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Text of the page (random words):
o indo european contemporaneously with pokorny s epic dictionary linear b was first being deciphered and various analyses were being put forward that greek and latin were not all that similar there was no need to prove that developments in latin were necessarily parallel to those in greek if bh became f in latin it would not necessarily do so in greek the pithos was proposed to appear as 𐀤𐀵 qe to in the bronze age records of pylos and mycenae denoted by ideogram 203 𐃢 a small picture very similar to some knossos pithoi but which could just as well be matched by smaller pottery strangely enough it was not found at knossos a major find site of pithoi it was duly transcribed as wine jar in bennett s system on the presumption that it would store primarily wine according to the rules of reconstructing mycenaean greek from linear b qe to must be a transcription of q u ethos or q u hethos from a base of g w hedh the latter is similar to some indo european roots but has no meaningful connection to any ventris and chadwick suggest that either qe to was not a pithos but was some smaller vessel or that pithos is a foreign loan like aryballos lekythos and some others the cretan pithos precedes by several hundred years any mentioned in mycenaean greek moreover many are inscribed with a line or two of linear a perhaps pithos derives from a linear a word ventris and chadwick do not exclude fiscus from necessarily being related to pithos they only point out that if such is the derivation the process is more complex than previously thought 8 design edit storage edit a smaller pithos probably not semi subterranean as the decorative bands cover the entire body there is a rope decoration around the neck however the body features distributed fasteners for handling via a rope harness a study done in 2003 by john younger used a computer program vase to calculate the maximum capacity of an lm i pithos catalog number za zb 3 the program required the drawing of a profile on the computer screen and the entry of a parameter younger used height which in this case was 1 7 m 5 6 ft vase computed 996 liters which is slightly too great because it was based on external dimensions 9 at the density of pure water 1 kg per litre the contents of a full pithos would weigh about a tonne moreover the pithos selected was not among the largest on similar studies of some other pithoi mentioned by ventris and chadwick he obtained volumes such as 1430 5 liters 1377 5 liters 1334 7 liters and so on with full weights in excess of two tons dry goods would be much less dense but even half the density a weight of about a ton is far beyond any handling operations by individuals or teams of individuals who could not obtain a purchase in sufficient numbers in the space around the jar to effect even a simple lift from the physical point of view at least for these multi ton pithoi j l stokes s view 10 that they were unmoveable furniture being in general either wholly or partially sunk in the ground is most likely accurate currently at knossos some empty pithoi have been placed standing in passageways such as those of the storerooms this is a convention of display apart from the fact that they would seriously have impeded the dimly lit corridors there would have been no way to access them except by scaffold they must have been originally placed in the pits of the storerooms except possibly for the smaller and more easily accessed ones there is also a question of stability only some were of a stable barrel shape if the large pithoi were sunk into the floor in the storage rooms as the archaeological evidence indicates they were their weight and bulk raise a question of how they were brought there handling of a full pithos except by extensive apparatus of tracks and cranes of which there is no evidence is unlikely they were perhaps brought in empty set in place and then filled from smaller pithoi with some of the numerous bucket type pottery shipping edit uluburun ship pithos and other artifacts the problem of handling large pithoi also raises questions of shipping however large pithoi are not found in the few shipwrecks of merchant vessels from the bronze age in a recent study of the lading of the ship wrecked at uluburun in the late bronze age lin hypothesizes a cargo of about 20 tons including 10 pithoi at 3 5 tons or 0 35 tons each if filled with fluid at about the density of water 11 the pithoi were not the chief cargo which was 10 tons of copper ingots the ship carried the load easily with a draft of 1 m the pithoi were comparatively light with an estimated total mass of 2 7 tonnes not all contained liquid a few were the first known packing crates containing fine pottery fragments of lids were also found marine pithos note the lug on the bottom for insertion into a rack built across the hold the faint relief lines on the bottom are probably strengtheners the mouth is small diameter for easier sealing a lip strengthens the rim empty weights were obtained for all but two of the pithoi pithos kw 255 could be modelled to obtain an estimated volume of 293 liters at an empty weight of 120 25 kg the highest of the eight the lowest empty weight that of kw 250 was 43 kg assuming a direct proportion between capacity and empty weight the smallest capacity would have been about 105 litre this approximate data from the wreck suggests that pithoi were in fact shipped but only those of much smaller capacity the pithoi of uluburun if full of liquid would still have been too heavy for manual handling including the considerable weights of the containers the total weights can be estimated at 150 to 420 kg equipment for hauling to the ship and lowering into the hold must have been used a middle bronze age wreck of a small cargo ship off sheytan deresi devil s creek on the southwestern coast of turkey also was carrying pithoi three strap handled and four handleless of ovoid conical form 12 the main cargo was those and other ceramics the contents of the pithoi are not known the handles are two parallel loops on either side of the mouth projecting slightly above it the vases are now in the bodrum museum of underwater archaeology the dimensions of most of the pithoi are of the same order of magnitude one has a height of 0 9 m and a body height of 0 84 m the shapes are roughly similar to those of the large pithoi at knossos with smaller mouths relative to the body the heights are approximately 50 of the heights at knossos the dependency of the capacity on height was approximately given by heron a 1st century engineer he is credited with a number of formulae all called heron s formula as far as pottery is concerned he divided pots into spheroid and pithoid all the larger ones being the latter type taking this classification from work done previously and appearing in the writings of archimedes the volume of a pithoid which can be either a pithos or an amphora is dependent he asserts on 11 14 of the product of the height and a number representing a squared average of minimum and maximum diameters there has been some controversy about what geometric figure this formula represents the manuscript gives the square of the average of minimum and maximum diameters vodolazhskaya points out that if the average of the squares is used instead the formula applies to a truncated paraboloid of revolution she proposes that the manuscript was corrupted 13 according to either version of heron s formula if height and diameter change proportionately a change in height ought to result in a change in volume that is based on the cube of the percentage of change in height that is if the diameter doubles when the height doubles then the resulting volume ought to be 8 times the previous volume the cube of two younger gives several heights of pots with associated volumes 9 the smallest listed with height is 40 6 liters at 48 cm high if the height increases by a factor of 3 542 to 170 cm the volume should increase by a factor of the cube of 3 542 or 44 438 which would be 1804 liters the capacity of the 170 cm pot however is 996 liters half the amount estimated using the cube and that is generally true of the several pots for which younger lists heights an exponent of 2 53 estimates the increase in capacity which means that at least for these vases the potters did not add to the diameter to keep the same proportion between diameter and height the larger vases were made thinner if younger s data can be taken as reflecting general truth then the vases at sheytan deresi should have capacities that are greater than 40 6 liters by a factor of 1 875 2 53 or 4 91 where 1 875 is 90 48 the capacity is thus 4 91 x 40 6 about 200 liters or 440 pounds if water is the content these pithoi also are too large for handling without equipment and may even have required strengthening of the deck in the hold some sort of hold fast scaffolding must have been designed to keep the cargo from shifting with disastrous results except that a disaster did occur weight and measures edit all ancient civilizations had standards of weights and measures which were used extensively in the distribution of goods as is true today the standards were set by law enforcement of them was a function of government pottery as containers of the goods distributed was designed to planned capacities for specific purposes which is the reason why pottery is so useful in archaeology as indicators of period and why standard types can be detected at all all bronze age records of goods refer intentionally to the type capacity and contents of ceramic storage and shipping vessels ventris and chadwick devoted much of documents in mycenaean greek to the topic of quantifiable measures they and others were able to define a mycenaean greek dry unit of 96 liters and a wet unit of 36 liters john younger calculated the number of mycenaean wet and dry units 96 1 l and 28 8 l resp in the capacities of 300 pots of known dimensions including several storage pithoi he attempted to assign the volumes to integer or half integer multiples of these units 9 decor edit pithos decorated with goddess identified with potnia theron by greek authors some pithoi were used for rituals and even for burial the decor of those pithoi differed significantly from ones used for transportation and storage in warehouses decorations would have been used to match the intended use pithoi designed for marine transportation were generally not decorated they must have been stored in a warehouse storage pithoi however might be viewed in residential and administrative locations the neck and shoulders were generally decorated which is consistent with a partially subterranean location all the large pithoi featured circumferential bands of thicker clay strengthening the joints where sections of the pithos were lowered onto each other and fused together 14 the raised band concept was expanded over the upper body to a repeating circumferential pattern incised or stamped at first then rolled with a seal like roller around the body of the pithos while it was still fresh clay 15 some common themes are spirals meanders and waves waves in relief give the appearance of slack rope whether they were intended to be that is debatable slack rope lifts nothing moreover a rope around the neck of the pithos for lifting would only concentrate the weight on the neck probably shattering it multiple lugs loops and handles indicate that for lifting purposes some sort of harness to distribute the weight must have been used these rope like waves of pattern regardless of the potter s possible intent have been termed rope patterns or rope decoration with a certain ambiguity of meaning as to whether actual rope was used to physically impress them or they are merely intended to visually resemble rope if the pithos was small enough to stand in a conspicuous location the bands were further divided into polychrome geometric patterns such as a checkerboard or chevrons or painted panel or band scenes often in relief these scenes are in no way inferior to those of other painted pots in fact the more extensive surfaces allowed more detail see also edit diogenes who lived in a pithos onggi pandora s box etymology citations edit pithos oxford english dictionary online ed oxford university press subscription or participating institution membership required πίθος liddell henry george scott robert a greek english lexicon at the perseus project πίθος dictionary of standard modern greek in greek center for the greek language puhvel jaan 1991 harsi hittite etymological dictionary trends in linguistics documentation 5 vol 3 words beginning with h the hague mouton de gruyter pithos webster s third international dictionary henry george liddell robert scott 1940 πίθος a greek english lexicon revised and augmented throughout by sir henry stuart jones with the assistance of roderick mckenzie oxford clarendon press bhidh indogermanisches etymologisches wörterbuch bern francke 1959 p 153 ventris michael chadwick john 1973 documents in mycenaean greek 2nd ed cambridge university press pp 324 327 493 494 577 1 2 3 younger john g 2003 calculating vessel volumes in foster karen polinger laffineur robert eds metron measuring the aegean bronze age pdf aegaeum 24 liège and austin université de liège pp 491 92 stokes 1905 1906 p 71 lin shih han samuel 2003 lading of the late bronze age ship at uluburun thesis pdf department of anthropology texas a m university pp iii 162 185 archived from the original pdf on 2010 07 28 retrieved 2012 06 23 catsambis alexis 2008 the bronze age shipwreck at sheytan deresi thesis pdf department of anthropology texas a m university vodolazhskaya larisa 2008 reconstruction of heron s formulas for calculating the volume of vessels in posluschny axel lambers karsten herzog imela eds layers of perception proceedings of the 35th international conference on computer applications and quantitative methods in archaeology caa berlin april 2 6 2007 pdf kolloquien zur vor und frühgeschichte bd 10 berlin habelt propylaeum doc pp 1 7 doi 10 11588 propylaeumdok 00000564 stokes 1905 1906 p 71 stokes 1905 1906 p 72 general and cited references edit stokes jl 1905 1906 pithos fragments from cameiros the annual of the british school at athens 12 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to pithoi pottery shapes pdf the texas foundation for archaeological historical research 2009 archived from the original pdf on 2015 11 17 retrieved 2012 06 19 two pithos vessels found at the pavlopetri submerged city excavation bbc program on youtube 35 53 the vessel is dug out reconstructed and an explanation about its uses and origin in crete is given v t e greek vase shapes wine vessels amphora kotyle kantharos karkhesion kyathos kylix lakaina mastos oenochoe pelike psykter rhyton skyphos water vessels hydria hydriske kalpis mixing vessels dinos krater cookware chytra lebes tableware pinakion perfume oil and wedding alabastron aryballos askos lebes gamikos lekythos l...