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his family legal immunity 15 in this geographically divided country the ceremonial position of prime minister traditionally is held by a person from the north to nominally balance president emomali rahmon s southern origin in 2004 the executive branch fell further under the control of the governing party as appointments by rahmon left the opposition with only 5 percent of major government positions this event followed the expiration of the 1997 peace guarantee that the united tajik opposition uto would occupy at least 30 percent of top government positions prior to the 2006 election the government of tajikistan which executes the decisions of the president included two deputy prime ministers 19 ministers nine committee heads and several ex officio members after the election rahmon abolished 10 ministries and five state committees and reappointed oqil oqilov as prime minister rahmon is said to have accumulated substantial informal power through patronage 16 in october 2020 tajikistan s authoritarian president emomali rahmon was reelected for a fifth term with nearly 91 percent of the vote following a tightly controlled and largely ceremonial election 17 legislative branch edit the bicameral supreme assembly majlisi oli includes the 63 seat assembly of representatives majlisi namoyandagon which meets year round from november through end of june and the 33 seat national assembly majlisi milli which meets at least twice per year the bicameral legislature was introduced in the september 1999 constitution and prior to that tajikistan had a unicameral legislature 14 the members of the assembly of representatives are chosen by direct popular election for a five year term 18 of the 63 members of the assembly of representatives 22 are elected by party in proportion to the number of votes received by each party gaining at least 5 percent of total votes and the remaining members are elected from single member constituencies 19 in the national assembly three fourths of the members are chosen by the deputies of the local representative assemblies majlisi in the country s four main administrative divisions and in the cities subordinated directly to central government each of these subnational jurisdictions is entitled to equal representation the remaining members are appointed directly by the president 14 the pro government people s democratic party continued to control both houses of the parliament after the elections of 2005 that party gained 52 of the 63 seats in the assembly of representatives in 2006 11 women sat in the assembly of representatives and five sat in the national assembly opposition factions in the supreme assembly have clashed with pro government members over some issues 16 judicial branch edit the constitution provides for an independent judiciary the supreme court is the highest court other high courts include the supreme economic court and the constitutional court which decides questions of constitutionality the president appoints the judges of these three courts with the approval of the legislature there is also a military court the judges of all courts are appointed to 10 year terms though the judiciary is nominally independent the executive branch and criminal groups have considerable influence on judicial functions bribery of judges who are poorly paid and poorly trained is commonplace the court system has local district regional and national levels with each higher court serving as an appellate court for the level below appeals of court decisions are rare because the populace generally does not trust the judicial system constitutional guarantees to the right to an attorney and to a prompt and public trial often are ignored the soviet era presumption of the guilt of the defendant remains in force the procurator s office conducts all criminal investigations trials are heard by juries except in cases of national security the republic bar association also called the bar association of the republic of tajikistan gained its independence in 1995 20 yet according to a source 20 it was not until 1998 that the concept of a lawyer attorney was introduced in tajikistan being defined as a business person providing legal services on the basis of a license issued by the ministry of justice while there is evidence of female lawyers on account of the league of women lawyers of tajikistan s existence there is no indication as to how women have fared in the legal field once the country declared its independence from the soviet union in 1991 administrative divisions edit tajikistan consists of 4 administrative divisions these are the provinces viloyat of sughd and khatlon the autonomous province viloyati mukhtor of gorno badakhshan in tajik viloyati mukhtori kuhistoni badakhshon and the region of republican subordination raiony respublikanskogo podchineniya in transliteration from russian or in tajik ноҳияҳои тобеи ҷумҳурӣ formerly known as karotegin province the capital of sughd is khujand formerly leninabad the capital of khatlon is bokhtar formerly qurghonteppa and the capital of gorno badakhshan is khorugh formerly khorog the national capital dushanbe is also the administrative center of the region of republican subordination each region is divided into several districts tajik ноҳия nohiya or raion which in turn are subdivided into jamoats village level self governing units as of 2008 there were 58 districts and 367 jamoats in tajikistan 21 in addition subregional units included 17 towns and 54 urban type settlements tajik шаҳрак provincial and local government edit local government is divided into representative and executive branches the representative branch in provinces towns and districts is the assembly majlis of people s deputies who are elected locally for a five year term the executive power in provinces towns and districts is vested in the head of local administration who is directly appointed by the president with the approval of the local majlis 14 electoral system edit this section has multiple issues please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page learn how and when to remove these messages this section needs to be updated please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information june 2019 this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed november 2021 learn how and when to remove this message learn how and when to remove this message see also elections in tajikistan suffrage is universal for citizens 18 years of age and older a new election law passed in 2004 has received international criticism for its restrictive candidate registration requirements election requires an absolute majority of votes if no candidate gains a majority a second round is held between the top two vote getters by controlling the central election commission the rahmon regime has gained substantial influence over the registration of parties the holding of referendums and election procedures in 1999 and 2003 referendums of dubious fairness made constitutional changes that strengthened rahmon s hold on power international observers also found substantial irregularities in the conduct of the 1999 presidential election in which only one opposition candidate was permitted to register and the media were censored six parties participated in the 2000 and 2005 parliamentary elections although in both cases observers who reported state interference with the process and with opposition candidates access to the media rahmon easily won re election in november 2006 gaining 79 percent of the vote against four little known opponents international monitors again found the election unfair three major opposition parties the democratic party the islamic renaissance party and the social democratic party boycotted the election political parties edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed november 2021 learn how and when to remove this message see also list of political parties in tajikistan in the early 2000s independent political parties continued to exist but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal the governing people s democratic party pdp gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections the communist party of tajikistan a nominal opposition party that has supported president rahmon on most issues has lost support since 2000 the liberal pro market democratic party also has lost support in 1997 rahmon weakened his chief opposition emerging from the civil war the united tajik opposition uto by naming movement leader akbar turajonzoda a deputy prime minister in the ensuing years the uto was eclipsed politically by its main component organization the islamic renaissance party irp in 2003 the irp lost its chief opposition issue as the ban on religious parties ended nevertheless in 2006 parties still could not receive aid from religious institutions and tension remained between the government and islamic factions in 2006 the irp was the most influential opposition party in tajikistan and the only religiously affiliated party represented in the national legislature of a central asian country after the death of long time irp leader said abdullo nuri in 2006 a possible split emerged from the struggle for party leadership some antigovernment sentiment has been channeled into radical islamic organizations such as hizb ut tahrir which is outlawed as a terrorist organization rather than into conventional political parties in 2006 six parties including one faction of the democratic party were banned and a total of eight parties were registered in 2005 mahmadruzi iskandarov head of the democratic party received a long prison term for terrorism after being abducted from exile and in 2006 his party was replaced on the official list by a government backed splinter group vatan tajiks in uzbekistan edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed march 2022 learn how and when to remove this message main article uzbekisation further information tajiks basmachi movement and tajik soviet socialist republic in recent years some tajiks in eastern uzbekistan especially samarkand and bukhara and the surrounding areas have called to join tajikistan citation needed tajiks are a main minority in uzbekistan and historically tajiks lived in a larger area in central asia than now 22 23 24 25 26 27 international organization participation edit asdb ccc cis eapc ebrd ece eco escap fao ibrd icao icc icrm ida idb ifad ifc ifrcs ilo imf intelsat ioc iom itu oic opcw osce un unctad unesco unido upu wftu who wipo wmo wtro observer see also edit timeline of tajikistani history bibliography of tajikistani history outline of tajikistan notes edit even though an executive president co exists with a prime minister multiple sources have still described tajikistan as a presidential republic with the president serving as both head of state and head of government 1 2 3 4 5 references edit department of foreign affairs and trade australia tajikistan country brief archived from the original on 2026 01 13 retrieved 2025 12 31 tajikistan is a presidential republic with the president serving as both head of state and head of government globaledge tajikistan government preisdential islamic republic congressional research service tajikistan pdf tajikistan is a presidential republic with power heavily concentrated in the executive the president serves as both head of state and head of government the role and influence of the legislature is limited mamadsho ilolov mirodasen khudoiyev local government in tajikistan archived from the original on 2024 07 03 retrieved 2025 12 31 tajikistan is governed through a presidential system of power the president of tajikistan simultaneously acts as chairman of the government and appoints the prime minister as well as other members of government who are consequently approved by parliament equal future tajikistan archived from the original on 2026 02 22 retrieved 2025 12 31 tajikistan is a unitary presidential republic tajikistan s eternal ruler emomali rakhmon dw 12 10 2020 dw com deutsche welle archived from the original on 6 july 2021 retrieved 2021 07 05 world report 2019 rights trends in tajikistan human rights watch 15 january 2019 archived from the original on 24 february 2019 retrieved 13 may 2020 the world s enduring dictators emomali rahmon tajikistan www cbsnews com cbs news 19 june 2011 archived from the original on 9 july 2021 retrieved 2021 07 05 tajikistan nations in transit 2020 country report freedom house archived from the original on 11 july 2021 retrieved 2021 07 05 pannier bruce 23 august 2016 nepotism and dynasty in central asian politics radiofreeeurope radioliberty archived from the original on 11 july 2021 retrieved 2021 07 11 benevento chris tajikistan president s daughter gets plum ministry job www occrp org organized crime and corruption reporting project archived from the original on 11 july 2021 retrieved 2021 07 11 pannier bruce 10 february 2018 the happiest member of the rahmon family radiofreeeurope radioliberty archived from the original on 7 may 2021 retrieved 2021 07 11 mysterious wealth tajikistan pm s wife bought luxury dubai properties occrp 2024 archived from the original on 2024 05 27 retrieved 2024 05 27 1 2 3 4 constitution of the republic of tajikistan archived 2018 12 06 at the wayback machine as amended by referendum of 22 june 2003 in russian tajikistan votes to allow president to rule indefinitely the guardian agence france presse 2016 05 23 issn 0261 3077 archived from the original on 2020 11 18 retrieved 2016 09 07 1 2 tajikistan country profile archived 2015 05 05 at the wayback machine library of congress federal research division january 2007 emomali rakhmon wins tajikistan election with more than 90 of vote dw 12 10 2020 deutsche welle constitutional law about the elections to the majlisi oli of the republic of tajikistan archived from the original on 2008 09 07 retrieved 2008 11 01 ifes election guide elections assembly of representatives www electionguide org archived from the original on 2020 10 27 retrieved 2017 01 25 1 2 usmanova mahira the legal profession in tajikistan archived from the original on 2017 11 07 retrieved 2017 12 27 population of the republic of tajikistan as of 1 january 2008 state statistical committee dushanbe 2008 in russian the tajik tragedy of uzbekistan archived from the original on 2020 06 19 retrieved 2020 12 10 ido shinji 2014 bukharan tajik journal of the international phonetic association 44 87 102 doi 10 1017 s002510031300011x s2cid 232344116 refworld chronology for tajiks in uzbekistan arc...