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almost all naturally occurring chemical elements heavier than lithium stellar mass loss or supernova explosions return chemically enriched material to the interstellar medium these elements are then recycled into new stars astronomers can determine stellar properties including mass age metallicity chemical composition variability distance and motion through space by carrying out observations of a star s apparent brightness spectrum and changes in its position in the sky over time stars can form orbital systems with other astronomical objects as in planetary systems and star systems with two or more stars when two such stars orbit closely their gravitational interaction can significantly impact their evolution stars often form part of much larger gravitationally bound structures such as star clusters and galaxies full article show new selections purge edit selected star show another photo credit user dbenbenn and user qef alpha centauri α centauri α cen also known as rigil kentaurus rigil kent or toliman is the binary star system alpha centauri ab α cen ab of which alpha centauri a α cen a is the brightest star in the southern constellation of centaurus to the unaided eye it appears as a single star whose total visual magnitude would identify it as the third brightest star in the night sky alpha centauri ab is 1 34 parsec or 4 37 light years away from our sun the two stars are the closest stars to the sun after their companion proxima centauri at 0 21 light year away from the two and at 4 243 light years away from the sun at 0 27v visual magnitude alpha centauri appears to the naked eye as a single star and is fainter than sirius and canopus the next brightest star in the night sky is arcturus when considered among the individual brightest stars in the sky excluding the sun alpha centauri a is the fourth brightest at 0 01 magnitude being only fractionally fainter than arcturus at 0 04v magnitude alpha centauri b at 1 33v magnitude is twenty first in brightness read more more stars edit selected article show another schematic view of a pulsar photo credit user mysid and user jm smits pulsars are highly magnetized rotating neutron stars that emit a beam of electromagnetic radiation the observed periods of their pulses range from 1 4 milliseconds to 8 5 seconds the radiation can only be observed when the beam of emission is pointing towards the earth this is called the lighthouse effect and gives rise to the pulsed nature that gives pulsars their name because neutron stars are very dense objects the rotation period and thus the interval between observed pulses is very regular for some pulsars the regularity of pulsation is as precise as an atomic clock a few pulsars are known to have planets orbiting them such as psr b1257 12 werner becker of the max planck institute for extraterrestrial physics said in 2006 the theory of how pulsars emit their radiation is still in its infancy even after nearly forty years of work the events leading to the formation of a pulsar begin when the core of a massive star is compressed during a supernova which collapses into a neutron star the neutron star retains most of its angular momentum and since it has only a tiny fraction of its progenitor s radius and therefore its moment of inertia is sharply reduced it is formed with very high rotation speed a beam of radiation is emitted along the magnetic axis of the pulsar which spins along with the rotation of the neutron star the magnetic axis of the pulsar determines the direction of the electromagnetic beam with the magnetic axis not necessarily being the same as its rotational axis this misalignment causes the beam to be seen once for every rotation of the neutron star which leads to the pulsed nature of its appearance the beam originates from the rotational energy of the neutron star which generates an electrical field from the movement of the very strong magnetic field resulting in the acceleration of protons and electrons on the star surface and the creation of an electromagnetic beam emanating from the poles of the magnetic field this rotation slows down over time as electromagnetic power is emitted when a pulsar s spin period slows down sufficiently the radio pulsar mechanism is believed to turn off the so called death line as this seems to take place after 10 100 million years but neutron stars have been formed throughout the 13 6 billion year age of the universe more than 99 of neutron stars are thought to no longer be pulsars to date the slowest observed pulsar has a period of 8 seconds read more more articles edit selected image show another pinwheel galaxy photo credit nasa the pinwheel galaxy also known as messier 101 or ngc 5457 is a face on spiral galaxy about 27 million light years away in the constellation ursa major discovered by pierre méchain on february 28 2006 nasa and the esa released a very detailed image of pinwheel galaxy which was the largest and most detailed image of a galaxy by hubble space telescope at the time the image was composed from 51 individual exposures plus some extra ground based photos m101 is a relatively large galaxy compared to the milky way with a diameter of 170 000 light years it is nearly twice the size of the milky way it has a disk mass on the order of 100 billion solar masses along with a small bulge of about 3 billion solar masses read more more pictures edit did you know that the largest known star vy canis majoris is nearly 1800 times bigger than our sun that if the voyager spacecraft travelled at its current speed in the direction of proxima centauri the nearest star to the sun it would take around 80 000 years to arrive more did you know start a new article edit subcategories to display all subcategories click on the stars stars by year of discovery stars by luminosity class stars by metallicity stars by spectral type stars by type stars with proper names lists of stars star types astronomical catalogues of stars star atlases coats of arms with stars flags with stars star symbols stars in the andromeda galaxy star clusters fiction about stars stellar groupings hypothetical stars star images stellar astronomy stellar dynamics sun star systems wikipedia categories named after stars star stubs sun atmospheric radiation solar calendars coats of arms with sunrays coats of arms with suns sun in culture day horizontal coordinate system missions to the sun solar observatories solar phenomena solar alignment solar eclipses solar energy structure of the sun sun tanning sundials sun stubs galaxies astronomical catalogues of galaxies galaxies by year of discovery galaxies by century of discovery fiction about galaxies galaxy clusters galaxy filaments galaxy superclusters lists of galaxies morphological types of galaxy active galaxies barred galaxies dark galaxies dwarf galaxies elliptical galaxies field galaxies hypothetical galaxies galaxy images interacting galaxies irregular galaxies lenticular galaxies low surface brightness galaxies overlapping galaxies peculiar galaxies polar ring galaxies protogalaxies ring galaxies spiral galaxies supermassive black holes galaxy stubs wikipedia categories named after galaxies black holes fiction about black holes intermediate mass black holes physical horizons stellar black holes supermassive black holes tidal disruption events white holes supernovae fiction about supernovae historical supernovae hypernovae superbubbles superluminous supernovae discoverers of supernovae supernova remnants type ia supernovae type ib and ic supernovae type ii supernovae edit selected biography show another johannes kepler s portrait in 1610 photo credit unknown artist uploaded by user artmechanic johannes kepler 27 december 1571 15 november 1630 was a german polymath who was an astronomer mathematician astrologer natural philosopher and music theorist he is a key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution best known for his laws of planetary motion and his books astronomia nova harmonice mundi and epitome astronomiae copernicanae the variety and impact of his work made kepler one of the founders and fathers of modern astronomy the scientific method natural science and modern science he has been described as the father of science fiction for his novel somnium kepler was a mathematics teacher at a seminary school in graz where he became an associate of prince hans ulrich von eggenberg later he became an assistant to the astronomer tycho brahe in prague and eventually the imperial mathematician to emperor rudolf ii and his two successors matthias and ferdinand ii he also taught mathematics in linz and was an adviser to general wallenstein kepler lived in an era when there was no clear distinction between astronomy and astrology but there was a strong division between astronomy a branch of mathematics within the liberal arts and physics a branch of natural philosophy kepler also incorporated religious arguments and reasoning into his work motivated by the religious conviction and belief that god had created the world according to an intelligible plan that is accessible through the natural light of reason kepler described his new astronomy as celestial physics as an excursion into aristotle s metaphysics and as a supplement to aristotle s on the heavens transforming the ancient tradition of physical cosmology by treating astronomy as part of a universal mathematical physics additionally he did fundamental work in the field of optics being named the father of modern optics in particular for his astronomiae pars optica he also invented an improved version of the refracting telescope the keplerian telescope which became the foundation of the modern refracting telescope while also improving on the telescope design by galileo galilei who mentioned kepler s discoveries in his work he postulated the kepler conjecture kepler influenced among others isaac newton providing one of the foundations for his theory of universal gravitation full article more biographies edit topics back to main portal star sun galaxy black hole supernova star evolution formation pre main sequence main sequence horizontal branch asymptotic giant branch dredge up instability strip red clump planetary nebula protoplanetary nebula luminous blue variable wolf rayet star supernova impostor supernova hypernova hertzsprung russell diagram stars protostars molecular cloud bok globule young stellar object herbig haro object hayashi track hayashi limit henyey track t tauri star herbig ae be star stellar classification sun subdwarf dwarf blue orange red yellow subgiant giant blue red bright giant supergiant blue red yellow hypergiant yellow blue straggler shell carbon ch barium s type chemically peculiar technetium mercury manganese variable irregular semiregular orion star remnants white dwarf black dwarf neutron star pulsar magnetar stellar black hole exotic compact star quark star preon star q star fuzzball boson star gravastar dark energy star black star electroweak star eternally collapsing object failed stars brown dwarf sub brown dwarf planetar dark matter dark star star structure core convection zone radiation zone photosphere starspot chromosphere corona stellar wind stellar wind bubble asteroseismology eddington luminosity nucleosynthesis alpha process triple alpha process proton proton chain helium flash cno cycle carbon burning neon burning oxygen burning silicon burning s process r process star properties classification designation dynamics effective temperature kinematics proper motion radial velocity magnetic field magnitude absolute apparent photographic mass metallicity microturbulence oscillations planetary system rotation star system binary contact binary multiple ubv color circumpolar star lists star names most massive least massive largest brightest most luminous nearest brown dwarfs timeline of stellar astronomy constellations andromeda antlia apus aquarius aquila ara aries auriga boötes caelum camelopardalis cancer canes venatici canis major canis minor capricornus carina cassiopeia centaurus cepheus cetus chamaeleon circinus columba coma berenices corona australis corona borealis corvus crater crux cygnus delphinus dorado draco equuleus eridanus fornax gemini grus hercules horologium hydra hydrus indus lacerta leo leo minor lepus libra lupus lynx lyra mensa microscopium monoceros musca norma octans ophiuchus orion pavo pegasus perseus phoenix pictor pisces piscis austrinus puppis pyxis reticulum sagitta sagittarius scorpius sculptor scutum serpens sextans taurus telescopium triangulum triangulum australe tucana ursa major ursa minor vela virgo volans vulpecula v t e universe navboxes astronomy astronomy navbox object types asteroids black holes comets exoplanet galaxy meteor showers meteorites meteorites by name neutron star star stellar core collapse stellar system supernovae variable star topics white dwarf catalogues gum catalogue messier objects rcw sh2 objects by culture ancient greek astronomy astronomy in medieval islam indian astronomy solar system general solar system solar system navmap solar system table atmospheres lunar eclipses solar eclipses sun planets earth earth s location jupiter mars mercury neptune saturn uranus venus planetary rings moons moons of dwarf planets moons of terrestrial planets and asteroids solar system moons big solar system moons compact the moon earth s moon lunar maria moons of jupiter ganymede io callisto europa moons of saturn titan rhea enceladus tethys iapetus moons of uranus moons of neptune triton charon moon dwarf planets ceres dwarf planets eris haumea pluto other objects asteroid families distant minor planets sidebar large asteroids minor planets navigator small solar system bodies trans neptunian objects navbox star systems constellations stars star systems by distance from earth nearest star systems within n m light years 10 10 15 15 20 constellations constellations constellations historic constellations modern zodiac lists of stars by constellation andromeda constellation antlia apus aquarius constellation aquila constellation argo navis big ara constellation aries constellation auriga constellation boötes caelum camelopardalis cancer constellation canes venatici canis major canis minor capricornus carina constellation cassiopeia constellation centaurus cepheus constellation cetus chamaeleon circinus columba constellation coma berenices corona australis corona borealis corvus constellation crater constellation crux cygnus constellation delphinus dorado draco constellation equuleus eridanus constellation fornax gemini constellation grus constellation hercules constellation horologium constellation hydra constellation hydrus indus constellation lacerta leo constellation leo minor lepus constellation libra constellation lupus constellation lynx constellation lyra mensa constellation microscopium monoceros musca norma constellation octans ophiuchus orion constellation pavo constellation pegasus constellation perseus constellation phoenix con...