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12242, 521, reviews, fox, scott, puercan, plesiadapiformes, saskatchewan, canada, 548, 131519722, 1666, 059, 2011jpal, 537f, 537, maureen, bloch, jonathan, gaudin, timothy, giallombardo, andres, giannini, norberto, goldberg, suzann, kraatz, brian, zhe, jin, michael, zachary, randall, guillermo, eric, sargis, mary, silcox, nancy, simmons, micelle, paul, velazco, marcelo, weksler, andrea, cirranello, february, ancestor, post, 6120, 667, 206544776, 23393258, 11336, 7302, 1229237, 2013sci, 662o, zoonomia, consortium, 587, 245, multitool, discovery, conservation, bennett, lehmann, 864, 19582725, 1002, bies, 200900053, 2009biess, 853a, 853, bioessays, framework, understanding, koepfli, wayne, 12878460, s1055, 7903, 00118, 2003molpe, 225a, 225, phylogenetics, marker, apoliprotein, provides, compelling, kitazoe, nakajima, okabayashi, watabe, okuhara, 2007, e384, 17440620, 1849890, pone, 0000384, 2007ploso, 384k, robust, time, estimation, reconciles, views, antiquity, murphy, william, eizirik, eduardo, brien, 1061, 12552136, 298725, 0334222100, 2003pnas, 1056s, 1056, tertiary, ota, 154, 11791233, 141, informatics, series, nishihara, maruyama, 5240, 19286970, 2655268, 0809297106, 2009pnas, 5235n, 5235, geological, suggest, superorders, averianov, ekdale, november, 6859, 11689942, 35102048, 2001natur, 62a, kriegs, jan, ole, churakov, gennady, kiefmann, jordan, ursula, brosius, schmitz, 2006, e91, 16515367, 1395351, pbio, 0040091, retroposed, elements, archives, towards, interordinal, 12078634, 1093, sysbio, haibing, jernvall, jukka, yilun, bian, congyu, bai, bin, qian, zhu, zifan, hai, lun, yuanqing, 2061, 1471, 2954, 1934, 292, unravelling, metatherian, velut, destrieux, kakou, 1998, morphologic, suppl, 9757322, neuro, chirurgie, marvalee, wake, september, 1992, university, chicago, press, 583, 978, 226, 87013, isbn, hyman, yuan, georgi, 822, 4330626, 11976675, 416816a, 816j, 816, mckenna, dashzeveg, horovitz, 1997, mongolia, 6650, 486, 205026882, 9333234, 39020, 1997natur, 483n, 483, reilly, white, january, hypaxial, motor, 5605, 402, 41470665, 12532019, 1074905, 2003sci, 400r, 400, weil, upwards, onwards, 799, 4332049, 11976661, 416798a, 798w, 798, renfree, 2010, difference, supplement, s21, 20079531, 023, van, valen, leigh, 1972, 462, 1086, 407442, 461, quarterly, albert, dahlberg, morphology, edinburgh, vol, 618, philosophy, zoology, structure, functions, smithsonian, misc, coll, 230, 649, zoological, london, application, laws, particularly, wighart, von, historical, wear, facets, ontogeny, dentitions, 82nd, robin, beck, ornella, hans, eleonora, rossi, shawn, zack, mamma, 85th, chester, holbrook, lyson, miller, smith, tseng, 6588, 35357913, 500, 11820, d7fb8c6e, 886e, 4c1d, 9977, 0cd6406fda20, abl5584, 2022sci, 80b, brawn, brains, david, yue, harper, tony, cifelli, 161, archived, original, 16724836, 011, 9162, 153, confirmed, occurrence, otherwise, exceptional, adult, retain, some, immediate, outgroups, classified, sister, constrained, while, 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odern placentals arose from stem group members of the clade eutheria which had existed since at least the middle jurassic epoch about 170 mya these early eutherians were small nocturnal insect eaters with adaptations for life in trees 14 true placentals may have originated in the late cretaceous around 90 mya but the earliest undisputed fossils are dated to the cretaceous paleogene boundary k pg boundary the genus protungulatum is sometimes placed as a stem ungulate 28 with probably the earliest known species p coombsi from the strata within the hell creek formation specifically dated to at least 300 000 years before the k pg boundary 1 the genus purgatorius sometimes considered a stem primate appears no more than 300 000 years after the k pg boundary 29 one study has recovered both genera to be closely related and as stem eutherians outside modern placental mammals 30 but others have recovered protungulatum as a pan euungulate based on phylogenetic analysis and inner ear anatomy different from non placentals 31 32 the rapid appearance of placentals after the mass extinction at the end of the cretaceous suggests that the group had already originated and undergone an initial diversification in the late cretaceous as suggested by molecular clocks 33 the lineages leading to xenarthra and afrotheria probably originated around 90 mya and boreoeutheria underwent an initial diversification around 70 80 mya 33 producing the lineages that eventually would lead to modern primates rodents insectivores artiodactyls and carnivorans however modern members of the placental orders originated in the paleogene around 66 to 23 mya following the cretaceous paleogene extinction event the evolution of crown orders such modern primates rodents and carnivores appears to be part of an adaptive radiation 34 that took place as mammals quickly evolved to take advantage of ecological niches that were left open when most dinosaurs and other animals disappeared following the chicxulub asteroid impact as they occupied new niches mammals rapidly increased in body size and began to take over the large herbivore and large carnivore niches that had been left open by the decimation of the dinosaurs and perhaps more relevantly competing synapsids 35 mammals also exploited niches that the non avian dinosaurs had never touched for example bats evolved flight and echolocation allowing them to be highly effective nocturnal aerial insectivores and whales first occupied freshwater lakes and rivers and then moved into the oceans primates meanwhile acquired specialized grasping hands and feet which allowed them to grasp branches and large eyes with keener vision which allowed them to forage in the dark the evolution of land placentals followed different pathways on different continents since they cannot easily cross large bodies of water an exception is smaller placentals such as rodents and primates who left laurasia and colonized africa and then south america via rafting in africa the afrotheria underwent a major adaptive radiation which led to elephants elephant shrews tenrecs golden moles aardvarks and manatees 36 37 in south america a similar event occurred with radiation of the xenarthra which led to modern sloths anteaters and armadillos as well as the extinct ground sloths and glyptodonts expansion in laurasia was dominated by boreoeutheria which includes primates and rodents insectivores carnivores perissodactyls and artiodactyls these groups expanded beyond a single continent when land bridges formed linking africa to eurasia and south america to north america a study on eutherian diversity suggests that placental diversity was constrained during the paleocene while multituberculate mammals diversified afterwards multituberculates decline and placentals explode in diversity 35 notes edit genera alveugena ambilestes and procerberus are the immediate outgroups to order taeniodonta with genera alveugena and procerberus classified as a close sister taxa to this order exceptional adult placentals that retain a cloaca are golden moles tenrecs beavers and some shrews references edit 1 2 archibald j david zhang yue harper tony cifelli richard l may 6 2011 protungulatum confirmed cretaceous occurrence of an otherwise paleocene eutherian placental mammal pdf journal of mammalian evolution 18 3 153 161 doi 10 1007 s10914 011 9162 1 s2cid 16724836 archived from the original pdf on march 3 2016 retrieved april 28 2013 1 2 3 4 bertrand o c shelley s l williamson t e wible j r chester s g b flynn j j holbrook l t lyson t r meng j miller i m püschel h p smith t spaulding m tseng z j brusatte s l 2022 brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end cretaceous extinction science 376 6588 80 85 bibcode 2022sci 376 80b doi 10 1126 science abl5584 hdl 20 500 11820 d7fb8c6e 886e 4c1d 9977 0cd6406fda20 pmid 35357913 1 2 stephen brusatte robin m beck ornella c c bertrand fernando a perini hans püschel eleonora rossi sarah l shelley john r 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christine ladevèze sandrine goussard florent 2015 alcidedorbignya inopinata a basal pantodont placentalia mammalia from the early palaeocene of bolivia anatomy phylogeny and palaeobiology geodiversitas 37 4 397 bibcode 2015geodv 37 397m doi 10 5252 g2015n4a1 issn 1280 9659 s2cid 131556174 orliac m j o leary m a 2016 the inner ear of protungulatum pan euungulata mammalia journal of mammalian evolution 23 4 337 352 doi 10 1007 s10914 016 9327 z s2cid 133815599 1 2 dos reis m inoue j hasegawa m asher r j donoghue p c j yang z 2012 phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny proceedings of the royal society b 279 1742 3491 3500 doi 10 1098 rspb 2012 0683 pmc 3396900 pmid 22628470 alroy j 1999 the fossil record of north american mammals evidence for a palaeocene evolutionary radiation systematic biology 48 1 107 118 doi 10 1080 106351599260472 pmid 12078635 1 2 brocklehurst neil panciroli elsa benevento gemma louise benson roger b j july 2021 mammaliaform extinctions as a driver of the morphological radiation of cenozoic mammals current biology 31 13 2955 2963 e4 bibcode 2021cbio 31e2955b doi 10 1016 j cub 2021 04 044 pmid 34004143 s2cid 234782605 springer mark s 2022 03 14 afrotheria current biology 32 5 r205 r210 bibcode 2022cbio 32 r205s doi 10 1016 j cub 2022 02 001 issn 1879 0445 pmid 35290765 craig jack m fisher whitney l thomas allan s hedges s blair kumar sudhir 2025 11 19 completing a molecular timetree of afrotheria frontiers in bioinformatics 5 1710926 doi 10 3389 fbinf 2025 1710926 issn 2673 7647 pmc 12672906 pmid 41346778 external links edit the wikibook dichotomous key has a page on the topic of placentalia v t e eutheria kingdom animalia phylum chordata class mammalia subclass theria synapsida see synapsida cynodontia see cynodontia mammalia see mammalia eutheria see below eutheria eutheria acristatherium ambolestes bayshinoryctes bobolestes cokotherium deltatherium durlstodon durlstotherium endotherium eomaia hovurlestes hyotheridium indoclemensia juramaia microtherulum montanalestes murtoilestes prokennalestes sinodelphys adapisoriculidae adapisoriculus afrodon bustylus deccanolestes garatherium namibiodon remiculus sahnitherium wyonycteris asioryctitheria asioryctes bulaklestes daulestes kennalestes sasayamamylos uchkudukodon ukhaatherium cimolestidae aboletylestes acmeodon alveugena ambilestes avunculus bagalestes batodon betonnia chacopterygus cimolestes didelphodus gelastops ilerdoryctes maelestes naranius pararyctes procerberus protentomodon puercolestes scollardius tsaganius didymoconidae archaeoryctes ardynictis didymoconus hunanictis kennatherium zeuctherium horolodectidae ferrequitherium horolodectes leptictida gypsonictopidae gypsonictops sikuomys pseudorhyncocyonidae diaphyodectes leptictidium phakodon pseudorhyncocyon leptictidae amphigyion blacktops gallolestes ictopidium labes lainodon leptictis leptonysson megaleptictis myrmecoboides ongghonia palaeictops praolestes prodiacodon protictops wania palaeoryctidae aaptoryctes aceroryctes eoryctes lainoryctes nuryctes ottoryctes palaeoryctes pinoryctes pantolesta paroxyclaenidae fratrodon kopidodon merialus paraspaniella paravulpavoides paroxyclaenus pugiodens sororodon spaniella vulpavoides welcommoides pantolestidae amaramnis bessoecetor bogdia bouffinomus buxolestes chadronia cryptopithecus dulcidon dyspterna euhookeria galethylax gobipithecus kiinkerishella kochictis oboia pagonomus palaeosinopa paleotomus pantolestes thelysia todralestes pentacodontidae aphronorus bisonalveus coriphagus eurolestes pentacodon taeniodonta schowalteria conoryctidae conoryctella conoryctes huerfanodon onychodectidae onychodectes stylinodontidae ectoganus psittacotherium stylinodon wortmania tillodontia adapidium azygonyx basalina benaius chungchienia dysnoetodon esthonyx franchaius higotherium interogale kuanchuanius lofochaius megalesthonyx meiostylodon plesiesthonyx plethorodon simplodon tillodon trogosus yuesthonyx zalambdalestidae al...