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for families living on low incomes and its combination with direct taxation meant greater support to poor families than in any other country in the eec a two parent family with four dependent children on 66 of average earnings gained an amount after tax and allowances equal to 49 4 of its income compared with 8 2 in the united kingdom nevertheless that same year insee found that at any wage level disposable income per head was still much lower in large families than those with no or very few children while the cost of bringing up a family weighed particularly heavily on households headed by a low paid worker according to one estimate from the early 1970s using 1500 francs net per month for those in full time employment 44 of women and 24 5 of men were low paid the percentage of workers who were low paid was particularly high in personal services such as hairdressing 74 hotel and catering 60 and textiles 51 1 in comparison with the average french workers foreign workers tended to be employed in the hardest and lowest paid jobs they also live in poor conditions a 1972 study found that foreign workers earned 17 less than their french counterparts although this national average concealed the extent of inequality foreign workers were more likely to be men in their prime working years in the industrial areas which generally had higher rates of pay than elsewhere 1 in 1974 the national assembly s commission on cultural family and social affairs estimated that 5 of the population should be considered as living in a state of destitution or on the borderline of destitution studies by serge milano lionel stoleru and rene lenoir estimated that between 10 and 14 of the population lived in poverty from 1970 to 1980 a report by the eec estimated that 14 8 of households in france lived in poverty in 1975 defined as living below the threshold of 50 mean annual income european community policies on combatting poverty have applied across the european economic community and european union including france 2 previously the poor were for the most part retirees the trend reversed itself in the 1980s with an increase in unemployment among young people while poverty among the elderly dropped 85 from 27 3 to 3 8 among those still in the workforce it increased by 38 over the same 30 years from 3 9 to 5 4 various social welfare programs have had an important impact in low income households and in 2002 they may in some cases have represented more than 50 of the household s income 3 in 2008 the oecd claimed that france was one of only five oecd countries where income inequality and poverty have declined over the past 20 years 4 as a result of the european migrant crisis beginning in 2015 makeshift and squalid migrant camps have begun regularly appearing around the capital city with french officials routinely clearing and dismantling them as of october 2016 such camps are also becoming a common occurrence in northern france along the coast of la manche which migrants hope to cross in an attempt to reach britain the calais jungle is perhaps the best known example of this status in 2005 edit the poverty threshold was fixed at 645 euros per person per month by comparison the revenu minimum d insertion rmi which idea draws on guaranteed minimum income although it is not distributed to everyone was at that time 440 86 euros per month for a person living alone 5 the french poverty threshold is slightly higher than that of the united states 6 suggesting that some who would be considered living in poverty in france would not be if they had the same income in the united states however it is difficult to compare them as they are not calculated in the same way notwithstanding differences in cost or standards of living while the french poverty threshold is calculated as being half of the median income the u s poverty threshold is based on dollar costs of the economy food plan that is on income inequality 7 in 2005 a million children 8 were living below the poverty line 42 000 children were affected by lead poisoning a sign of decrepit housing lead based paint has been banned in new buildings since 1915 to all professionals since 1948 and to everyone since 1993 the risk of exposure to lead today is four times greater for buildings constructed before 1915 than for a building constructed between 1915 and 1948 500 000 housing units were unclean 200 000 students were in difficult financial situations which has led some young women to pay for their studies through prostitution this phenomenon is on the rise in the country in 2006 the students union sud etudiant estimated the number to be 40 000 8 nevertheless social services allow france to have one of the lowest child mortality rates despite this poverty citation needed despite the positive developments it seems according to whom that rural areas have been attracting more and more of those left behind a non negligible segment of at risk city populations have been moving to the country and joining the ranks of small time farmers among rural welfare recipients this phenomenon is partly explained by the lower cost of rural living compared with that in cities 9 another indicator of poverty is the rmi in 1994 in metropolitan france the number of rmi recipients was 783 436 ten years later in june 2004 it rose to 1 041 026 in the overseas departments it was 105 033 at the end of 1994 and 152 892 in june 2004 10 from december 2004 to december 2005 the number of rmi recipients increased by 4 7 according to the secours catholique ngo 11 bidonvilles edit see also bidonville and banlieue bidonvilles can towns are shanty towns that exist in the urban outskirts of france and often have little access to roads or public services such as electricity or access to water although once thought to be a phenomenon exclusive to the 1960s and 1970s bidonvilles again gained attention in the french media in the 2000s often populated by immigrants bidonvilles produce a degree of residential segregation between french nationals and recently arrived immigrant groups at a scale higher than any other western european city in the postwar years 12 however most attention on residential poverty in france is now associated with the parisian suburbs or banlieues in the late 1960s there were eighty nine bidonvilles on the outskirts of paris during this time bidonvilles were often associated with immigrant groups from north africa however this is partly an exaggerated stereotype as the largest bidonville of the paris area in the 1960s champigny sur marne was populated mostly by portuguese 13 that being said a ministry of the interior census carried out in 1966 suggested that the majority of the 46 827 people living in the 119 parisian bidonvilles were of north african origin 13 other bidonvilles were concentrated north west of paris including near nanterre gennevilliers asnières and colombes in 1964 the loi debré sought to eliminate bidonvilles and the urban formation was erroneously thought to have disappeared in the 1970s with the transformation of nanterre s bidonville into a modern city however a 1973 count estimated at least 8 600 still living in bidonvilles around paris 13 first hand accounts describe the hardship of living in bidonvilles in the 1960s we live amongst mud and rubbish there s no difference between us and animals it s not life that we lead here even the rats come to eat us i tell you even the animals live better than we do 14 a former occupant recalled the emotional legacy of life in the nanterre bidonville even after its destruction now they ve got rid of almost all the bidonvilles at nanterre but they still exist in our heads and in our thinking life in a bidonville is something you never forget 15 however bidonvilles may have provided certain measures of social freedom and political space for disadvantaged or marginalized groups albeit at the cost of appalling daily living conditions for example established bidonvilles with more experienced immigrant communities could provide a network of support or feeling of solidarity to a newly arrived migrant greater than what they might find in the city center 15 despite persistent attempts to rehouse individuals living in bidonvilles and the more fragmented micro bidonvilles they remain a reality in places like villeurbanne lyon where a bidonville contains 500 persons of romani origins a third of them children 16 in february 2007 bulldozers destroyed a bidonville in bobigny a northeastern suburb of paris where 266 romanian and bulgarian citizens had been registered another huge bidonville exists near calais inhabited by migrants from the middle east north africa and sub saharan africa hoping to get to the united kingdom it has been destroyed several times but since the people are in france illegally they have nowhere else to go and eventually they return to the same place bidonvilles are also common in the overseas departments 17 number of persons in france estimated to be living below the poverty line 1970 2002 edit 18 poverty rate at 50 1970 12 1975 10 2 1979 8 3 1984 7 7 1990 6 6 1996 7 2 1998 6 7 2000 6 5 2002 6 poverty rate at 60 line 1970 17 9 1975 16 6 1979 14 2 1984 13 5 1990 13 8 1996 13 5 1998 12 8 2000 12 7 2002 12 2 see also edit abbé pierre observatoire national de la pauvreté et de l exclusion sociale poverty by country state medical aid footnotes edit 1 2 3 victor george roger lawson 1980 poverty and inequality in common market countries routledge kegan paul isbn 9780710005175 eur lex council decision of 19 december 1984 on specific community action to combat poverty decision 85 8 eec accessed on 20 october 2025 in french le rapport de l observatoire national de la pauvreté et de l exclusion sociale 2003 2004 archived 26 january 2007 at the wayback machine second part archived 24 october 2005 at the wayback machine and third part archived 25 may 2011 at the wayback machine see p 26 of part 1 growing unequal income distribution and poverty in oecd countries country note france pdf oecd 2008 retrieved 23 may 2018 in french montant de l allocation de revenu minimum d insertion 2005 federal poverty guidelines u s department of health and human services retrieved 15 february 2007 the development and history of the u s poverty thresholds a brief overview by gordon m fisher us department of health and human services gss sss newsletter newsletter of the government statistics section and the social statistics section of the american statistical association winter 1997 pp 6 7 in french la prostitution gagne les bancs de la fac le figaro 30 october 2006 alexandre pagès 2005 la pauvreté en milieu rural toulouse presses universitaires du mirail les bénéficiaires du rmi selon la situation familiale insee source cnaf fichier fileas données au 31 décembre 1994 et au 30 juin 2004 published in june 2004 statistiques d accueil 2005 pauvreté facteur d isolement archived 28 may 2008 at the wayback machine secours catholique paul white immigrants immigrant areas and immigrant communities in postwar paris in migrants in modern france population mobility in the later nineteenth and twentieth centuries edited by philip e ogden and paul e white oxon routledge 1989 198 1 2 3 white 197 from interviews with tunisians in ben sassi 1968 cited in white 197 1 2 white 198 les enfants des bidonvilles font leur rentrée scolaire link removed 20 minutes lyons 11 october 2006 in french quand la france rase illégalement maisons et bidonvilles radio france internationale 28 april 2006 in french insee and official statistics insee pdf www insee fr retrieved 3 may 2017 references edit report by the conseil de l emploi des revenus et de la cohésion sociale cerc 17 february 2005 april 2005 report on poverty in france by emmaüs given by its president martin hirsch to the ministre des solidarités de la santé et de la famille philippe douste blazy external links edit in french seuils de pauvreté en france sur le site de l insee in french taux de pauvreté en 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