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ain the formation of a particular polish nobleman s name e g jakub dąbrowski radwan coat of arms the process might be the following in polish dąb means oak 11 157 dąbrowa means oak forest and dąbrówka means oak grove then by analogy with german surnames associated with noble provenance using von the equivalent polish preposition is z which means from followed by the name of the patrimony or estate 12 in polish the expressions z dąbrówki and dąbrowski mean the same thing hailing from dąbrówka 11 60 more precisely z dąbrówki actually means owner of the estate dąbrówka but not necessarily originating from there 13 14 15 thus jakub z dąbrówki herbu radwan translates as jacob from dąbrówka with the radwan coat of arms but with the later addition of his cognomen or nickname żądło he would become known as jakub z dąbrówki żądło herbu radwan or he could be called just plain jakub żądło 16 17 the most striking concept of the polish heraldic system is that a coat of arms may originate from a single family but come to be carried by several non related families of the polish szlachta nobility unrelated families who have joined the nobility by heraldic adoption can share the same coat of arms even though that coat of arms bears the surname of the family who created it thus the total number of coats of arms in this system was relatively low about 200 in the late middle ages one side effect of this unique arrangement was that it became customary to refer to noblemen by both their family name and their coat of arms clan name for example jan zamoyski herbu jelita means jan zamoyski of the clan jelita from the 15th to the 17th century the formula seems to copy the ancient roman naming convention with the classic tria nomina used by the patricians praenomen or given name nomen gentile or gens clan name and cognomen surname following the renaissance fashion thus jan jelita zamoyski forming a double barrelled name nazwisko złożone later the double barrelled name would be joined with a hyphen jan jelita zamoyski example jakub radwan żądło dąbrowski 18 sometimes jakub radwan dąbrowski żądło part comment praenomen jakub nomen radwan 19 nomen gentile name of the gens 14 ród or knights clan cognomen dąbrowski 20 name of the family branch sept within the radwan gens other examples braniecki czcikowski dostojewski górski nicki zebrzydowski etc agnomen żądło nickname polish przydomek prior to the 17th century was a cognomen 17 gradually the use of family names spread to other social groups the townsfolk burghers by the end of the 17th century then the peasantry and finally the jews citation needed the process ended only in the mid 19th century after the first and second world wars some resistance fighters added their wartime noms de guerre to their original family names this was yet another reason for creating double barrelled names examples include edward rydz śmigły jan nowak jeziorański and tadeusz bór komorowski some artists such as tadeusz boy żeleński also added their noms de plume to their surnames classification edit based on grammatical features polish surnames may be divided into nominal derived from and declined as a noun adjectival derived from and declined as an adjective adjectival names very often end in the suffixes ski cki and dzki feminine ska cka and dzka and are considered to be either typically polish or typical for the polish nobility in the case of ski it holds true if the surname contains the name of a city town village or other geographical location based on origin polish family names may be generally divided into three groups cognominal toponymic and patronymic cognominal edit a polish cognominal surname nazwisko przezwiskowe derives from a person s nickname usually based on his profession occupation physical description character trait etc the occupational surnames often would come from the medieval polish serf villages where a whole village serving the prince township or lord or a few streets in a town block would be inhabited by the same kind of specialized workers often a guild of professionals these areas would often be separate from the rest of the town due to the danger of fire bell makers and smiths area ownership by the guild or due to unpleasant pollution tanners wool workers such serf areas would bear the plural form of the profession name such as piekary bakers garbary tanners winiary winemakers furthermore the suffix czyk yk ek was used to describe a profession as a diminutive often but not always indicating a trainee the learning assistant before achieving a full job title or seniority examples of cognominal surnames kowal kowalski kowalczyk kowalczuk kowalewski kowalewicz from kowal blacksmith młynarz młynarski młynarczyk from młynarz miller nowak nowakowski nowicki from nowy the new one nowak is the most popular polish surname 21 22 lis lisiewicz lisowski from lis fox kołodziej kołodziejski kołodziejczak kołodziejczyk from kołodziej wheelwright kuchar kucharski kucharczyk from kucharz cook piekarski piekara piekarczyk from piekarz baker bednarski bednarek from bednarz barrel maker or garcarek from garncarz potter krawczyk from krawiec tailor szewczyk from szewc shoemaker tokarczyk from tokarz wood turner from deverbal nouns edit a class of cognomial surnames is derived from deverbal nouns deverbal nouns that denote a performer or a result of an action may serve as nicknames directly for example wikt przybyć to arrive produces przybysz literally the one who arrived some occupational surnames may be of this type łatacz is the one who łata i e makes patches a patcher krawiec is the one who kraja i e cuts a tailor etc a peculiar derivation of polish surnames is from past tense participles these names usually have the formally feminine ła or neuter ło ending of the ancient now obsolete gender neutral polish active past participle meaning the one who had come applied accomplished settled searched found etc for example the past particle przybyły the one who had come produces the noun przybyła other examples include dolata domagała napierała dopierała szukała or podsiadło wcisło wlazło and przybyło a smaller number of surnames use the masculine ending for example musiał or niechciał citation needed toponymic edit toponymic surnames nazwisko odmiejscowe usually derive from the name of a village or town or the name of a topographic feature these names are almost always of the adjectival form originally they referred to the village owner lord in the 19th century however surnames were often taken from the name of a person s town 8 examples of toponymic surnames brodowski of brodowo tarnowski of tarnów wrzesiński of września krakowski of kraków mazur mazurski of masuria patronymic edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed october 2017 learn how and when to remove this message a patronymic surname nazwisko odimienne derives from the given name of a person and usually ends in a suffix suggesting a family relation examples of patronymic surnames adamczyk derived from adam łukaszewski derived from łukasz luke other edit a class of surnames uses the latin disjunct vel or this arises when an ancestor was known by a given family name and under an alias a case in point was when a soldier took part in an uprising and then pursued by the authorities assumed another name subsequently rather than lose one of his identities he merged them using the disjunct vel to indicate he was known under one or other name for example przemysław żurawski vel grajewski pl the family then kept the form citation needed feminine forms edit adjectival surnames like all polish adjectives have masculine and feminine forms if a masculine surname ends in i or y its feminine equivalent ends in a the feminine form is not just a common usage form it is also the form of the surname that appears in all official records such as birth death and marriage certificates identity cards and passports a female first name coupled with a male surname or vice versa sounds incongruous and wrong to the polish ear surnames ending with consonants usually have no additional feminine form in the past when the masculine form ended in a consonant the feminine surname could have been derived by adding the suffix owa possessive form for married women and the suffix ówna patronymic form for maiden surname 23 for example cezaria baudouin de courtenay after her marriage to janusz jędrzejewicz was named cezaria baudouin de courtenay ehrenkreutz jędrzejewiczowa the unmarried daughter of jędrzejewicz would have the official surname jędrzejewiczówna in modern times jędrzejewicz may be both a masculine and a feminine surname another pair of archaic feminine forms are these derived from the masculine surname based on a nickname ending in vowel ina for married puchała puchalina and anka ianka for unmarried przybyła przybylanka still another archaic feminine forms are for surnames ending in g or syllables starting with g in this case the unmarried feminine form would use the suffix żanka fertig fertiżanka szeliga szeliżanka 23 neuter form edit the neuter form rodzaj nijaki may be used in reference to neuter nouns such as dziecko child for example when talking about a child of the neighbours one may say to małe kowalskie jest bardzo spokojnym dzieckiem that kowalski little one is a very quiet child or in plural wasilewskie wyjechały do babci the wasilewskis children went away to see their grandma unlike the feminine form this form is never used in official documents it is an informal form used mostly in spoken language examples of feminine and neuter forms edit masculine singular feminine singular neuter singular e g a child of unspecified sex masculine only plural or entire family mr mrs plural with or without children feminine only plural or children of unspecified sex only plural malinowski malinowska malinowskie malinowscy malinowskie zawadzki zawadzka zawadzkie zawadzcy zawadzkie podgórny podgórna podgórne podgórni podgórne biały biała białe biali białe nominal surnames may or may not change with gender like other slavic languages polish has special feminine suffixes which were added to a woman s surname a woman who was never married used her father s surname with the suffix ówna or anka a married woman or a widow used her husband s surname with the suffix owa or ina yna the apostrophe means that the last consonant in the base form of the surname is softened although these suffixes are still used by some people mostly the elderly and in rural areas they are now becoming outdated and there is a tendency to use the same form of a nominal surname for both a man and a woman furthermore the forms anka and ina yna are going out of fashion and being replaced by ówna and owa respectively citation needed father husband unmarried woman married woman or widow ending in a consonant except g ówna owa ending in a vowel or in g anka ina or yna examples of old feminine forms father husband unmarried woman married woman or widow nowak nowakówna nowakowa madej madejówna madejowa konopka konopczanka new konopkówna konopczyna new konopkowa zaręba zarębianka new zarębówna zarębina new zarębowa plural forms edit plural forms of surnames follow the pattern of the masculine and feminine forms respectively if such exist for a married couple or a family where there is a mix of males and females the masculine plural is used plural forms of names rarely follow the patterns of regular declension even if the name is identical with a common name surname masculine plural masculine or both masculine and feminine surname feminine plural feminine plural of the common name for comparison kowalski kowalscy kowalska kowalskie wilk wolf wilkowie wilkówna wilkowa wilkówne wilkowe wilki wilcy zięba finch ziębowie ziębianka ziębina new ziębówna ziębowa ziębianki ziębiny new ziębówny ziębowe zięby declension of adjectival surnames edit the table below shows the full declension of adjectival surnames ending in ki ski cki dzki using the surname kowalski as an example number singular plural mixed masculine and feminine case masculine męskie feminine żeńskie neuter nijakie masculine feminine neuter nominative mianownik kowalski kowalska kowalskie kowalscy kowalskie kowalscy genitive dopełniacz kowalskiego kowalskiej kowalskiego kowalskich kowalskich dative celownik kowalskiemu kowalskiemu kowalskim kowalskim accusative biernik kowalskiego kowalską kowalskie kowalskich kowalskie kowalskich instrumental narzędnik kowalskim kowalskim kowalskimi kowalskimi locative miejscownik kowalskiej kowalskich kowalskich vocative wołacz kowalski kowalska kowalskie kowalscy kowalskie kowalscy multiple surnames of married women edit de domo redirects here for other uses see de domo disambiguation although a remarried woman who takes the new husband s surname does not formally retain the surname s from the previous marriages on biographical occasions all her surnames may be listed as follows maria piłsudska de domo koplewska primo voto juszkiewicz secundo voto piłsudska where de domo literally meaning of house is basically the same as née primo voto marks the surname by the first marriage secundo voto marks the surname by the second marriage etc formal and informal use edit see also t v distinction in polish and honorifics in polish poles pay great attention to the correct way of referring to or addressing other people depending on the level of social distance familiarity and politeness the differences between formal and informal language include using surnames or given names using or not using honorific titles such as pan pani państwo using the third person singular formal or the second person singular informal forms formal language edit pan pani państwo edit pan and pani are the basic honorific styles used in polish to refer to a man or woman respectively in the past these styles were reserved for hereditary nobles and played more or less the same role as lord or sir and lady or madame in english since the 19th century they have come to be used in all strata of society and may be considered equivalent to the english mr and ms or the japanese san suffix while nobles would be addressed jego jej miłość pan pani his her grace lord lady there used to be a separate style panna miss applied to unmarried women but this is now outdated and mostly replaced by pani państwo is widely used when referring to a married couple instead of using pan and pani or even a whole family examples pan kowalski pani kowalska państwo kowalscy pan nowak pani nowak państwo nowakowie titles edit when addressing people scientific and other titles are always used together with pan and pani and the name itself is dropped however when a person is spoken of but not addressed directly then both the title and the name are used and the words pan pani are often omitted examples panie profesorze professor pan profesor powiedział professor x said or you have sai...