nissen hut quonset hut jamesway hut romney hut rondavel slab hut twynham hut wilderness hut alpine club hut mountain hut winter room related topics cabanes du breuil circular linhay earth sheltering shack shed skellig michael stilt house tent thatching transhumance tree house vernacular architecture village des bories category portal authority control databases gnd retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title pit house oldid 1374166690 categories archaeological features house types puebloan architectural elements semi subterranean structures hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from august 2012 cs1 uses korean language script ko cs1 korean language sources ko articles containing japanese language text articles containing chinese language text cs1 chinese language sources zh pages using div col with small parameter commons link is locally defined this page was last edited on 10 september 2026 at 06 21 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site 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