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he strategoi and other officials it had the final say on legislation and the right to call magistrates to account after their year of office the reforms of solon gave them responsibility for nominating and electing magistrates archons though this had been replaced by 487 bc with sortition by lot the assembly was supervised by the boule a council of 400 500 whose most important role was to prepare the assembly s agenda 14 the boule was selected by soritition among wealthy men above the age of 30 14 rome edit main article roman assemblies popular assemblies had a role in the government of the roman kingdom and the roman republic in the latter reflecting the roman view that the people were the source of political power assemblies had the highest official authority and the final say on laws and appointments in practice they were heavily controlled by the magistrates who summoned and presided over them reducing them to instead being one of three interlinked branches of the republic alongside the magistrates and the roman senate 15 these assemblies did not initiate or debate proposals but listened to statements from appointed speakers and voted on proposals 15 in contrast to the assemblies the senate had few official powers but was effectively the republic s principle institution of political debate 16 the oldest assembly was the curiate assembly which was founded during the kingdom it did not operate on a one man one vote principle instead each citizen was assigned to a grouping called a curia and majorities of participants in a majority of curiae were necessary to approve a decision regardless on whether it was supported by an overall majority of participants 17 the centuriate assembly and tribal assembly developed later and operated with a similar system but based on different groupings assemblies were dominated by the wealthier classes as only they could devote time to participating and they were overrepresented further by the grouping based voting systems 18 the curiate assembly was already largely ceremonial in the middle of the republican period and the late republic saw a decline of the assemblies roles their last effective powers were abolished during the roman empire with the second roman emperor tiberius transferring them to the senate frank abbott attributes their decline to the transformation of the roman state from a city state to an empire they no longer represented its population and representing the rest of the empire was impractical 17 philippines edit in barangays transl village in the philippines barangay assemblies are mandated by the local government code every six months starting in 2019 the government set these on every march and october the law mandates assemblies where residents of a barangay in the last six months filipino citizens at least 15 years old or older and registered as members of the barangay assembly are to take part in 2019 97 of barangays conducted barangay assemblies 19 switzerland edit landsgemeinde in glarus 2009 main article landsgemeinde two cantons in switzerland appenzell innerrhoden and glarus retain a landsgemeinde a traditional open assembly with decision making powers the tradition has continuity back to the late middle ages first recorded in the context of the formation of the old swiss confederacy eight other cantons historically had a landsgemeinde but their importance declined in the 19th and 20th centuries and they came to be seen as an outdated rural tradition most were abolished and the remaining two have undergone some changes such as allowing women to participate 20 they remain a characteristic symbol of swiss democracy 21 a few districts between municipal and cantonal levels in grisons and schwyz also have a lansgemeinde the retained landsgemeinden each co exist with an elected council and their powers and role vary according to the cantonal or local government s constitution 22 23 24 approving a proposal requires a majority vote and is typically done with a show of hands the lack of a secret ballot is controversial including the question as to whether it is compatible with article 21 3 of the universal declaration of human rights 25 proposals to reform the landsgemeinden that have been discussed but not implemented include secret electronic ballots 26 and improving the preliminary debate 27 popular assemblies are more common at a municipal level the vast majority of small municipalities in switzerland feature a town meeting gemeindeversammlung as part of their governance structure though they are rare in municipalities with a population over 10 000 28 as of 2020 some of the larger municipalities with a town meeting include rapperswil jona baar and horgen each with a population in the 20 000 30 000 range 28 new england edit main article town meeting a town meeting in vermont the town meeting is the traditional governing body of the new england town open to all adult residents to discuss and vote on the major issues of town government it was founded in the colonial era as an outgrowth of church meetings which then became secularized as a purely governmental meeting 29 although larger towns have since moved to more representative forms of government it is still widely practiced in smaller and more rural communities they commonly meet once a year on a tuesday in march their exact role and functioning can vary considerably by town as well as by state since the turn of the nineteenth century political scientists have characterized new england s town meetings as a notable example of direct democracy 10 in 1831 political philosopher alexis de tocqueville visited several townships in massachusetts and his remarks in the first volume of democracy in america 1835 praise their democratic and localist culture as did john stuart mill 30 modern advocates of deliberative democracy such as james fishkin have presented the town meeting as a setting of empowered participation in which thoughtful deliberation between all participating individuals can coexist with a sense of engaged citizenship and responsibility for solving local problems 30 others question their ability to represent the population jane mansbridge and donald l robinson have argued that town meetings in vermont and massachusetts feature extremely low turnout in part because they last for a full working day thus overrepresentating seniors and non working residents in the meetings 31 mansbridge also notes differences in participation on the basis of education and class when conflicts arise writing that the face to face assembly lets those who have no trouble speaking defend their interests it does not give the average citizen comparable protection 31 feminist critics have also identified mixed results in town meetings while women s rates of attendance at town meetings was nearly equal relative to men s their participation in discussion relative to men declined as the size of the town increased 9 32 the similarly named town hall meeting where politicians meet with their constituents and discuss issues is named after and meant to resemble the town meeting modern examples edit argentine economic crisis 1999 2002 edit during the argentine economic crisis 1999 2002 many argentinian citizens started engaging and organising their actions through assemblies after closure the chilvert printing press was occupied by workers who organised through an assembly within weeks of being reopened as a workers cooperative chilvert printed a book called que son las asembleas populares or what are the popular assemblies 33 a collection of articles written by renowned intellectuals miguel bonasso stella calloni and rafael bielsa as well as workers and participants in the assemblies as with other workplaces 34 the print factory was saved from closure by the actions of a popular assembly the military and police were blocked from entering the factory after the popular assembly of pompeya called on barrio residents to protect the workplace individual police officers expressed their support for the workers and the popular assembly and successfully petitioned the judge to rescind his order to seize the factory the assemblies movement is reported to have spiked in power rapidly and fallen from any major significance within months it is reported 35 that grigera summing up his analysis of the asambleas states no matter how progressive or advanced the social relationships forms of decision making and activities of asambleas are said to be their small scale lack of influence and flawed coordination between themselves and other movements render this movement unable to overcome very narrow limitations mexico edit main article rebel zapatista autonomous municipalities the local autonomous governments gals known until 2023 as the rebel zapatista autonomous municipalities are a set of de facto autonomous municipalities in chiapas mexico they are composed of five regions in total having a population of around 360 000 people as of 2018 the communities form federations with other communities to create higher level units at a local level people attend a popular assembly of around 300 families in which anyone over the age of 12 can participate in decision making these assemblies strive to reach a consensus but are willing to fall back to a majority vote 36 elsewhere in mexico the town of cherán saw armed citizens kick out the corrupt police drug cartels and mayor in 2011 since then they have adopted a system of popular assemblies to govern the town which is somewhat independent of the central government 37 occupy movement edit main article general assembly occupy movement a meeting in washington square park on october 8 2011 the 2011 occupy movement used assemblies of its participants known as general assemblies gas as its principal decision making bodies 38 39 most assemblies had a facilitator to preside over the debate one key feature of the gas was the use of hand signals to offer feedback on an opinion that was being voiced as well as other messages such as clarify 40 they also used smaller working groups to provide in depth discussion 41 larger assemblies restricted speaking to designated spokespeople for the working groups but other participants could still show their opinion with hand signals 40 the gas operated on the principle of seeking consensus rather than a simple majority 6 participants in the assembly typically enjoyed their experience at the gas especially in the first month of the protests 6 though in later months some but not all participants expressed disillusionment 42 39 43 anthropologist david graeber has suggested the use of assemblies was a key reason why the occupy movement gained momentum in contrast to many other attempts to start a movement in the aftermath of the great recession which used more standard methods of organization but which all failed to get off the ground 44 there has been some criticism of the model especially concerning the time it takes to form consensus about specific demands the specific forms used at the london ga have been criticized for the fact that they allow even a single participant to block consensus in contrast to gas in the united states where some require a minimum of 10 of participants to block a motion in order to prevent it being passed 45 nathan schneider has suggested that an issue with assemblies is that to some extent they are incompatible with traditional political groups such as parties unions and civil society ngos which is problematic as they need to liaise with these groups to get their message actualized 39 syria edit main article democratic autonomous administration of north and east syria the democratic autonomous administration of north and east syria also known as rojava is an administration whose policy ambitions to a large extent on democratic libertarian socialist ideology of democratic confederalism the theory was outlined by abdullah öcalan who was influenced by murray bookchin they have been described as pursuing a model of economy that blends co operative and market enterprise through a system of popular assemblies to provide minority cultural and religious representation the daanes has by far the highest average salaries and standard of living throughout syria with salaries being twice as large as in regime controlled syria following the collapse of the syrian pound the daanes doubled salaries to maintain inflation and allow for good wages see also edit bolivarian circles european assembly for climate justice 2010 15m movement assemblies 2011 2015 outcomes edit it is unclear if traditional popular assemblies such as those in switzerland offer better inclusivity and fosters a higher level of participation than more conventional secret ballot voting methods 46 paul lucardie 2014 notes for example that evidence suggests that attendance at assemblies in appenzell and glarus as well as most town meetings in vermont and possibly also in ancient athens has always been limited to roughly twenty per cent of the citizenry 47 see also edit autonomism anarchism citizens assembly deliberative democracy democratic confederalism direct democracy general assembly landsgemeinde libertarian socialism participatory democracy referendum spokescouncil workers council workplace democracy references edit beyond insurrection argentina and new internationalism ana c dinerstein the commoner n 5 autumn 2002 pdf archived from the original pdf on 12 may 2013 retrieved 27 january 2011 1 2 3 akçalı emel september 2018 do popular assemblies contribute to genuine political change lessons from the park forums in istanbul south european society politics 23 3 323 340 doi 10 1080 13608746 2018 1437007 fishkin j s 1995 the voice of the people public opinion and democracy yale university press isbn 978 0 300 07255 6 1 2 smith graham 2010 popular assemblies from new england town meetings to participatory budgeting democratic innovations designing institutions for citizen participation cambridge university press pp 30 31 isbn 978 1 13 479335 8 cabannes yves april 2004 participatory budgeting a significant contribution to participatory democracy environment and urbanization 16 1 27 46 bibcode 2004enurb 16 27c doi 10 1177 095624780401600104 issn 0956 2478 s2cid 14802154 1 2 3 laurie penny 16 october 2011 protest by consensus new statesman retrieved 21 november 2011 jackson rising opendemocracy archived from the original on 9 august 2020 retrieved 16 august 2020 bookchin murray free cities communalism and the left archived from the original on 25 april 2022 retrieved 18 march 2022 1 2 bookchin murray 2015 bookchin debbie taylor blair eds the next revolution popular assemblies and the promise of direct democracy with a foreword by ursula k le guin london verso books isbn 978 1781685815 1 2 bryan frank m 2003 real democracy university of chicago press pp 213 231 doi 10 7208 chicago 9780226077987 001 0001 isbn 978 0 226 07797 0 thorley john 2005 athenian democracy lancaster pamphlets in ancient history routledge p 74 ...