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sions edit see also municipalities of qatar there are 8 municipalities baladiyat plural baladiyah singular of qatar al daayen al khor al wakrah al rayyan al shahaniya al shamal doha and umm salal the municipalities assume administrative responsibilities over zones cities and districts within their boundaries 27 28 and are managed by the ministry of municipality 28 29 30 central municipal council elections edit suffrage in qatar is currently limited to elections to the advisory central municipal council cmc with the voting age set at 18 the first elections to the cmc were held in 1999 with men and women voters and candidates and take place every four years 30 non citizen residents who make up around 90 of qatar s population are excluded from participation the elected central municipal council has no executive or legislative powers and is limited to offering advice to the ministry of municipality which manages qatar s municipalities itself 28 29 30 the elections for the cmc s 29 members occur over 29 constituencies which are not aligned with the borders of the municipalities 30 legislative branch edit main article shura council of qatar structure and authorities edit the shura council is a 45 member advisory legislature made up of 45 members all appointed by the emir the body has the authority to approve general state policies and the budget but has no say in the setting of defence security economic and investment policy 31 its legislation on other matters must be ratified by the emir and although the council may overrule that veto with a two thirds supermajority the emir can still suspend that law indefinitely to serve the higher interests of the country 32 the council may also dismiss a minister but not the prime minister through a two thirds vote of no confidence 33 according to freedom house s 2026 report the emir effectively holds all legislative authority in qatar 6 legal system edit according to qatar s constitution sharia is a main source of qatari legislation 34 35 sharia is applied to laws pertaining to family law inheritance and several criminal acts including adultery robbery and murder in some cases in sharia based family courts a female s testimony is worth half a man s and in some cases a female witness is not accepted at all 36 codified family law was introduced in 2006 in practice qatar s legal system is a mixture of civil law and islamic law 37 38 no stonings have ever been carried out in qatar and it has been repealed as a legal sentence 39 apostasy is a crime punishable by the death penalty in qatar 40 blasphemy is punishable by up to seven years in prison and proselytizing can be punished by up to 10 years in prison 40 homosexuality is a crime punishable by the death penalty for muslims 41 in 2014 qatar launched a modesty campaign to remind tourists of the modest dress code 42 female tourists are advised not to wear leggings miniskirts sleeveless dresses and short or tight clothing in public men are advised against wearing only shorts and singlets 43 commercial relationships are governed by qatar s civil code 44 qatar s government has been criticized for arresting and threatening anyone who dissents 45 a report published by the euro med human rights monitor on 13 september 2020 noted that article 47 in the constitution of qatar stipulates that freedom of expression is guaranteed in accordance with the conditions and circumstances set forth in law but stated that qatari authorities continue to implement some laws and policies despite violating the qatari constitution and its international human rights obligations and called on them to accelerate reforms enabling individuals to peacefully exercise their right of expression and opinion as they wish and the right to freedom of publication assembly and association 46 alcohol edit alcohol consumption is partially legal in qatar some five star luxury hotels are allowed to sell alcohol to their non muslim customers 47 48 muslims are not allowed to consume alcohol in qatar and muslims caught consuming alcohol are liable to flogging or deportation non muslim expatriates can obtain a permit to purchase alcohol for personal consumption the qatar distribution company a subsidiary of qatar airways is permitted to import alcohol and pork it operates the one and only liquor store in the country which also sells pork to holders of liquor licences 49 qatari officials had also indicated a willingness to allow alcohol in fan zones at the 2022 fifa world cup 50 until recently restaurants on the pearl island a human made island near doha were allowed to serve alcoholic drinks 47 48 in december 2011 however restaurants on the pearl were told to stop selling alcohol 47 51 no explanation was given for the ban 47 48 speculation about the reason includes the government s desire to project a more pious image in advance of the country s first election of a royal advisory body and rumours of a financial dispute between the government and the resort s developers 51 despite the economic consequences of the ban many believe that it has been a necessary measure in order to ensure the safety and enjoyment of fans at the world cup qatar s world cup chief executive of the supreme committee for delivery and legacy nasser al khater stated that the purpose of the designated sobering up areas was to ensure the fans safety 52 workers edit on 16 january 2020 qatar announced that most migrant workers who previously required an exit permit to leave qatar would no longer require one 53 cases of ill treatment of immigrant labour have been observed the nepalese ambassador to qatar maya kumari sharma described the emirate as an open jail 54 qatar does not have national occupational health standards or guidelines and workplace injuries are the third highest cause of accidental deaths 55 in may 2012 qatari officials declared their intention to allow the establishment of an independent trade union 56 qatar also announced it will scrap its sponsor system for foreign labour which requires that all foreign workers be sponsored by local employers who in some cases hold workers passports and can deny them permission to change jobs 56 in august 2022 60 migrant workers were arrested and deported for protesting against the non payment by their employer al bandary international group a major construction and hospitality firm some of the demonstrators were from nepal bangladesh india egypt and the philippines had not been paid for seven months 57 according to a report published by france 24 those protesters were detained for breaching public security laws and minority of protesters were deported by the order of court who failed to remain peaceful and breached qatar s public security law qatar s labour ministry said it will pay al bandary workers and will take further action against the company which was already under investigation for failing to pay wages 58 foreign relations edit main article foreign relations of qatar qatar s core foreign policy objective according to the middle east journal is state survival and the desire for international prestige qatar became notable in international politics and a key figure in the arab affairs within two decades of its independent foreign policy 59 it has an open door foreign policy where it maintain ties to all parties and regional players in the region 60 including with organizations such as taliban and hamas 61 its position in the middle east and close links with terrorist groups is seen as a great asset to western intelligence community and diplomatic relations 62 qatar has also cultivated close foreign relationships with western powers particularly the united states and the united kingdom al udeid air base hosts american and british air forces 63 on october 10 2005 for the first time qatar was elected to a two year term on the un security council for 2006 2007 according to bbc in april 2006 qatar announced that it will give us 50 million 28 million to the new hamas led palestinian government in may 2006 qatar pledged more than 100 million to hurricane katrina relief to colleges and universities in louisiana affected by the hurricane some of this money was also distributed to families looking to repair damaged homes by neighborhood housing services of new orleans inc there were some allegations on qatar for supporting rebels group in syria and association with al nusra front also persisted in country s profile for a long time 64 however the public policy and democracy studies research think tank recognized the nation for its execution of current peace against conflicts strategies and policy upgrades other discoveries from the research claimed that qatar supported the us against the assad government additionally the nation supported efforts to mediate a conflict ending political transition in syria in march 2021 qatar russia and turkey also started a different track of talks on the syrian peace process 65 66 67 the government and royal family of qatar funds the al jazeera television network the emir of qatar sheikh hamad bin khalfia provided a loan of qar 500 million us 137 million to start the channel 68 the network has been accused of being biased and taking an active role in the affairs of other countries specifically during the arab spring in 2011 69 numerous countries have complained about allegedly biased reporting in support of qatari policy 70 most of the developed countries plus brunei and indonesia are exempt from visa requirements citizens of exempted countries can also request a joint visa that allows them to travel to oman as well 71 qatar is member of abeda afesd al amf escwa fao g 77 gcc iaea ibrd icao icrm idb ifad ifrcs iho pending member ilo imf international maritime organization inmarsat intelsat interpol ioc iso correspondent itu nam oapec oic opcw un unctad unesco unido upu wco who wipo wmo and wto qatar may suffer significant geopolitical losses if there is a global transition to renewable energy it is ranked 152 out of 156 countries in the index of geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition gegalo 72 in september 2014 qffd contributed in enhancing stability for syrian refugees qatar charity facilitated access to quality education through the rehabilitation of 6 formal schools in turkey gaziantep urfa kilis targeting a total number of 13 540 beneficiaries and 12 860 girls and boys 73 on july 10 2017 according to documents obtained by al arabiya qatar agreed to quit supporting the muslim brotherhood in order to avoid undermining relations with the gulf it also removed non citizens from qatar and refused to provide shelter to anyone from a gcc nation 74 qatar claims that since 2017 qatar feels it has been the victim of a media attack orchestrated by abu dhabi with false documents and fake news 75 76 the qatari government stated that they were being exclusively criticised and attacked by belgian authorities and conveyed disappointment that the belgian government made no effort to engage with our government to establish the facts 77 in january 2021 the united states represented by the united states department of defense awarded sheikh mohammed bin abdulrahman bin jassim al thani with the department of defense medal for distinguished public service one of the highest honors bestowed by the us to officials the then us national security adviser robert c o brien gave the medal to the ambassador of qatar to the us sheikh meshaal bin hamad al thani on behalf of sheikh mohammed bin abdulrahman bin jassim al thani this award was in recognition of his exemplary diplomatic efforts to strengthen relations between the state of qatar and the united states to support and advance peace efforts in afghanistan including the signing of the us taliban peace deal on february 29 2020 as well as the launch of the afghan peace process on september 12 2020 to promote stability and prosperity in the middle east north africa region and to resolve the gulf crisis through diplomacy 78 qatar mediated a deal between the united states and iran which in september 2023 saw the release of five prisoners in each country and the unfreezing of us 6 billion of iranian funds which had been frozen due to sanctions imposed by the u s 79 80 the u s citizens were flown to doha and greeted by u s ambassador to qatar timmy t davis 81 and qatar airways ceo akbar al baker 82 before boarding a plane to washington d c 83 u s president biden thanked sheikh tamim and qatari officials for their role in the mediation as well as establishing a humanitarian channel for iran 84 the us 6 billion were released to banks in doha 83 under the condition that iran could use the funds only for humanitarian purposes 80 see also edit democracy in the middle east and north africa freedom of expression in qatar references edit 1 2 general information qatar ministry of foreign affairs retrieved 2026 08 18 1 2 kamrava mehran 2015 qatar small state big politics with a new preface cornell university press pp 126 127 135 the qatari system also fits in perfectly with classical definitions of authoritarianism more than just an authoritarian system qatar s may be called in the words of daniel brumberg a total autocracy brumberg distinguishes between what he calls liberalized and total autocracies liberalized autocracies are characterized by an adaptable ecology of repression control and partial openness whereas total autocracies feature hegemonic state institutions that seek to absorb or repress rival political voices and spread the idea that the state s mission is to defend the supposedly unified nature of the nation and the community although total autocracies tend to be the exception rather than the rule qatar appears to fit the category neatly 1 2 qatar country report 2026 bertelsmann transformation index 2026 retrieved 2026 08 18 1 2 3 liloia alainna 2022 cavatorta francesco mekouar merouan topak ozgun eds new authoritarian practices in qatar censorship bythe state and the self new authoritarian practices in the middle east and north africa edinburgh university press pp 208 227 retrieved 2026 08 18 1 2 ashwarya sujata alam mujib eds 2026 comparative electoral politics and the quest for representation in west asia and north africa singapore springer nature singapore p 366 doi 10 1007 978 981 95 3704 4 isbn 978 981 95 3703 7 although qatar adopted a constitution in 2003 framing it as a semi constitutional monarchy the political system today remains effectively an absolute monarchy under amir sheikh tamim bin hamad al thani with power centralized within the al thani family 1 2 3 qatar freedom in the world 2026 country report freedom house retrieved 2026 08 18 1 2 3 gambrell jon 2024 11 05 qataris votes to end limited polls for legislative seats in shadow of us election ap news retrieved 2025 10 30 wright steven 2020 political absolutism in the gulf monarchies routledge handbook for persian gulf politics routledge p 354 kamrava mehran 2015 qatar small state big politics with a new preface cornell univer...