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26 2013 data release edit on 21 march 2013 the european led research team behind the planck cosmology probe released the mission s all sky map of the cosmic microwave background 27 28 this map suggests the universe is slightly older than thought according to the map subtle fluctuations in temperature were imprinted on the deep sky when the universe was about 370 000 years old the imprint reflects ripples that arose as early in the existence of the universe as the first nonillionth 10 30 of a second it is theorised that these ripples gave rise to the present vast cosmic web of galactic clusters and dark matter the 2013 release found an asymmetry in the statistics of the cmb with respect to viewing angle in the sky determining that deviations from isotropy have been found and demonstrated to be robust against component separation algorithm mask choice and frequency dependence 29 more commonly known as the axis of evil cosmology according to the team the universe is 13 798 0 037 billion years old and contains 4 82 0 05 ordinary matter 26 8 0 4 dark matter and 69 1 dark energy 30 31 32 the hubble constant was also measured to be 67 80 0 77 km s mpc 27 30 33 34 35 cosmological parameters from 2013 planck results 30 32 parameter symbol planck best fit planck 68 limits planck lensing best fit planck lensing 68 limits planck wp best fit planck wp 68 limits planck wp highl best fit planck wp highl 68 limits planck lensing wp highl best fit planck lensing wp highl 68 limits planck wp highl bao best fit planck wp highl bao 68 limits baryon density ω b h 2 displaystyle omega _ b h 2 0 022068 0 022 07 0 000 33 0 022242 0 022 17 0 000 33 0 022032 0 022 05 0 000 28 0 022069 0 022 07 0 000 27 0 022199 0 022 18 0 000 26 0 022161 0 022 14 0 000 24 cold dark matter density ω c h 2 displaystyle omega _ c h 2 0 12029 0 1196 0 0031 0 11805 0 1186 0 0031 0 12038 0 1199 0 0027 0 12025 0 1198 0 0026 0 11847 0 1186 0 0022 0 11889 0 1187 0 0017 100x approximation to r s d a cosmomc 100 θ m c displaystyle 100 theta _ mc 1 04122 1 041 32 0 000 68 1 04150 1 041 41 0 000 67 1 04119 1 041 31 0 000 63 1 04130 1 041 32 0 000 63 1 04146 1 041 44 0 000 61 1 04148 1 041 47 0 000 56 thomson scattering optical depth due to reionization τ displaystyle tau 0 0925 0 097 0 038 0 0949 0 089 0 032 0 0925 0 089 0 012 0 014 0 0927 0 091 0 013 0 014 0 0943 0 090 0 013 0 014 0 0952 0 092 0 013 power spectrum of curvature perturbations ln 10 10 a s displaystyle ln 10 10 a_ s 3 098 3 103 0 072 3 098 3 085 0 057 3 0980 3 089 0 024 0 027 3 0959 3 090 0 025 3 0947 3 087 0 024 3 0973 3 091 0 025 scalar spectral index n s displaystyle n_ s 0 9624 0 9616 0 0094 0 9675 0 9635 0 0094 0 9619 0 9603 0 0073 0 9582 0 9585 0 0070 0 9624 0 9614 0 0063 0 9611 0 9608 0 0054 hubble s constant km mpc 1 s 1 h 0 displaystyle h_ 0 67 11 67 4 1 4 68 14 67 9 1 5 67 04 67 3 1 2 67 15 67 3 1 2 67 94 67 9 1 0 67 77 67 80 0 77 dark energy density ω λ displaystyle omega _ lambda 0 6825 0 686 0 020 0 6964 0 693 0 019 0 6817 0 685 0 018 0 016 0 6830 0 685 0 017 0 016 0 6939 0 693 0 013 0 6914 0 692 0 010 density fluctuations at 8h 1 mpc σ 8 displaystyle sigma _ 8 0 8344 0 834 0 027 0 8285 0 823 0 018 0 8347 0 829 0 012 0 8322 0 828 0 012 0 8271 0 8233 0 0097 0 8288 0 826 0 012 redshift of reionization z r e displaystyle z_ re 11 35 11 4 4 0 2 8 11 45 10 8 3 1 2 5 11 37 11 1 1 1 11 38 11 1 1 1 11 42 11 1 1 1 11 52 11 3 1 1 age of the universe gy t 0 displaystyle t_ 0 13 819 13 813 0 058 13 784 13 796 0 058 13 8242 13 817 0 048 13 8170 13 813 0 047 13 7914 13 794 0 044 13 7965 13 798 0 037 100 angular scale of sound horizon at last scattering 100 θ displaystyle 100 theta _ 1 04139 1 041 48 0 000 66 1 04164 1 041 56 0 000 66 1 04136 1 041 47 0 000 62 1 04146 1 041 48 0 000 62 1 04161 1 041 59 0 000 60 1 04163 1 041 62 0 000 56 comoving size of the sound horizon at z z drag r d r a g displaystyle r_ drag 147 34 147 53 0 64 147 74 147 70 0 63 147 36 147 49 0 59 147 35 147 47 0 59 147 68 147 67 0 50 147 611 147 68 0 45 2015 data release edit results from an analysis of planck s full mission were made public on 1 december 2014 at a conference in ferrara italy 36 a full set of papers detailing the mission results were released in february 2015 37 some of the results include more agreement with previous wmap results on parameters such as the density and distribution of matter in the universe as well as more accurate results with less margin of error confirmation of the universe having a 26 content of dark matter these results also raise related questions about the positron excess over electrons detected by the alpha magnetic spectrometer an experiment on the international space station previous research suggested that positrons could be created by the collision of dark matter particles which could only occur if the probability of dark matter collisions is significantly higher now than in the early universe planck data suggests that the probability of such collisions must remain constant over time to account for the structure of the universe negating the previous theory validation of the simplest models of inflation thus giving the lambda cdm model stronger support that there are likely only three types of neutrinos with a fourth proposed sterile neutrino unlikely to exist project scientists worked too with bicep2 scientists to release joint research in 2015 answering whether a signal detected by bicep2 was evidence of primordial gravitational waves or was simple background noise from dust in the milky way galaxy 36 their results suggest the latter 38 cosmological parameters from 2015 planck results 37 39 parameter symbol tt lowp 68 limits tt lowp lensing 68 limits tt lowp lensing ext 68 limits tt te ee lowp 68 limits tt te ee lowp lensing 68 limits tt te ee lowp lensing ext 68 limits baryon density ω b h 2 displaystyle omega _ b h 2 0 022 22 0 000 23 0 022 26 0 000 23 0 022 27 0 000 20 0 022 25 0 000 16 0 022 26 0 000 16 0 022 30 0 000 14 cold dark matter density ω c h 2 displaystyle omega _ c h 2 0 1197 0 0022 0 1186 0 0020 0 1184 0 0012 0 1198 0 0015 0 1193 0 0014 0 1188 0 0010 100x approximation to r s d a cosmomc 100 θ m c displaystyle 100 theta _ mc 1 040 85 0 000 47 1 041 03 0 000 46 1 041 06 0 000 41 1 040 77 0 000 32 1 040 87 0 000 32 1 040 93 0 000 30 thomson scattering optical depth due to reionization τ displaystyle tau 0 078 0 019 0 066 0 016 0 067 0 013 0 079 0 017 0 063 0 014 0 066 0 012 power spectrum of curvature perturbations ln 10 10 a s displaystyle ln 10 10 a_ s 3 089 0 036 3 062 0 029 3 064 0 024 3 094 0 034 3 059 0 025 3 064 0 023 scalar spectral index n s displaystyle n_ s 0 9655 0 0062 0 9677 0 0060 0 9681 0 0044 0 9645 0 0049 0 9653 0 0048 0 9667 0 0040 hubble s constant km mpc 1 s 1 h 0 displaystyle h_ 0 67 31 0 96 67 81 0 92 67 90 0 55 67 27 0 66 67 51 0 64 67 74 0 46 dark energy density ω λ displaystyle omega _ lambda 0 685 0 013 0 692 0 012 0 6935 0 0072 0 6844 0 0091 0 6879 0 0087 0 6911 0 0062 matter density ω m displaystyle omega _ m 0 315 0 013 0 308 0 012 0 3065 0 0072 0 3156 0 0091 0 3121 0 0087 0 3089 0 0062 density fluctuations at 8h 1 mpc σ 8 displaystyle sigma _ 8 0 829 0 014 0 8149 0 0093 0 8154 0 0090 0 831 0 013 0 8150 0 0087 0 8159 0 0086 redshift of reionization z r e displaystyle z_ re 9 9 1 8 1 6 8 8 1 7 1 4 8 9 1 3 1 2 10 0 1 7 1 5 8 5 1 4 1 2 8 8 1 2 1 1 age of the universe gy t 0 displaystyle t_ 0 13 813 0 038 13 799 0 038 13 796 0 029 13 813 0 026 13 807 0 026 13 799 0 021 redshift at decoupling z displaystyle z_ 1 090 09 0 42 1 089 94 0 42 1 089 90 0 30 1 090 06 0 30 1 090 00 0 29 1 089 90 0 23 comoving size of the sound horizon at z z r displaystyle r_ 144 61 0 49 144 89 0 44 144 93 0 30 144 57 0 32 144 71 0 31 144 81 0 24 100 angular scale of sound horizon at last scattering 100 θ displaystyle 100 theta _ 1 041 05 0 000 46 1 041 22 0 000 45 1 041 26 0 000 41 1 040 96 0 000 32 1 041 06 0 000 31 1 041 12 0 000 29 redshift with baryon drag optical depth 1 z d r a g displaystyle z_ drag 1 059 57 0 46 1 059 57 0 47 1 059 60 0 44 1 059 65 0 31 1 059 62 0 31 1 059 68 0 29 comoving size of the sound horizon at z z drag r d r a g displaystyle r_ drag 147 33 0 49 147 60 0 43 147 63 0 32 147 27 0 31 147 41 0 30 147 50 0 24 legend 68 limits parameter 68 confidence limits for the base λcdm model tt te ee planck cosmic microwave background cmb power spectra here tt represents temperature power spectrum te is temperature polarization cross spectrum and ee is polarisation power spectrum lowp planck polarization data in the low ℓ likelihood lensing cmb lensing reconstruction ext external data bao jla h0 bao baryon acoustic oscillations jla joint light curve analysis of supernovae h0 hubble constant 2018 final data release edit results from the final analysis of planck data were released in july 2018 the mission provided the most precise measurements of the parameters of the standard λcdm cosmological model and further strengthened its status as the best description of the universe planck measured the hubble constant to be 67 4 0 5 km s mpc increasing the tension with direct local measurements the data confirmed that the universe consists of approximately 68 5 dark energy 26 6 dark matter and 4 9 ordinary matter and showed that space is remarkably flat the results also supported the simplest models of cosmic inflation found no evidence for primordial non gaussianity and placed tighter constraints on neutrino properties including an upper limit of 0 12 ev on the sum of neutrino masses no evidence was found for sterile neutrinos additional relativistic particles or other physics beyond the standard λcdm model the final polarization and gravitational lensing maps of the cosmic microwave background provided the most detailed picture to date of the early universe and its evolution cosmological parameters from 2018 planck results 40 41 parameter symbol tt lowe 68 limits te lowe 68 limits ee lowe 68 limits tt te ee lowe 68 limits tt te ee lowe lensing 68 limits tt te ee lowe lensing bao 68 limits baryon density ω b h 2 displaystyle omega _ b h 2 0 02212 0 00022 0 02249 0 00025 0 0240 0 0012 0 02236 0 00015 0 02237 0 00015 0 02242 0 00014 cold dark matter density ω c h 2 displaystyle omega _ c h 2 0 1206 0 0021 0 1177 0 0020 0 1158 0 0046 0 1202 0 0014 0 1200 0 0012 0 11933 0 00091 100x approximation to r s d a cosmomc 100 θ m c displaystyle 100 theta _ mc 1 04077 0 00047 1 04139 0 00049 1 03999 0 00089 1 04090 0 00031 1 04092 0 00031 1 04101 0 00029 thomson scattering optical depth due to reionization τ displaystyle tau 0 0522 0 0080 0 0496 0 0085 0 0527 0 0090 0 0544 0 0070 0 0081 0 0544 0 0073 0 0561 0 0071 power spectrum of curvature perturbations ln 10 10 a s displaystyle ln 10 10 a_ s 3 040 0 016 3 018 0 020 0 018 3 052 0 022 3 045 0 016 3 044 0 014 3 047 0 014 scalar spectral index n s displaystyle n_ s 0 9626 0 0057 0 967 0 011 0 980 0 015 0 9649 0 0044 0 9649 0 0042 0 9665 0 0038 hubble s constant km s 1 mpc 1 h 0 displaystyle h_ 0 66 88 0 92 68 44 0 91 69 9 2 7 67 27 0 60 67 36 0 54 67 66 0 42 dark energy density ω λ displaystyle omega _ lambda 0 679 0 013 0 699 0 012 0 711 0 033 0 026 0 6834 0 0084 0 6847 0 0073 0 6889 0 0056 matter density ω m displaystyle omega _ m 0 321 0 013 0 301 0 012 0 289 0 026 0 033 0 3166 0 0084 0 3153 0 0073 0 3111 0 0056 density fluctuations at 8h 1 mpc s 8 σ 8 displaystyle sigma _ 8 ω m displaystyle omega _ m 0 3 0 5 0 840 0 024 0 794 0 024 0 781 0 052 0 060 0 834 0 016 0 832 0 013 0 825 0 011 redshift of reionization z r e displaystyle z_ re 7 50 0 82 7 11 0 91 0 75 7 10 0 87 0 73 7 68 0 79 7 67 0 73 7 82 0 71 age of the universe gy t 0 displaystyle t_ 0 13 830 0 037 13 761 0 038 13 64 0 16 0 14 13 800 0 024 13 797 0 023 13 787 0 020 redshift at decoupling z displaystyle z_ 1090 30 0 41 1089 57 0 42 1 087 8 1 6 1 7 1089 95 0 27 1089 92 0 25 1089 80 0 21 comoving size of the sound horizon at z z mpc r displaystyle r_ 144 46 0 48 144 95 0 48 144 29 0 64 144 39 0 30 144 43 0 26 144 57 0 22 100 angular scale of sound horizon at last scattering 100 θ displaystyle 100 theta _ 1 04097 0 00046 1 04156 0 00049 1 04001 0 00086 1 04109 0 00030 1 04110 0 00031 1 04119 0 00029 redshift with baryon drag optical depth 1 z d r a g displaystyle z_ drag 1059 39 0 46 1060 03 0 54 1063 2 2 4 1059 93 0 30 1059 94 0 30 1060 01 0 29 comoving size of the sound horizon at z z drag r d r a g displaystyle r_ drag 147 21 0 48 147 59 0 49 146 46 0 70 147 05 0 30 147 09 0 26 147 21 0 23 legend 68 limits parameter 68 confidence limits for the base λcdm model tt te ee planck cosmic microwave background cmb power spectra here tt represents temperature power spectrum te is temperature polarization cross spectrum and ee is polarisation power spectrum lowp planck polarization data in the low ℓ likelihood lensing cmb lensing reconstruction ext external data bao jla h0 bao baryon acoustic oscillations jla joint light curve analysis of supernovae h0 hubble constant see also edit physics portal spaceflight portal dustpedia lambda cdm model list of cosmological computation software observational cosmology physical cosmology terahertz radiation references edit the planck space observatory is integrated on ariane 5 for arianespace s upcoming launch arianespace 24 april 2009 archived from the original on 13 december 2010 1 2 3 4 5 planck the scientific programme pdf european space agency 2005 esa sci 2005 1 retrieved 6 march 2009 zu h dai w de waele a t a m 2022 development of dilution refrigerators a review cryogenics 121 doi 10 1016 j cryogenics 2021 103390 issn 0011 2275 s2cid 244005391 coldest known object in space is very unnatural space com 7 july 2009 retrieved 3 july 2013 planck mission overview nasa retrieved 26 september 2009 the planck high frequency instrument hfi jet propulsion laboratory 21 march 2013 archived from the original on 25 april 2015 retrieved 22 march 2013 high frequency instrument hfi cardiff university archived from the original on 12 april 2017 retrieved 22 march 2013 1 2 amos jonathan 13 january 2012 super cool planck mission begins to warm bbc news retrieved 13 january 2012 planck fact sheet pdf european space agency 20 january 2012 archived pdf from the original on 31 july 2012 herschel fact sheet pdf european space agency 28 april 2010 archived pdf from the original on 18 october 2012 1 2 planck mission status summary european space agency 19 march 2013 retrieved 22 march 2013 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link planck instruments reach their coldest temperature european space agency 3 july 2009 retrieved 5 july 2009 planck on course for safe retirement european space agency 21 october 2013 retrieved 23 october 2013 last command sent to esa s planck space telescope european space agency 23 october 2013 retrieved 23 october 2013 a window into the cosmic past spacetelescope org retrieved 12 february 2018 1 2 simultaneous observations with planck european space agency 31 august 2009 retrieved 17 august 2012 planck first light yie...