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anoid stab in the back explanation for the catastrophe 50 in july 1919 hitler was appointed verbindungsmann intelligence agent of an aufklärungskommando reconnaissance commando of the reichswehr both to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the german workers party dap 51 much like the political activists in the dap hitler blamed the loss of the war on jewish intrigue at home and abroad espousing völkisch nationalist political beliefs with the intention of resurrecting germany s greatness by smashing the versailles treaty along those lines hitler proclaimed that the german yoke must be broken by german iron das deutsche elend muß durch deutsches eisen zerbrochen werden 52 nazi party edit main article nazi party hitler s membership card for the german workers party in september 1919 hitler wrote what is often deemed his first antisemitic text requested by mayr as a reply to an inquiry by adolf gemlich who had participated in the same educational courses as hitler in this report hitler argued for a rational anti semitism which would not resort to pogroms but instead legally fight and remove the privileges enjoyed by the jews as opposed to other foreigners living among us its final goal however must be the irrevocable removal of the jews themselves 53 most people at the time understood this as a call for forced expulsion europe has a long history of expelling jews and the auto da fé of the inquisition k while he studied the activities of the german workers party dap hitler became impressed with founder anton drexler s antisemitic nationalist anti capitalist and anti marxist ideas 51 drexler especially admired hitler s oratory skills and invited him to join the dap on 12 september 1919 on the orders of his army superiors hitler applied to join the party 55 and within a week was accepted as party member 555 the party began counting membership at 500 to give the impression they were a much larger party 56 57 in mein kampf hitler later claimed to be the seventh party member one of many myths in mein kampf designed as biographer ian kershaw writes to serve the führer legend 58 hitler was discharged from the army on 31 march 1920 and began working full time for the party 59 displaying his talent for oratory and propaganda skills with the support of drexler hitler became chief of propaganda for the party in early 1920 when early party members promulgated their 25 point manifesto on 24 february 1920 co authored by hitler anton drexler gottfried feder and dietrich eckart it was hitler who penned the first point revealing his intention to unify german speaking peoples claiming that the party demanded all germans be gathered together in a greater germany on the basis of the right of all peoples to self determination 60 by the spring of 1920 he engineered the change of name to the national socialist german workers party nsdap commonly known as the nazi party under his influence the party adopted a modified swastika a well known good luck charm that had previously been used in germany as a mark of volkishness and aryanism along with the roman salute used by italian fascists l at this time the nazi party was one of many small extremist groups in munich but hitler s vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences 61 he became adept at using populist themes including the use of scapegoats who were blamed for his listeners economic hardships 62 he gained notoriety for his rowdy polemic speeches against the treaty of versailles rival politicians and especially against marxists and jews 61 hitler used personal magnetism charismatic authority and an understanding of crowd psychology to his advantage while speaking in public 63 64 while hitler and eckart were on a fundraising trip to berlin in june 1921 a mutiny broke out within the nazi party in munich members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the rival german socialist party dsp 65 hitler returned to munich on 11 july and angrily tendered his resignation the committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party 66 hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he replace drexler as party chairman and that the party headquarters remain in munich 67 they capitulated to hitler s demand and on 29 july 1921 a special congress was convened to formalise hitler as the new chairman the vote was 543 for hitler and one against 68 hitler asserted the führerprinzip leader principle the principle relied on absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors as he viewed the party structure and later the government structure as a pyramid with himself the infallible leader at the apex rank in the party was not determined by elections positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank who demanded unquestioning obedience to the will of the leader 5 early followers of the party included rudolf hess hermann göring command of the sturmabteilung sa as oberster sa führer in 1923 69 ernst röhm later head of the sa alfred rosenberg prominent racial theorist gregor strasser dietrich eckart a key founder of the party hermann esser ludwig maximilian erwin von scheubner richter and erich ludendorff field marshal who was the party s candidate for president of the republic in 1925 70 beer hall putsch edit main article beer hall putsch defendants in the beer hall putsch trial hitler enlisted the help of world war i general ludendorff to try to seize power in munich the capital of bavaria in an attempt later known as the beer hall putsch of 8 9 november 1923 71 this would be a step in the seizure of power nationwide overthrowing the weimar republic in berlin on 8 november hitler s forces initially succeeded in occupying the local reichswehr and police headquarters however neither the army nor the state police joined forces with him 72 the next day hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the bavarian war ministry to overthrow the bavarian government on their march on berlin hitler wanted to emulate benito mussolini s march on rome 1922 by staging his own coup in bavaria to be followed by a challenge to the government in berlin however the bavarian authorities ordered the police to stand their ground the forces of the putsch were dispersed after a short firefight in the streets near the feldherrnhalle 73 in all sixteen nazi members and three police officers were killed in the failed coup 74 hitler fled to the home of ernst hanfstaengl and by some accounts contemplated suicide although this state of mind has been disputed 75 hitler was depressed but calm when he was arrested on 11 november 1923 76 fearing left wing members of the nazi party might try to seize leadership from him during his incarceration hitler quickly appointed alfred rosenberg as the party s temporary leader 77 mein kampf edit main article mein kampf beginning in february 1924 hitler was tried for high treason before the special people s court in munich 76 he used his trial as an opportunity to spread his message throughout germany at one point during the trial hitler discussed political leadership during which he stated that leading people was not a matter of political science staatswissenschaft but an innate ability one of statecraft staatskunst 78 he further elaborated by claiming that out of 10 000 politicians only one otto von bismarck emerged subtly implying that he too had been born with this gift continuing he declared that it was not karl marx who stirred the masses and ignited the russian revolution but vladimir lenin by making his appeal to the senses rather than the mind 79 hitler s speeches during the trial made him famous but they did not exonerate him in april 1924 he was sentenced to five years imprisonment in landsberg prison where he received preferential treatment from sympathetic guards and received substantial quantities of fan mail including funds and other forms of assistance during 1923 and 1924 at landsberg he dictated the first volume of mein kampf my struggle to his deputy rudolf hess 80 originally titled four and a half years of struggle against lies stupidity and cowardice his publisher shortened the title to mein kampf 81 the book dedicated to the thule society member dietrich eckart was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology in mein kampf hitler speaks at length about his youth his early days in the nazi party and general ideas on politics including the transformation of german society into one based on race with some passages implying genocide 82 published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926 it sold 228 000 copies between 1925 and 1932 in 1933 hitler s first year in office 1 000 000 copies were sold 83 the book acts as a reference giving insight into the world view from which hitler never wavered throughout his life 84 85 in mein kampf hitler states that he had little interest in politics as a child aspiring instead to become a painter like other boys in his part of austria he was attracted to pan germanism but his intellectual pursuits were generally those of a dilettante hitler portrays himself as a born leader interested in knightly adventures and exploration by the time he was 11 hitler was a nationalist and interested in history 86 m hitler never finished his primary schooling dropping out by the time he was 16 he devoted his attention instead to his artistic pursuits which led him to move to vienna in 1905 88 hitler was later to proclaim that he learned some hard lessons in vienna namely that life was a critical struggle between the weak and the strong in hitler s worldview morality did not matter and everything simply boiled down to victory and defeat 89 while hitler was incarcerated at the landsberg prison writing mein kampf he had routine visits from the respected first world war veteran major general dr karl haushofer who was the chair of the military science and geography department at lmu munich these meetings consisted of lectures and academic briefings on geopolitics most certainly covering the nazi ideal of lebensraum and which likely influenced the views hitler laid out in mein kampf 90 haushofer espoused the theory that germany was defeated in world war i by lack of sufficient space and autarchy 91 more importantly haushofer believed that nations which rested their power upon command of the sea and maritime trade routes were doomed to fail since any such control would soon be broken writing that human history stood at the great turning point in the favourable position of the island empires 92 hitler believed that for germany to expand its influence it would have to rely on continental space and abundant arable soil which could only be found eastward haushofer was a major influence on hitler s conception of lebensraum influenced by haushofer s theories hitler believed it was germany s right to seize the cultivatable land in russia since the earth belonged to those people willing to till it industriously describing the russians in the harshest of terms while intimating that the german people were more deserving by virtue of their alleged superior intellect hitler stated it is criminal to ask an intelligent people to limit its children in order that a lazy and stupid people next door can literally abuse a gigantic surface of the earth 93 presaging this nazi goal hitler wrote in mein kampf without consideration of traditions and prejudices germany must find the courage to gather our people and their strength for an advance along the road that will lead this people from its present restricted living space to new land and soil and hence also free it from the danger of vanishing from the earth or of serving others as a slave nation 94 in this sense social darwinism and geography were merged in hitler s mind 95 many historians contend that hitler s essential character and political philosophy can be discovered in mein kampf which according to academic yvonne sherratt was intentional despite its autobiographical disposition 96 historian james joll once claimed that mein kampf constituted all of hitler s beliefs most of his programme and much of his character 97 according to historian andreas hillgruber evident within the text of mein kampf is nothing less than the very crux of hitler s program 98 one of hitler s foremost goals was that germany should become a world power on the geopolitical stage or as he stated it will not continue to exist at all 99 biographer joachim fest asserted that mein kampf contained a remarkably faithful portrait of its author 100 in mein kampf hitler categorised human beings by their physical attributes claiming german or nordic aryans were at the top of the hierarchy while assigning the bottom orders to jews and romani hitler claimed that dominated people benefit by learning from superior aryans and said the jews were conspiring to keep this master race from rightfully ruling the world by diluting its racial and cultural purity and exhorting aryans to believe in equality rather than superiority and inferiority within mein kampf hitler describes a struggle for world domination an ongoing racial cultural and political battle between aryans and jews the necessary racial purification of the german people and the need for german imperial expansion and colonisation eastwards 101 according to hitler and other pan german thinkers germany needed to obtain additional living space or lebensraum which would properly nurture the historic destiny of the german people this was a key idea he made central in his foreign policy 102 hitler wrote in mein kampf of his hatred of what he believed were the world s twin evils namely communism and judaism 103 völkisch nationalism edit main article völkisch movement boundaries of the greater germanic reich hitler was a pan germanic nationalist whose ideology was built around a philosophically authoritarian anti marxist antisemitic and anti democratic worldview such views of the world in the wake of the fledgling weimar government were not uncommon in germany since democratic parliamentary governance seemed ineffectual to solve germany s problems 104 105 correspondingly veterans of the first world war and like minded nationalists formed the vaterlandspartei which promoted expansionism soldierly camaraderie and heroic leadership all under the guise of völkisch traditions like ethnic and linguistic nationalism but which also included obedience to authority as well as the belief in political salvation through decisive leadership 106 the völkisch parties began to fractionalise during hitler s absence from the revolutionary scene in germany after the failed beer hall putsch of november 1923 when he re emerged upon release from landsberg prison his importance to the movement was obvious and he came to believe that he was the realisation of völkisch nationalistic ideals in a sort of near messianic narcissism which included his conviction to shake off the restrictive treaty of versailles and to restore germany s migh...