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nees can include individuals such as the former nobel peace prize laureate aung san suu kyi detained for many years without a trial 2 likewise supporters of tibetan spiritual leader gedhun choekyi nyima in the 11th panchen lama controversy have called him a political prisoner despite the fact that he is not accused of a political offense he is held under secluded house arrest 9 political prisoners may become the subjects of international advocacy and receive aid from various non governmental organizations 2 criticism from the international public opinion has been shown to facilitate the release of political detainees or reduce their sentences but is less effective in securing the release of already sentenced individuals 10 when the status of political prisoner is well known it can be seen as a form of status symbol some political prisoners purposefully frame themselves as the imprisoned martyrs and leaders of their movement which can safeguard their well being in prison 3 history ancient greek philosopher socrates has been described as perhaps the earliest known political prisoner imprisoned for allegedly poisoning the minds of grecian youth through his critique of athenian society and its rulers 1 early christians including jesus christ and st peter have also been described as such 7 another famous historical figure described as a political prisoner is the 15th century french heroine joan of arc whose final charge of heresy was seen as a legal justification for her real crime of inconveniencing the elites 1 11 padraic kenney noted that the emergence of modern political prisoners coincides with a fifty year period 1860s 1910s during which modern political movements matured around the world also defining such movements as having clearly articulated political and social programs which forced the governments to develop a specific response to such movements a response which often involved incarceration rather than dialogue particularly under the less liberal regimes 7 in some places political prisoners had their own customs traditions and semi formal organizations and privileges historically this has been more common up to around the interwar period as the many political prisoners came from higher social classes in particular nobility and authorities often treated them better than common criminals this changed with the emergence of the totalitarian regimes that were intent on annihilating the opposition 3 7 images of political prisoners from the gestapo archives germany in poland the concept and even traditions of political prisoners emerged around the second half of the 19th century in the russian partition 3 7 while the universal declaration of human rights of 1948 is not legally binding it is generally recognized as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations of particular relevance to political prisoners are its articles 5 6 9 and 18 the udhr and the later helsinki accords of 1975 have been used by a number of nongovernmental organizations as the basis for arguing that some governments are in fact holding political prisoners 1 in the united states the term political prisoner has been used during the mid 20th century civil rights struggle and has been occasionally applied to individuals like rosa parks or martin luther king jr and later used for individuals imprisoned for objecting to us involvement in the vietnam war 2 1 political prisoners sometimes write memoirs of their experiences and resulting insights some of these memoirs have become important political texts for example king s letter from a birmingham city jail has been described as one of the most important historical documents penned by a modern political prisoner 1 advocacy a number of nongovernmental organizations focus on advocacy for political prisoners the most prominent of those is amnesty international founded in 1961 1 notable political prisoners this section may contain excessive or irrelevant examples please help improve it by removing less pertinent examples and elaborating on existing ones june 2021 learn how and when to remove this message this section is in list format but may read better as prose you can help by converting this section if appropriate editing help is available june 2021 groups in the soviet union dubious psychiatric diagnoses were sometimes used to confine political prisoners in the so called psikhushkas in nazi germany marxists and social democrats were among the first victims of fascist repression later groups included the night and fog prisoners and priests 12 in the united states african american activists such as the wilmington ten which included benjamin chavis have been wrongfully imprisoned 13 14 approximately 3 600 british and irish convicts were sent to australia in the 1700 1800s 15 according to human rights groups there are some 60 000 political prisoners in egypt 16 the 15 july 2016 failed coup attempt in turkey led to over 77 000 people being formally arrested 17 many victims of the cambodian genocide have been described as political prisoners 1 individuals nobel peace prize laureate aung san suu kyi and her staff at her home in yangon due to the lack of a single internationally recognized legal definition of a political prisoner nongovernmental organizations like amnesty international aided by legal scholars determine whether prisoners meet their criteria of political prisoners on a case by case basis 1 alváro barreirinhas cunhal former pro soviet leader of the portuguese communist party he was imprisoned thrice first in june 1937 then in 1940 and later from 1949 to 1960 for his staunch opposition to portuguese dictatorship and for his political beliefs as well as his close ties to soviet russia he famously escaped peniche fortress one of the regime s political prisons with ten other men on the third of january 1960 18 aung san suu kyi led the opposition national league for democracy which was victorious in the 1990 general election she was imprisoned or under house arrest for 15 out of the 21 years from 1990 to 2010 19 in 2021 she was imprisoned by the myanmar military in a coup d état as of august 2022 she is being held in solitary confinement serving a 17 year sentence following a series of secret trials 20 ninoy aquino of the philippines was imprisoned during the martial law in the philippines because of his vocal opposition against then president ferdinand marcos citation needed benazir bhutto was a political prisoner for four years under general zia ul haq 21 russian opposition politician ilya yashin was sentenced to eight and a half years in prison under russia s war censorship laws for his anti war statements in 2022 dietrich bonhoeffer was a german pastor theologian anti nazi dissident accused of being associated with the 20 july plot to assassinate adolf hitler citation needed rubin hurricane carter african american boxer wrongfully imprisoned for 19 years in the us due to an appeal to racism rather than reason 22 23 eugene v debs leader of the socialist party of the united states was imprisoned by the us government for his opposition to the first world war citation needed mahatma gandhi was imprisoned numerous times by the british both in south africa and india citation needed emma goldman was imprisoned for two years and then deported by the us government for her opposition to the first world war 24 antonio gramsci was a leftist italian writer and political activist who was jailed and spent 8 years in prison he was released conditionally due to his health situation and died shortly after 25 palden gyatso a tibetan buddhist monk arrested during the annexation of tibet by the people s republic of china for protesting spent 33 years in chinese prisons and labor camps where he was extensively tortured serving the longest term of any tibetan political prisoner citation needed anwar ibrahim a malaysian opposition party leader was imprisoned twice because of a sodomy case citation needed ekrem i̇mamoğlu a turkish opposition mayor and presidential candidate has been imprisoned since 2025 for declaring his candidacy for the presidency 26 27 kim dae jung served one term 1976 1979 and in 1980 was exiled to the united states but returned in 1985 and became president of south korea in 1998 28 liliʻuokalani queen of hawaiʻi was placed under house arrest at ʻiolani palace during the united states backed overthrow of the kingdom of hawaiʻi then once hawaiʻi was annexed as a territory she was moved to washington place martin luther king jr was imprisoned several times most notoriously in birmingham alabama 1 saudi women s rights activist and political prisoner loujain al hathloul according to amnesty international leopoldo lópez a venezuelan opposition leader has been a prisoner of conscience 29 john maclean was imprisoned by the british government for his opposition to the first world war citation needed heinrich maier was a roman catholic priest and leader of one of the most important resistance groups against nazi germany citation needed nelson mandela was imprisoned from 1963 until 1990 in south africa due to his anti apartheid activism and organizing attacks on several government targets he later became the president of south africa between 1994 and 1999 1 thomas mapfumo was imprisoned without charges in 1979 by the rhodesian government in what is now zimbabwe for his shona language music calling for revolution 30 carlos menem a former argentine president who was a political prisoner under the national reorganization process antonio nariño 1765 1823 was a colombian who translated the declaration des droits de l homme et du citoyen into spanish and faced multiple terms in prison under charges of translating censored material vinayak damodar savarkar who due to his hindu nationalist revolutionary activities against the british was a political prisoner from 13th march 1910 to 10th may 1937 over 27 years jawaharlal nehru political activist statesman and first prime minister of india 1948 1963 was imprisoned several times for his nationalist activism against the british raj serving a total of over 9 years in incarceration 31 the daughter of ilham tohti an advocate for china s uyghur minority who is currently serving a life sentence in china accepted the 2019 sakharov prize for freedom of thought on behalf of her imprisoned father dilma rousseff a former brazilian president was imprisoned by the right wing military government between 1970 and 1973 bertrand russell was imprisoned by the british government for six months for opposing the first world war 32 mikis theodorakis a composer and lyricist was imprisoned several times by greek governments during the years 1947 1970 leonora christina ulfeldt was imprisoned in solitary confinement in a royal dungeon for twenty one years as the wife and later widow of count corfitz ulfeldt ai weiwei is a chinese artist and political dissident from the people s republic of china liu xiaobo a chinese pro democracy activist was imprisoned multiple times from the late 1980s to prior to his death in 2017 in china by the chinese government 33 hossein rajabian is an iranian filmmaker writer and photographer who was imprisoned for 3 years as a political prisoner between 2015 and 2018 on charges related to his filmmaking in evin prison in iran ales bialiatski is a belarusian pro democracy activist and prisoner of conscience known for his work with the viasna human rights centre bialiatski has been imprisoned twice firstly from 2011 to 2014 and from 2021 to 2025 on both occasions on charges of tax evasion bialiatski as well as other human rights activists have called the charges politically motivated in 2022 bialiatski was awarded the 2022 nobel peace prize along with the organisations memorial and centre for civil liberties dmitry ivanov was sentenced to 8 5 years in prison under russia s the fake news law in 2022 amnesty international has recognized ivanov as a prisoner of conscience and the memorial society has listed him among political prisoners in russia marat zhylanbayev is a kazakhstani athlete and activist who protested kazakhstan s human rights violations outside the european union s delegation to kazakhstan he was sentenced to seven years in prison 34 notable political prisons the following prisons have been recognized as incarcerating primarily political prisoners and have therefore been called political prisons bereza kartuska interwar poland 35 evin prison iran 36 peter and paul fortress imperial russia 37 shlisselburg fortress imperial russia 38 39 spaç prison albania 40 peniche fortress estado novo portugal 41 42 pishchalauski castle belarus 43 by country category political prisoners by country political prisoners in azerbaijan political prisoners in china list of finnish mps imprisoned for political reasons political prisoners in imperial japan political prisoners in israel political prisoners in myanmar political prisoners in poland political prisoners in russia political prisoners in saudi arabia political prisoners in syria political prisoners in the united states political prisoners in venezuela see also chilling effect freedom of speech hate speech hostage diplomacy list of banned political parties list of memoirs of political prisoners list of people imprisoned for editing wikipedia parliamentary immunity political censorship political cleansing of population political freedom selective prosecution sovereign immunity working group on arbitrary detention references 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 greene helen taylor gabbidon shaun l 14 april 2009 political prisoners encyclopedia of race and crime sage publications pp 636 639 isbn 978 1 4522 6609 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 steinert christoph valentin 2021 who is a political prisoner journal of global security studies 6 3 ogaa052 doi 10 1093 jogss ogaa052 issn 2057 3170 1 2 3 4 5 machcewicz anna 2018 political prisoners in poland 1944 56 the sources and strategies of resistance in the authoritarian state s prison system acta poloniae historica 118 93 126 doi 10 12775 aph 2018 118 04 issn 0001 6829 s2cid 159274432 ai s focus amnesty international retrieved 5 april 2012 the definition of political prisoner parliamentary assembly of the council of europe 3 october 2012 retrieved 23 november 2015 1 2 the recognition of political prisoners essential to democratic and national reconciliation process pdf assistance association for political prisoners burma 9 november 2011 archived from the original pdf on 21 september 2018 retrieved 20 august 2012 1 2 3 4 5 kenney padraic october 2012 i felt a kind of pleasure in seeing them treat us brutally the emergence of the political prisoner 1865 1910 comparative studies in society and history 54 4 863 889 doi 10 1017 s0010417512000448 issn 0010 4175 s2cid 146560115 steinert christoph valentin 2021 who is a political prisoner journal of global security studies 6 3 doi 10 1093 jogss ogaa052 issn 2057 3170 retrieved 12 april 2026 tibe...