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physician or professor as dr smith list edit main article list of post nominal letters different awards and post nominal letters are in use in the english speaking countries usage edit listing order edit the order in which post nominal letters are listed after a person s name is dictated by standard practice which may vary by region and context in australia edit see also list of post nominal letters australia various university style guides such as the university of sydney style guide and the australian government style manual and that of the various state governments outside of any specific academic or state or federal government requirement then in the following order those honours promulgated by the governor general in the commonwealth government gazette e g current national and former imperial honours those honours and appointments promulgated by a state governor or territory administrator in the relevant state government gazette e g fellows of the royal society of nsw frsn king s counsels kc all honorary degrees included in an australian university s annual report to an australian parliament fellowships and memberships of professional bodies and learned societies incorporated by a statutory instrument i e a royal charter under the australian not a foreign crown e g the australian academy of science the australian academy of the humanities the institution of engineers australia the australian institute of building and the australian institute of mining and metallurgy or an act of parliament such as the bar associations of some states parliamentary designations foreign honours where permitted by australian federal minister for foreign affairs fellowships and memberships of other australian professional institutions australian qualifications ideally with date and institution in descending order with the highest closest after the name foreign professional memberships foreign qualifications in canada edit see also list of post nominal letters canada the canadian government s the canadian style specifies that no more than two sets of post nominal letters should normally be given unless all are to be given either for information or for reasons of protocol and that these should be the two highest of different types the types and the order in which they are given are 1 distinctions conferred directly by the crown university degrees memberships of societies and other distinctions in european fraternities edit going back to the mid 17th century today s classical european fraternities such as the german student corps have used post nominal symbols and letters to allow their members to indicate their fraternity membership and honorary positions held in their signature the zirkel of a german student corps this symbol captures the letters v c f a as post nominal for that fraternity order of post nominals in the uk edit see also list of post nominal letters united kingdom civil usage in the uk edit in the united kingdom various sources have issued guidance on the ordering of styles and titles for british citizens including the ministry of justice debrett s and a c black s titles and forms of address these are generally in close agreement with the exception of the position of mp etc in the listing 2 3 4 bt bart or esq in the uk esq may refer to any gentleman in place of the pre nominal mr or dr 5 british orders and decorations e g obe in descending order of precedence crown appointments i e privy counsellor pc personal aide de camp adc physician to the king khp honorary surgeon to the king khs honorary dental surgeon to the king khds honorary nursing sister to the king khns and honorary chaplain to the king khc king s counsel kc justice of the peace jp and deputy lieutenant dl according to the ministry of justice member of parliament or of a devolved assembly mp msp ms mla university degrees according to debrett s dd md and ms degrees are always given other doctorates other medical degrees and other divinity degrees are sometimes given and other degrees are seldom shown with ba and ma never used socially although formal lists may include them 6 religious institutes e g ssf medical qualifications e g frcp fellowship of learned societies e g frs frsa frgs royal academicians and associates e g ra ara fellowships membership etc of professional institutions associations etc e g fice chartered and other professional statuses should be shown before the designatory letters for the relevant professional body e g ceng fmiet engtech tmiet 7 according to debrett s writers to the signet ws according to debrett s and black s member of parliament mp etc black s also includes writers to the signet here membership of the armed forces e g raf rn vr rm rmp not included by black s 8 in addition british citizens who have received honours from commonwealth countries are usually given permission from the king to use the postnominals for that honour 9 academic usage in the uk edit the oxford university style guide and the university of nottingham style guide give the alternative ordering 10 11 civil honours military honours kc degrees in the order bachelor s master s doctorates postdoctoral diplomas certificates membership of academic or professional bodies this differs from the civil ordering in that it omits appointments except for kc includes diplomas and certificates in addition to degrees merges medical qualifications fellowships of learned societies royal academicians and membership of professional bodies into a single item and omits membership of the armed forces loughborough university gives a very similar ordering but with appointments e g mp kc replacing item 3 kc and higher education awards in ascending order commencing with undergraduate replacing items 4 6 degrees diplomas and certificates this restores the appointments section from the civil list omitted by oxford and nottingham although the other differences remain 12 nottingham trent university gives essentially the same ordering as oxford and nottingham but without specifying the order in which degrees should be given 13 nottingham trent oxford and loughborough recommend degree abbreviations be given in mixed case without stops between the letters e g ba not b a phd not ph d as does cambridge 14 imperial college london however uses all small caps for post nominals e g phd not phd 15 where all degrees are shown as in university calendars most universities will give these in ascending order 16 however advice on the precise ordering varies the oxford university calendar style guide places degrees in the order bachelor s degrees including postgraduate bachelor s degrees such as the oxford bcl and other first degrees master s degrees including those that are first degrees such as mphys doctorates higher doctorates in order of academic precedence degrees at the same level are ordered alphabetically by awarding institution and multiple degrees from the same institution are grouped with position determined by the lowest degree in the grouping certificates and diplomas are listed after degrees no mention is made of foundation degrees oxford recommends giving institution names separated by a space from the degree not enclosed in parentheses and that degrees from the same institution be separated by spaces only with commas between degrees from different institutions 17 loughborough university advises listing all higher education awards in ascending order starting from undergraduate so mphys would come before bcl and postgraduate certificates and diplomas would come between undergraduate and postgraduate degrees the examples given do not include institution names 12 order of post nominals in the united states edit see also list of professional designations in the united states in the united states standard protocol is to list post nominal letters in the following order 18 religious institutions theological degrees military decorations academic degrees honorary degrees honors decorations professional licenses certifications and affiliations retired uniformed service active duty services personnel do not use any post nominals other than if applicable staff corps affiliation navy only followed by a comma and then their branch of service names are bracketed by the appropriate pre nominal and post nominal e g lcdr john q public mc usn 18 etiquette for higher educational qualifications edit higher education qualifications in the uk edit in the uk it is usual to list only doctorates degrees in medicine and degrees in divinity 6 in particular when a person has letters indicating crown honours or decorations only the principal degree would normally be given 3 the university of oxford style guide advises writers remember that you do not need to list all awards degrees memberships etc held by an individual only those items relevant to your writing 10 in an academic context or in formal lists all degrees may be listed in ascending order of academic status which may not be the same as the order in which they were obtained although see notes on medical qualifications below the oxford style is to list qualifications by their title starting with bachelor s degrees then master s degrees then doctorates postgraduate certificates and diplomas are listed after doctorates but before professional qualifications 17 with a similar ordering being used by other universities 19 in this style foundation degrees and other sub bachelor qualifications are not shown an alternative style is to give all higher education qualifications starting from undergraduate ordered by their level rather than their title in this style one might list a certificate or diploma of higher education first then foundation degrees first degrees at bachelor level first degrees at master level integrated master s degrees and first degrees in medicine postgraduate degrees at master level including postgraduate bachelor s degrees such the oxford bcl and doctorates in this style postgraduate certificates and diplomas could be shown either before postgraduate degrees at master s level as in the table given by loughborough university or before first degrees at master s level reflecting their position in the frameworks for higher education qualifications of uk degree awarding bodies 12 20 strictly speaking both the debrett s and ministry of justice lists only allow for the inclusion of degrees not non degree academic awards for someone with a substantive doctorate it is usual either to give dr as the title without a stop per normal british usage or to list their degrees post nominally e g dr john smith or john smith phd but not dr john smith phd postnominals may be used with other titles e g mr john smith phd sir john smith phd or the rev john smith phd 21 in the case of a ba from oxford cambridge or dublin who proceeds to be an ma of those universities which is taken without further study the ma replaces the ba and thus only the ma should be listed 22 oxford has said that there is no risk of confusion between their ma and earned mas as the oxford ma is denoted ma oxon rather than simply ma 23 however debrett s has advised using just ma to describe a cambridge master of arts 24 graduates from british and irish universities sometimes add the name of the university that awarded their degree after the post nominals for their degree either in parentheses or not depending on preferred style university names are often abbreviated and sometimes given in latin e g ba ma dunelm phd ebor 25 a list of abbreviations used for university names can be found at universities in the united kingdom post nominal abbreviations where the same degree has been granted by more than one university this can be shown by placing the names or abbreviations in a single bracket after the degree name e g sir edward elgar mus d oxon cantab dunelm et yale u s a ll d leeds aberdeen and w university pennsylvania 26 honorary degrees if shown can be indicated either by hon before the post nominals for the degree or hc for honoris causa after the post nominals e g professor evelyn algernon valentine ebsworth cbe phd ma scd dcl hc frsc frse emphasis added 27 professor stephen hawking hon scd ch cbe frs emphasis added 28 the oxford university calendar style guide recommends not giving honorary degrees in post nominals 17 higher education qualifications in the us edit in academia and research all degrees may be listed in general however it is normal to only list those relevant to the circumstance for example if jane doe had a bs ms and phd in computer science as well as an mba then if working in management in a retail company she would write jane doe mba but if working in an it company she might write jane doe phd and if working in academia she could write jane doe bs ms mba phd 18 the gregg reference manual recommends placing periods between the letters of post nominals e g b s ph d however the chicago manual of style recommends writing degrees without periods e g bs phd if post nominals are given the full name should be used without dr mr ms mrs or miss other prefixes e g professor may be used 29 etiquette for medical qualifications edit medical qualifications in the uk edit in contrast to the style for academic qualifications medical qualifications are listed in descending order i e doctorates master s degrees bachelor s degrees postgraduate diplomas and qualifying diplomas letters indicating doctorates master s degrees and fellowships of royal colleges are always given while bachelor s degrees memberships and qualifying diplomas are only shown for people with no higher qualifications in all but formal lists only three medical qualifications are normally given 30 where someone holds qualifications in multiple fields they are normally given in the order medicine surgery except for mrcs which is considered a qualifying diploma obstetrics gynaecology and other specialities these are followed by qualifying diplomas and other diplomas 31 the academic style guides do not have a separate section for medical qualifications so if following one of these guides medical degrees should be listed with other degrees medical diplomas with other diplomas and fellowships and memberships of royal colleges with other fellowships and memberships of professional bodies etiquette for fellowships or memberships edit learned societies and professional bodies in africa edit in africa learned societies and professional bodies use designatory letters for their members and fellowships for example an associate of the african planning society uses the post nominal aaps e g george kumba aaps a member of the african planning society is entitled to use the post nominal maps e g archimedes muzenda maps a fellow of the african planning society is entitled to use postnominals faps e g innocent chirisa faps 32 a member of the forestry society of kenya fsk a non governmental professional membership organization of kenyan foresters is entitled to use the post nominal mfsk e g charity kosgei mfsk 33 learned societies royal academies...