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the (157), plywood (118), and (108), for (48), wood (47), from (38), are (28), used (26), edit (25), with (24), plane (18), that (18), veneers (18), grade (17), veneer (16), birch (16), #marine (16), this (15), ply (15), articles (14), has (14), which (14), was (13), aircraft (13), high (13), panel (12), also (12), applications (12), strength (12), other (11), construction (11), timber (11), board (11), material (11), most (11), hardwood (11), made (11), face (11), all (10), building (10), spruce (10), log (10), manufactured (10), tropical (10), can (10), knots (10), layers (10), retrieved (9), thickness (9), mahogany (9), sheet (9), have (9), its (9), plies (9), wikipedia (8), page (8), surface (8), structural (8), but (8), many (8), grain (8), some (8), quality (8), sheets (8), may (7), use (7), statements (7), glue (7), cross (7), products (7), glued (7), uses (7), softwood (7), often (7), core (7), not (7), resistance (7), formaldehyde (7), available (6), unsourced (6), number (6), 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pouring plate in plywood extremely high quality 29 ply birch plywood different varieties of plywood exist for different applications softwood edit softwood plywood is usually made either of cedar douglas fir or spruce pine and fir collectively known as spruce pine fir or spf or redwood and is typically used for construction and industrial purposes 5 the most common dimension is 1 2 by 2 4 metres 3 ft 11 in 7 ft 10 in or the slightly larger imperial dimension of 4 feet 8 feet plies vary in thickness from 1 4 mm to 4 3 mm the number of plies which is always odd depends on the thickness and grade of the sheet roofing can use the thinner 16 millimetre 5 8 in plywood subfloors are at least 19 millimetres 3 4 in thick the thickness depending on the distance between floor joists plywood for flooring applications is often tongue and groove t g this prevents one board from moving up or down relative to its neighbor providing a solid feeling floor when the joints do not lie over joists t g plywood is usually found in the 13 to 25 millimetre 1 2 to 1 in range hardwood edit hardwood plywood is made out of wood from dicot trees oak beech and mahogany and used for demanding end uses hardwood plywood is characterized by its excellent strength stiffness durability and resistance to creep it has a high planar shear strength and impact resistance which make it especially suitable for heavy duty floor and wall structures oriented plywood construction has a high wheel carrying capacity hardwood plywood has excellent surface hardness and damage and wear resistance 6 tropical edit tropical plywood is made of mixed hardwood species of tropical timber originally from the asian region it is now also manufactured in african and south american countries tropical plywood is superior to softwood plywood due to its density strength evenness of layers and high quality it is usually sold at a premium in many markets if manufactured with high standards tropical plywood is widely used in the uk japan united states taiwan korea dubai and other countries worldwide it is used for construction purposes in many regions due to its low cost however many countries forests have been over harvested including the philippines malaysia and indonesia largely due to the demand for plywood production and export 7 aircraft edit de havilland dh 98 mosquito was made of curved and glued veneers high strength plywood also known as aircraft plywood is made from mahogany spruce and or birch using adhesives with an increased resistance to heat and humidity it was used in the construction of air assault gliders during world war ii and also several fighter aircraft most notably the multi role british de havilland mosquito 8 nicknamed the wooden wonder plywood was used for the wing surfaces and also flat sections such as bulkheads and the webs of the wing spars the fuselage had exceptional rigidity from the bonded ply balsa ply sandwich of its monocoque shell elliptical in cross section it was formed in two separate mirror image halves using curved moulds structural aircraft grade plywood is most commonly manufactured from african mahogany spruce or birch veneers that are bonded together in a hot press over hardwood cores of basswood or poplar or from european birch veneers throughout basswood is another type of aviation grade plywood that is lighter and more flexible than mahogany and birch plywood but has slightly less citation needed structural strength aviation grade plywood is manufactured to a number of specifications including those outlined since 1931 in the germanischer lloyd rules for surveying and testing of plywood for aircraft and mil p 607 the latter of which calls for shear testing after immersion in boiling water for three hours to verify the adhesive qualities between the plies meets specifications aircraft grade plywood is made from three or more plies of birch as thin as 0 40 millimetres 1 64 in thick in total and is extremely strong and light howard hughes h 4 hercules was constructed of plywood the plane was built by the hughes aircraft company employing a plywood and resin duramold process 9 the specialized wood veneer was made by roddis manufacturing in marshfield wisconsin 10 decorative overlaid edit usually faced with hardwood including ash oak red oak birch maple mahogany shorea often called lauan meranti or philippine mahogany though having no relation to true mahogany rosewood teak and a large number of other hardwoods flexible edit flexible plywood is designed for making curved parts a practice which dates back to the 1850s in furniture making citation needed at 3 8 inch 9 5 mm thick mahogany three ply wiggle board or bendy board come in 4 by 8 feet 1 2 m 2 4 m sheets with a very thin cross grain central ply and two thicker exterior plies either long grain on the sheet or cross grain wiggle board is often glued together in two layers once it is formed into the desired curve so that the final shape will be stiff and resist movement often decorative wood veneers are added as a surface layer in the united kingdom single ply sheets of veneer were used to make stove pipe hats in victorian times so flexible modern plywood is sometimes known there as hatters ply citation needed although the original material was not strictly plywood but a single sheet of veneer marine edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed july 2025 learn how and when to remove this message marine plywood is manufactured from durable face and core veneers with few defects so it performs longer in both humid and wet conditions and resists delaminating and fungal attack its construction is such that it can be used in environments where it is exposed to moisture for long periods each wood veneer will be from tropical hardwoods and have negligible core gap limiting the chance of trapping water in the plywood and hence providing a solid and stable glue bond it uses an exterior weather and boil proof wbp glue similar to most exterior plywoods marine plywood can be graded under bs 1088 which is a british standard for marine plywood and under is 710 an indian standard for marine grade plywood there are few international standards for grading marine plywood and most of the standards are voluntary some marine plywood has a lloyd s of london stamp that certifies it to be bs 1088 compliant some plywood is also labeled based on the wood used to manufacture it examples of this are okoumé or meranti in the uk one can find builders merchants advertising a grade of ply as marine ply that does not conform to bs 1088 generally online adverts for these products will include a caveat along the lines of not suitable for boat in india marine ply is popularly called kitply after the brand which popularised the concept of water proof marine plywood in the 1980s other edit other types of plywoods include fire retardant moisture resistant wire mesh sign grade or even pressure treated 11 however the plywood may be treated with various chemicals to improve the plywood s fireproofing each of these products is designed to fill a need in industry baltic birch plywood is a product of an area around the baltic sea originally manufactured for european cabinet makers but now popular in the united states as well it is very stable composed of an inner void free core of cross banded birch plys with an exterior grade adhesive the face veneers are thicker than traditional cabinets production edit logs for plywood construction in a plywood factory plywood production requires a good log called a peeler which is generally straighter and larger in diameter than one required for processing into dimensioned lumber by a sawmill the log is laid horizontally and rotated about its long axis while a long blade is pressed into it causing a thin layer of wood to peel off much as a continuous sheet of paper from a roll an adjustable nosebar which may be solid or a roller is pressed against the log during rotation to create a gap for veneer to pass through between the knife and the nosebar the nosebar partly compresses the wood as it is peeled it controls vibration of the peeling knife and assists in keeping the veneer being peeled to an accurate thickness in this way the log is peeled into sheets of veneer which are then cut to the desired oversize dimensions to allow it to shrink depending on wood species when dried the sheets are then patched graded glued together and then baked in a press at a temperature of at least 140 c 284 f and at a pressure of up to 1 9 mpa 280 psi but more commonly 1 4 mpa 200 psi to form the plywood panel the panel can then be patched have minor surface defects such as splits or small knot holes filled re sized sanded or otherwise refinished depending on the market for which it is intended a plywood mill in joensuu finland plywood for indoor use generally uses the less expensive urea formaldehyde glue which has limited water resistance while outdoor and marine grade plywood are designed to withstand moisture and use a water resistant resorcinol formaldehyde or phenol formaldehyde glue to prevent delamination and to retain strength in high humidity 12 the adhesives used in plywood have become a point of concern both urea formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde are carcinogenic in very high concentrations as a result many manufacturers are turning to low formaldehyde emitting glue systems denoted by an e rating plywood produced to e0 has effectively zero formaldehyde emissions 13 in addition to the glues being brought to the forefront the wood resources themselves are becoming the focus of manufacturers due in part to energy conservation as well as concern for natural resources there are several certifications available to manufacturers who participate in these programs programme for the endorsement of forest certification pefc forest stewardship council fsc leadership in energy and environmental design leed sustainable forestry initiative sfi and greenguard are all certification programs that ensure that production and construction practices are sustainable many of these programs offer tax benefits to both the manufacturer and the end user 14 sizes edit the most commonly used thickness range is from 1 8 to 3 inches 3 2 76 2 mm the sizes of the most commonly used plywood sheets are 4 by 8 feet 1 220 mm 2 440 mm 15 which was first used by the portland manufacturing company who developed modern veneer core plywood for the 1905 portland world fair a common metric size for a sheet of plywood is 1200 2400 mm 5 5 feet 1 500 1 500 mm is also a common european size for baltic birch ply and aircraft ply 16 sizes on specialised plywood for concrete forming can range from 15 64 to 13 16 in 6 to 21 mm and a multitude of formats exist though 15 750 1 500 mm 59in 30 59 in 19 32in 2 ft 6in 4 ft 11in is very commonly used aircraft plywood is available in thicknesses of 1 8 inch 3 mm 3 ply construction and upwards typically aircraft plywood uses veneers of 0 5 mm approx 1 64 in thickness although much thinner veneers such as 0 1 mm are also used in construction of some of the thinner panels grades edit grading rules differ according to the country of origin the most popular standards are the british standard bs and the american standard astm joyce 1970 however list some general indication of grading rules 17 page needed typical western grades after joyce grade description a face and back veneers practically free from all defects a b face veneers practically free from all defects reverse veneers with only a few small knots or discolorations a bb face as a but reverse side permitting jointed veneers large knots plugs etc b both side veneers with only a few small knots or discolorations b bb face veneers with only a few small knots or discolorations reverse side permitting jointed veneers large knots plugs etc bb both sides permitting jointed veneers large knots plugs etc c d for structural plywood this grade means that the face has knots and defects filled in and the reverse may have some that are not filled neither face is an appearance grade nor are they sanded smooth this grade is often used for sheathing the surfaces of a building prior to being covered with another product like flooring siding masonry or roofing materials wg guaranteed well glued only all broken knots plugged x knots knotholes cracks and all other defects permitted wbp weather and boil proof glue used in marine plywood designation replaced by en 314 3 grades according to japan plywood inspection corporation jpic standards grade description bb cc face as bb back as cc bb as very little knots of less than 1 4 inches slight discoloration no decay split and wormholes mended skillfully matched colors no blister no wrinkle most popular choice for many applications like furniture packing and construction applications edit plywood is used in many applications that need high quality high strength sheet material quality in this context means resistance to cracking breaking shrinkage twisting and warping exterior glued plywood is suitable for outdoor use but because moisture affects the strength of wood optimal performance is achieved where the moisture content remains relatively low subzero conditions do not affect the dimensional or strength properties of plywood making some special applications possible plywood is also used as an engineering material for stressed skin applications citation needed it has been used for marine and aviation applications since wwii most notable is the british de havilland mosquito bomber with a fuselage made of birch plywood sandwiching a balsa core and using plywood extensively for the wings plywood was also used for the hulls in the hard chine motor torpedo boats mtb and motor gun boats mgb built by the british power boat company and vosper s american pt boats and the higgins landing craft critical to the d day landings the american designers charles and ray eames are known for their plywood based furniture as is finnish architect alvar aalto and his firm artek while phil bolger has designed a wide range of boats built primarily of plywood jack köper of cape town designed the plywood dabchick sailing dinghy which as of 2015 update is still sailed by large numbers of teenagers detrola model 579 1946 radio made of plywood plywood is often used to create curved surfaces because it can easily bend with the grain skateboard ramps often utilize plywood as the top smooth surface over bent curves to create transition that can simulate the shapes of ocean waves softwood plywood edit typical end uses of spruce plywood are floors walls and roofs in home constructions wind bracing panels vehicle internal body work packages and boxes fencing there are coating solutions available that mask the prominent grain structure of spruce plywood for these coated plywoods there are some end uses where reasonable strength is needed but t...