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vatski српскохрватски slovenščina српски srpski svenska türkçe українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia membrane lining the lungs and the thoracic cavity wall not to be confused with pleuron pleura lung detail showing the pleurae the pleural cavity is exaggerated since normally there is a very small space between the pulmonary pleurae details pronunciation ˈ p l ʊər ə system respiratory system nerve intercostal nerves phrenic nerves vagus nerve identifiers latin pleurae pulmonarius mesh d010994 ta98 a07 1 02 001 ta2 3322 th h3 05 03 0 00001 fma 9583 anatomical terminology edit on wikidata the pleurae sing pleura 1 are two flattened sacs filled with fluid that surround each lung each pleura left and right is a serous membrane that separates the corresponding lung from the chest wall the diaphragm and the mediastinum although wrapped onto the lung resulting in a double layer each pleural membrane is a single continuous structure the part of each pleura that covers the surface of the lung is the visceral pleura 2 the pleura typically dips between the lobes of the lung as fissures and is formed by the invagination of lung buds into each thoracic sac during embryonic development 3 the part of the pleura that lines the chest wall covers the diaphragm and other structures in the mediastinum such as major blood vessels trachea esophagus and the fibrous pericardium is the parietal pleura 2 the parietal pleura can be subdivided in regions the cervical pleura goes into the root of the neck the costal pleura lies next to the ribs the mediastinal pleura covers the mediastinum and the diaphragmatic pleura covers the upper surface of the diaphragm 4 at the root of the lung the visceral and parietal pleurae meet and form the hilum a bell sleeve like extension of the pulmonary pleura hanging under the hilum is known as the pulmonary ligament between the two layers of the pleura is a space of about 15 μm called the pleural cavity also pleural space 3 it contains about 10 ml of serous fluid pleural fluid secreted by the pleurae at an average pressure that is below the atmospheric pressure under healthy conditions the two lungs each bounded by a two layered pleural sac almost fill the thoracic cavity anatomy edit diagrammatic view of exaggerated pleural space cytology of the normal mesothelial cells that line the pleurae with typical features 5 wright s stain each pleura comprises a superficial serosa made of a simple monolayer of flat squamous or cuboidal mesothelial cells with microvilli up to 6 μm 0 00024 in long the mesothelium is without basement membrane and supported by a well vascularized underlying loose connective tissue containing two poorly defined layers of elastin rich laminae the costal parietal pleurae also have adipocytes in the subserosa which present as subpleural extrapleural fats and are histologically considered belonging to the endothoracic fascia that separates the subserosa from the inner periosteum of the ribs both pleurae are quite firmly attached to their underlying structures and are usually covered by surface glycocalyces that limit fluid loss and reduce friction the enclosed space between the parietal and visceral pleurae known as the pleural space is normally filled only by a tiny amount less than 10 ml or 0 34 us fl oz of serous fluid secreted from the apical region of the parietal pleura the combination of surface tension oncotic pressure and the fluid pressure drop caused by the inward elastic recoil of the lung parenchyma and the rigidity of the chest wall results in a normally negative pressure of 5 cm h 2 o approximately 3 68 mmhg or 0 491 kpa within the pleural space causing it to mostly stay collapsed as a potential space that acts as a functionally vacuumous interface between the parietal and visceral pleurae contracting the respiratory muscles expands the chest cavity causing the attached parietal pleura to also expand outwards if the pleural functional vacuum stays intact the pleural space will remain as collapsed as possible and cause the visceral pleura to be pulled along outwards which in turn draws the underlying lung also into expansion this transmits the pressure negativity into the alveoli and bronchioli thus facilitating inhalation 6 7 visceral pleura edit the visceral pleura from latin viscera lit organ covers the lung surfaces and extends caudally from the hilum as a mesentery like band called the pulmonary ligament each lung is divided into lobes by the infoldings of the pleura as fissures the fissures are double folds of pleura that section the lungs and help in their expansion 8 allowing the lung to ventilate more effectively even if parts of it usually the basal segments fail to expand properly due to congestion or consolidation the function of the visceral pleura is to produce and reabsorb fluid 9 it is an area that is insensitive to pain due to its association with the lung and innervation by visceral sensory neurons 10 the visceral pleura also forms interlobular septa that separates secondary pulmonary lobules 11 interlobular septa contain connective tissue pulmonary veins and lymphatics 12 parietal pleura edit the parietal pleura from latin paries lit wall lines the inside of the thoracic cavity this includes the inner surface of the rib cage and the upper surface of the diaphragm as well as the side surfaces of the mediastinum it joins the visceral pleura at the pericardial base of the pulmonary hilum and pulmonary ligament as a smooth but acutely angled circumferential junction known as the hilar reflection 13 the thoracic cavity is set apart from the thoracic wall by the endothoracic fascia the parietal pleura is subdivided according to the surface it covers the costal pleura is the pleural portion covering the inner surfaces of the rib cage and is separated from the ribs cartilages and intercostal muscles by the endothoracic fascia the apical part of the costal pleura sometimes referred to as the cervical pleura or cupula of pleura bulges beyond the thoracic inlet into the posterior triangle of the neck where it is covered by an extension of the endothoracic fascia known as the suprapleural membrane this is the most superficial and thus most vulnerable part of the pleura and can be punctured by subclavian catheterization or a penetrating neck injury the diaphragmatic pleura is the portion covering the convex upper surface of the diaphragm its junction with the costal pleura at the diaphragmatic margin is a sharp gutter known as the costodiaphragmatic recess which has diagnostic significance on plain radiography as the costophrenic angle as it is obliterated in pleural effusion the mediastinal pleura is the portion covering the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum predominantly the fibrous pericardium the thoracic aorta the first part of the subclavian artery the superior vena cava azygos vein the esophagus and very rarely an enlarged thymus its anterosuperior part especially of the left side not infrequently can bulge into the anterior mediastinum behind the upper sternal body and even touch its contralateral counterpart in forced inhalation but the left and right pleurae do not communicate unless there is a significant injury traumatic or iatrogenic or disease process e g malignancy neurovascular supply edit as a rule of thumb the blood and nerve supply of a pleura comes from the structures under it the visceral pleura is supplied by the capillaries that supply the lung surface from both the pulmonary circulation and the bronchial vessels and innervated by the nerve endings from the pulmonary plexus the parietal pleura is supplied by blood from the cavity wall under it which can come from the aorta intercostal superior phrenic and inferior phrenic arteries the internal thoracic arteries pericardiacophrenic anterior intercostal and musculophrenic branches or their anastomoses similarly its nerve supply is from its underlying structures the costal pleura is innervated by the intercostal nerves the diaphragmatic pleura is innervated by the phrenic nerve in its central portion around the central tendon and by the intercostal nerves in its periphery near the costal margin the mediastinal pleura is innervated by branches of the phrenic nerve over the fibrous pericardium 14 development edit the visceral and parietal layers of the pleurae like all mesothelia derive from the lateral plate mesoderm during the third week of embryogenesis each lateral mesoderm splits into two layers the dorsal layer joins overlying somites and ectoderm to form the somatopleure and the ventral layer joins the underlying endoderm to form the splanchnopleure 15 the dehiscence of these two layers creates a fluid filled cavity on each side these cavities then open up into the extraembryonic coelom during the fourth week with the ventral infolding and the subsequent midline fusion of the trilaminar disc the u shaped intraembryonic coelom seals anterolaterally around the gut tube with the splanchnopleure lining the inner cavity wall and the somatopleure the outer cavity wall citation needed the cranial end of the intraembryonic coeloms fuse early to form a single cavity which rotates anteriorly and apparently descends inverted in front of the thorax and is later encroached by the growing primordial heart as the pericardial cavity the caudal portions of the coeloms fuse later below the umbilical vein to become the larger peritoneal cavity separated from the pericardial cavity by the transverse septum the two cavities communicate via a slim pair of remnant coeloms adjacent to the upper foregut called the pericardioperitoneal canal during the fifth week the developing lung buds begin to invaginate into these canals creating a pair of enlarging cavities that encroach into the surrounding somites and further displace the transverse septum caudally namely the pleural cavities the mesothelia pushed out by the developing lungs arise from the splanchnopleure and become the visceral pleurae while the other mesothelial surfaces of the pleural cavities arise from the somatopleure and become the parietal pleurae citation needed function edit as a serous membrane the pleura secretes a serous fluid pleural fluid that contains various lubricating macromolecules such as sialomucin hyaluronan and phospholipids these coupled with the smoothness of the glycocalyces and hydrodynamic lubrication of the pleural fluid itself reduces the frictional coefficient when the opposing pleural surfaces have to slide against each other during ventilation thus help improving the pulmonary compliance the adhesive property of the pleural fluid to various cellular surfaces coupled with its oncotic pressure and the negative fluid pressure also holds the two opposing pleurae in close sliding contact and keeps the pleural space collapsed maximizing the total lung capacity while maintaining a functional vacuum when inhalation occurs the contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles along with the bucket pump handle movements of the ribs and sternum increases the volume of the pleural cavity further increasing the negative pressure within the pleural space as long as the functional vacuum remains intact the lung will be drawn to expand along with the chest wall relaying a negative airway pressure that causes an airflow into the lung resulting in inhalation exhalation is however usually passive caused by elastic recoil of the alveolar walls and relaxation of respiratory muscles in forced exhalation the pleural fluid provides some hydrostatic cushioning for the lungs against the rapid change of pressure within the pleural cavity medical citation needed clinical significance edit main article pleural disease pleuritis or pleurisy is an inflammatory condition of pleurae due to the somatic innervation of the parietal pleura pleural irritations especially if from acute causes often produce a sharp chest pain that is worse by breathing known as pleuritic pain 16 pleural disease or lymphatic blockages can lead to a build up of serous fluid within the pleural space known as a pleural effusion pleural effusion obliterates the pleural vacuum and can collapse the lung due to hydrostatic pressure impairing ventilation and leading to type 2 respiratory failure the condition can be treated by mechanically removing the fluid via thoracocentesis also known as a pleural tap with a pigtail catheter a chest tube or a thoracoscopic procedure infected pleural effusion can lead to pleural empyema which can create significant adhesion and fibrosis that require division and decortication for recurrent pleural effusions pleurodesis can be performed to establish permanent obliteration of the pleural space 14 see also edit pleural friction rub references edit pleura meaning in the cambridge english dictionary dictionary cambridge org 1 2 mahabadi navid goizueta alberto a bordoni bruno 2025 anatomy thorax lung pleura and mediastinum statpearls statpearls publishing retrieved 6 december 2025 1 2 light 2007 p 1 burstiner logan al khalili yasir 2025 anatomy thorax pleurae statpearls statpearls publishing retrieved 6 december 2025 image by mikael häggström md sources for mentioned features mesothelial cytopathology libre pathology retrieved 2022 10 18 shidham vb layfield lj 2021 introduction to the second edition of diagnostic cytopathology of serous fluids as cytojournal monograph cmas in open access cytojournal 18 30 doi 10 25259 cmas_02_01_2021 pmc 8813611 pmid 35126608 gorman niamh msc salvador francesca msc 29 october 2020 the anatomy of the pleural cavity the ken hub library dotdash publishing family retrieved 11 june 2021 cite web cs1 maint multiple names authors list link sureka binit thukral brij bhushan mittal mahesh kumar mittal aliza sinha mukul october december 2013 radiological review of pleural tumors indian journal of radiology and imaging 23 4 313 320 doi 10 4103 0971 3026 125577 pmc 3932573 pmid 24604935 hacking craig knipe henry lung fissures radiopaedia retrieved 8 february 2016 lungs in morton da foreman k albertine kh eds the big picture gross anatomy 2e mcgraw hill accessed july 12 2021 https accessphysiotherapy mhmedical com libaccess lib mcmaster ca content aspx bookid 2478 sectionid 202020215 lungs in morton da foreman k albertine kh eds the big picture gross anatomy 2e mcgraw hill accessed july 12 2021 https accessphysiotherapy mhmedical com libaccess lib mcmaster ca content aspx bookid 2478 sectionid 202020215 mcloud theresa c boiselle phillip m 2010 the pleura elsevier pp 379 399 doi 10 1016 b978 0 323 02790 ...