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kesign, ngaatjatjarra, kartutjarra, yan, nhaŋu, worora, miriwoong, djingili, aboriginal, white, eagle, josephine, 1987, cleve, john, mcgraw, hill, company, 13821696, oclc, 9780070792296, kegl, judy, anne, clark, philo, google, books, government, printing, office, 552, 263, annual, bureau, ethnology, secretary, smithsonian, institution, 1879, mutes, etxepare, ricardo, irurtzun, aritz, 1824, 33745310, pmid, 8059529, pmc, 0962, 8436, 1098, 376, philosophical, transactions, royal, biological, sciences, gravettian, stencils, formatives, 144797783, 1264168, 464429, inquiry, 143152073, 1264173, 464434, tree, erich, 2009, 347, 26190558, 0302, 1475, mesoamerica, 1960, phd, 301872594, proquest, indiana, dresher, elan, oupblog, who, put, mail, 129, 121, 116, 115, meara, sean, hopkins, maren, spears, michael, ferguson, ignacio, colorado, anthropological, llc, ethnographic, ethnobotanical, bonita, peak, mining, district, 104, 105, 2003, patterson, rudolph, carol, 1993, albuquerque, avanu, publishing, 0936755137, myths, rio, grande, martineau, lavan, 1973, las, vegas, 9780916122300, rocks, begin, speak, 2008, univ, sociolinguistic, 106, 9781563680366, 1992, dawnsignpress, 9780915035304, crossing, park, 2015, october, linguistic, multilingualism, centre, albert, ashley, cbc, created, connect, culture, oen, carlos, september, tyee, fighting, save, flynn, darin, calgary, valdata

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gallaudet university press pp 91 92 isbn 9780930323646 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 davis jeffrey e 2010 hand talk sign language among american indian nations cambridge uk cambridge university press isbn 9780521690300 mckay cody 2019 p 27 mckay cody 2019 p 31 cowell andrew moss sr alonzo c hair william c hair wayne 2012 dictionary of the arapaho language pdf ethete wyoming usa northern arapaho tribe p 181 retrieved 26 march 2025 sign blackfoot dictionary algonquian dictionaries project retrieved 26 march 2025 e cheyenne dictionary chief dull knife college retrieved 26 march 2025 sign plains cree dictionary algonquian dictionaries project retrieved 26 march 2025 language skiri pawnee dictionary institute for indigenous knowledge retrieved 26 march 2025 chafe wallace english seneca dictionary pdf onöndowa ga gawë nö seneca language department p 149 wall leon morgan william 1958 navajo english dictionary p 63 retrieved 26 march 2025 sign language crow language consortium retrieved 26 march 2025 language dakota online dictionary sisseton wahpeton oyate dakotah language institute retrieved 25 march 2025 sign language ho chunk dictionary online ho chunk nation retrieved 25 march 2025 sign assiniboine dictionary institute for indigenous knowledge retrieved 26 march 2025 sign language the stoney dictionary stoney education authority retrieved 26 march 2025 sign language comanche dictionary comanche language and cultural preservation committee retrieved 26 march 2025 wanawmanik i ute dictionary online ute mountain ute retrieved 25 march 2025 wurtzburg susan campbell lyle 1995 north american indian sign language evidence of its existence before european contact international journal of american linguistics 61 2 153 167 doi 10 1086 466249 issn 0020 7071 jstor 1265726 s2cid 144965865 valdata patricia 11 january 2006 emerging scholars navigating north and south for native knowledge diverse issues in higher education retrieved 15 march 2025 flynn darin august 16 2017 indigenous sign languages in canada university of calgary retrieved march 14 2025 oen carlos 13 september 2018 fighting to save indigenous sign languages the tyee retrieved 15 march 2025 albert ashley 15 april 2018 oneida sign language created to connect deaf community with their culture cbc retrieved 15 march 2025 oneida sign language oneida language and cultural centre oneida nation retrieved 15 march 2025 davis jeffrey e 2006 a historical linguistic account of sign language among north american indians in lucas ceil ed multilingualism and sign languages from the great plains to australia sociolinguistics in deaf communities vol 12 washington dc gallaudet university press pp 3 35 language blackfoot crossing historical park retrieved october 5 2015 supalla samuel j 1992 the book of name signs dawnsignpress p 22 isbn 9780915035304 davis jeffrey supalla samuel 1995 a sociolinguistic description of sign language use in a navajo family in lucas ceil ed sociolinguistics in deaf communities vol 1 gallaudet university press pp 77 106 isbn 9781563680366 king thomas 2008 the truth about stories a native narrative minneapolis univ of minnesota press p 98 isbn 978 0816646272 martineau lavan 1973 the rocks begin to speak las vegas kc publications isbn 9780916122300 patterson rudolph carol 1993 petroglyphs pueblo myths of the rio grande albuquerque avanu publishing isbn 978 0936755137 mckay cody 2019 p 25 king thomas 2003 the truth about stories a native narrative minneapolis university of minnesota press p 98 isbn 978 0816646272 mckay cody 2019 p 105 mckay cody 2019 p 104 o meara sean hopkins maren p spears michael c ferguson t j ute ethnographic and ethnobotanical research in the bonita peak mining district pdf anthropological research llc report ignacio colorado usa southern ute indian tribe p 47 retrieved 25 march 2025 mckay cody 2019 p 115 mckay cody 2019 p 139 mckay cody 2019 p 116 mckay cody 2019 p 121 mckay cody 2019 p 129 mckay cody 2019 p 167 who put native american sign language in the us mail oupblog oxford university press may 9 2018 mallery 1881 hulst harry van der 2022 the early history of sign language phonology in dresher b elan hulst harry van der eds the oxford history of phonology oxford university press pp 783 786 isbn 9781483346489 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 west la mont 1960 the sign language an analysis phd thesis vol i indiana university proquest 301872594 tree erich fox 2009 meemul tziij an indigenous sign language complex of mesoamerica sign language studies 9 3 347 issn 0302 1475 jstor 26190558 voegelin c f 1958 sign language analysis on one level or two international journal of american linguistics 24 1 71 77 doi 10 1086 464434 issn 0020 7071 jstor 1264173 s2cid 143152073 1 2 kroeber a l 1958 sign language inquiry international journal of american linguistics 24 1 1 19 doi 10 1086 464429 issn 0020 7071 jstor 1264168 s2cid 144797783 etxepare ricardo irurtzun aritz 2021 05 10 gravettian hand stencils as sign language formatives philosophical transactions of the royal society b biological sciences 376 1824 rstb 2020 0205 doi 10 1098 rstb 2020 0205 issn 0962 8436 pmc 8059529 pmid 33745310 mallery garrick 1881 sign language among north american indians compared with that among other peoples and deaf mutes first annual report of the bureau of ethnology to the secretary of the smithsonian institution 1879 1880 washington government printing office pp 263 552 further reading edit clark william philo 1885 the indian sign language via google books kegl judy anne white eagle josephine 1987 plains indian in van cleve john v ed gallaudet encyclopedia of deaf people and deafness vol 3 new york mcgraw hill book company pp 97 100 isbn 9780070792296 oclc 13821696 v t e sign language list of sign languages list by number of signers language families a sign languages by family australian aboriginal multiple families c diyari djingili eltye eltyarrenke iltyeme iltyeme jaralde kalkutungu miriwoong mudburra pitha pitha rdaka rdaka umpila far north queensland warlmanpa warluwara warramunga worora kinship yan nhaŋu yir yoront yolŋu western desert kartutjarra manjiljarra ngaatjatjarra zendath kesign meriam western torres strait islander arab ishaaric egyptian kuwaiti libyan qatari unified yemeni iraqi levantine iraqi levantine jordanian lebanese palestinian syrian possible emirati saudi omani chinese sign chinese csl zgs shanghai hong kong hksl macau chilean paraguayan uruguayan sign chilean lsch paraguayan uruguayan sign paraguay lspy uruguay lsu francosign algerian lsa swiss german dsgs estonian eesti viipekeel irish isl australian irish brazilian libras lithuanian catalan lsc valencian lsv french lsf old french c romanian lsr american aslic american asl black asl basl protactile bolivian burmese yangon mandalay cambodian costa rican dominican guyanese jamaican malaysian bim panamanian filipino fsl puerto rican prsl singapore sgsl indonesian nusantaric indonesian bisindo jakarta yogyakarta francophone african françafrosign ethiopian chadian ghanaian guinean bamako lasima moroccan nigerian sierra leonean mixed hand talk oneida osl mixed hoailona ʻōlelo creole hawaiʻi sign language chsl mixed french lsf greek ενγ eng cypriot κνγ kng quebec lsq austro hungarian czech čzj hungarian magyar jelnyev austrian ögs slovak spj ukrainian ужм usl russian sign azerbaijani ai̇d bulgarian бже georgian kazakh russian ksl krsl latvian lsl mongolian russian ржя yugoslavic sign croatian hzj kosovar serbian slovenian yugoslav ysl dutch sign dutch ngt gambian italian sign italian lis tunisian tsl mexican sign mexican lsm honduran lesho old belgian flemish vgt french belgian lsfb danish tegnic malagasy icelandic táknmál norwegian tegnspråk danish tegnsprog faroese teknmál viet thai hai phong hanoi ho chi minh thai tsl mstsl hand talk great basin northeast plains sign talk southeast southwest mixed american asl oneida osl plateau a aninin kalispel ktunaxa ʾa qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam nesilextcl n shuswap secwepemcékst sqeliz indo pakistani sign bangalore madras beluchistan bengali bombay calcutta delhi nepali north west frontier province punjab sindh japanese sign japanese jsl nihon shuwa korean ksl hanguk sueo taiwanese tsl taiwan shouyu kentish c old kentish chilmark martha s vineyard mvsl maya meemul tziij meemul ch aab al highland maya yucatec chicán nohkop nohya trascorral cepeda peraza nw eurosign banzsl auslan papua new guinean pngsl british bsl northern ireland nisl fijian fsl maritime msl new zealand nzsl samoan south african sasl swedish sign eritrean erisl finland swedish finssl portuguese lgp cape verdian lgc são tomé and príncipean lgstp swedish teckenspråk finnish viittomakieli german sign german dgs polish pjm israeli shassi original thai sign chiangmai hai phong old bangkok paget gorman namibian nsl providencia cayman sign providence island provisle old cayman guyanese isolates afghan akure aksl al sayyid bedouin absl albanian albsl albarradas sign language alipur argentine lsa armenian caucasian harsneren c bay islands belizean berbey bhutanese bouakako lasibo bribri brunca bura carhuahuaran cena central taurus ctsl oti̇d chatino chiriqui cuban lsc dogon douentza ecuadorian lsec enga ghandruk ghardaia ajsl guatemalan lensegua guinea bissau henniker c hausa hsl magannar hannu hawaiʻi hoailona ʻōlelo creole hsl ibokun ibsl inuit inuit uukturausingit iur greenlandic ussersuataarneq jhankot jumla ka apor kajana kafr qasim kailge kata kolok kenyan ksl lak somali ssl keresan pueblo kpisl keresign kisindo jamaican country ks konchri sain macedonian magajin gari mgsl malawian maltese lsm mardin maroua maunabudhuk bodhe mauritian msl m bour mehek miyakubo shuwa burkina mossi mount avejaha mozambican naga navajo diné family nicaraguan isn north korean nksl joseon suhwa old costa rican orocovis lsor ottoman seraglio harem ban khor pasa kidd penang persian esharani peruvian lsp inmaculada qahveh khaneh rennellese c rossel island rwandan akr amr sandy river valley c salvadoran lessa sawmill sinasina sssl sivia south rupununi spanish lse tebul terena tibetan bökyi lagda trinidad and tobago ttsl turkish ti̇d ugandan usl venezuelan lsv vsl wanib west african adamorobe adasl mumu kasa bura burasl mofu gudur nanabin nanabinsl yoruban ysl zambian zsl other groupings amami shuwa languages ethiopian languages laotian languages rwandan languages sri lankan languages sudanese languages 150 b tanzanian languages 7 b zimsign languages international sign village languages by region a sign languages by region africa algeria algerian ghardaia cameroon maroua cape verde cape verdian lgc ghana adamorobe adasl mumu kasa nanabin ivory coast bouakako lasibo kenya kenyan malawi malawian mali bamako lasima berbey tebul mozambique mozambican nigeria akure aksl bura hausa magannar hannu ibokun ibsl magajin gari mgsl rwanda rwandan amarenga são tomé and príncipe são tomé and príncipean lgstp senegal mbour somalia somaliland djibouti somali south africa south african tanzania tanzanian uganda ugandan zambia zambian asia bengal bengali cambodia cambodian china chinese hong kong hong kong hksl india alipur bengali indo pakistani naga indonesia indonesian kata kolok benkala balinese iran iranian esharani qahveh khaneh iraq iraqi kurdish israel al sayyid bedouin ghardaia israeli kafr qasem japan japanese koniya miyakubo korea north korean south korean kazakhstan kazakh russian laos laotian malaysia malaysian penang selangor maldives maldives mongolia mongolian nepal ghandruk jhankot jumla maunabudhuk bodhe nepalese philippines filipino saudi arabia saudi singapore singapore sri lanka sri lankan taiwan taiwanese tajikistan russian tibet tibetan bökyi lagda thailand old bangkok chiangmai thai ban khor pasa kidd vietnam vietnamese europe armenia armenian austria austrian azerbaijan azerbaijani belgium flemish french belgian united kingdom british croatia croatian denmark danish faroese teknmál estonia estonian finland finnish france ghardaia french lyons georgia georgian germany german greece greek hungary hungarian iceland icelandic ireland irish italy italian kosovo yugoslav kosovar latvia latvian lithuania lithuanian moldova russian netherlands dutch north macedonia macedonian northern ireland northern ireland norway norwegian poland polish portugal portuguese russia russian slovenia slovenian spain catalan spanish valencian sweden swedish switzerland swiss german turkey central taurus ctsl oti̇d mardin turkish ukraine ukrainian north and central america belize belizean canada american asl black asl protactile hand talk oneida osl plateau inuit iur maritime msl sawmill quebec cayman old cayman costa rica bribri brunca old costa rican new costa rican cuba cuban greenland greenlandic ussersuataarneq guatemala guatemalan mayan haiti haitian honduras bay islands honduran mexico albarradas chatino mayan mexican nicaragua nicaraguan panama chiriqui panamanian puerto rico usa american asl puerto rican orocovis el salvador salvadoran lesso old salvadoran united states american asl black asl protactile hand talk oneida osl plateau henniker keresan keresign martha s vineyard navajo family sandy river valley sawmill oceania australia akitiri eltye eltyarrenke arrernte iltyeme iltyeme auslan australian irish manjiljarra mudbura mudburra ngada umpila far north queensland warlmanpa warlpiri rdaka rdaka warumungu warramunga western desert western torres strait islander yir yoront yolŋu hawaii usa hawaiʻan haoilona ʻōlelo new zealand new zealand nzsl papua new guinea enga kailge mehek mount avejaha papua new guinean pngsl rossel island sinasina wanib samoa and american samoa samoan south america argentina argentine lsa bolivia bolivian brazil brazilian libras cena ka apor south rupununi terena chile chilean colombia colombian provisle ecuador ecuadorian guyana guyanese south rupununi paraguay paraguayan peru carhuahuaran inmaculada peruvian sivia suriname kajana uruguay uruguayan venezuela venezuelan international international sign makaton monastic signalong asl grammar idioms literature profanity name signs extinct languages chilmark diyari jaralde kalkutungu henniker sign language martha s vineyard old french old kent plateau sign language pitha pitha sandy river valley sign language warluwara linguistics grammar asl bimodal bilingualism phonology asl handshape location orientation movement expression mouthing nonmanual feature sign names home sign fingerspelling american british two handed catalan chilean esperanto french german hungarian irish japanese korean polish russian serbo croatian spanish ukrainian portuguese writing asl phabet hamburg notation system stokoe notation signwriting si5s aslwrite language contact contact sign initialized sign mouthing signed oral languages indian signing system manually coded english manually coded language in south africa manually coded malay paget gorman sign system signed dutch signed french signed german signed italian signed japanese signed polish signed spanish signing exact english signed swedis...