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20 city province july january annual precipitation plant hardiness zone 1981 2010 16 average growing season in days lethbridge 17 ab 26 11 c 79 52 f 0 12 c 32 10 f 373 mm 15 in 4b 118 calgary 18 ab 24 10 c 75 50 f 2 14 c 28 7 f 445 mm 18 in 4a 119 medicine hat 19 ab 28 13 c 82 55 f 3 14 c 27 7 f 331 mm 13 in 4b 135 edmonton 20 ab 24 13 c 75 55 f 6 15 c 21 5 f 423 mm 17 in 4a 141 grande prairie 21 ab 23 10 c 73 50 f 8 19 c 18 2 f 435 mm 17 in 3b 111 regina 22 sk 26 12 c 79 54 f 9 20 c 16 4 f 390 mm 15 in 3b 114 saskatoon 23 sk 25 12 c 77 54 f 10 21 c 14 6 f 357 mm 14 in 3b 117 prince albert 24 sk 24 12 c 75 54 f 12 23 c 10 9 f 432 mm 17 in 3a 113 brandon 25 mb 25 12 c 77 54 f 11 22 c 12 8 f 489 mm 19 in 3b 122 winnipeg 26 mb 26 13 c 79 55 f 11 21 c 12 6 f 519 mm 20 in 4a 122 physical geography edit see also geography of canada although the prairie provinces region is named for the prairies located within alberta saskatchewan and manitoba the physical geography of the three provinces is quite diverse consisting of portions of the canadian shield the western cordillera and the canadian interior plains 27 the plains comprise both prairies and boreal plains forests while with the exception of freshwater along the hudson bay the shield is predominantly forested 27 gimli manitoba is on lake winnipeg a very large fresh water lake in the eastern prairies prairies edit three main grassland types occur in the canadian prairies tallgrass prairie mixed grass prairie and fescue prairie or using the wwf terminology northern tall grasslands northern mixed grasslands and northern short grasslands 28 each has a unique geographic distribution and characteristic mix of plant species all but a fraction of 1 of the tallgrass prairie has been converted to cropland 29 what remains occurs on the 6 000 km 2 2 300 sq mi plain centred in the red river valley in manitoba mixed prairie is more common and is part of the dry interior plains that extend from canada south to the u s state of texas the northern short grasslands wwf terminology shown here on a map of north america in green is a type of true prairie grassland that occurs in the southern parts of the prairie provinces main article prairies ecozone more than half of the remaining native grassland in the canadian prairies is mixed though widespread in southern saskatchewan and southeastern alberta because of extensive cattle grazing it is estimated that only 24 of the original mixed prairie grassland remains 29 fescue prairie occurs in the moister regions occupying the northern extent of the prairies in central and southwestern alberta and west central saskatchewan 30 palliser s triangle delineating prairie soil types in the prairie provinces the southwestern canadian prairies supporting brown and black soil types are semi arid and highly prone to frequent and severe droughts 31 the zones around the cities of regina and immediately east of calgary are also very dry most heavy precipitation quickly dissipates by the time it passes cheadle on its way heading east 31 in an average year southern saskatchewan receives between 30 51 cm 12 20 in of precipitation with the majority falling between april and june frost from october to april and sometimes even early may limits the growing season for certain crops 28 the eastern section of the canadian prairies in manitoba is well watered with several large lakes such as lake winnipeg and several large rivers the area also gets reasonable amounts of precipitation the middle sections of alberta and saskatchewan are also wetter than the south and have better farmland despite having a shorter frost free season 32 the areas around edmonton and saskatoon are especially notable as good farmland both lie in the northern area of the palliser s triangle and are within aspen parkland a transitional prairie ecozone 33 8 further north the area becomes too cold for most agriculture besides wild rice operations and sheep raising and it is dominated by boreal forest the peace region in northwestern alberta is an exception however 34 it lies north of the 55th parallel and is warm and dry enough to support extensive farming aspen parkland covers the area the long daylight hours in this region during the summer are an asset despite having an even shorter growing season than central alberta in fact agriculture plays a major economic role in the peace region 16 km 2 6 2 sq mi demographics edit largest panethnic groups in the prairies by percentage of total population by census division 2021 census census metropolitan areas in the canadian prairies 35 rank census metropolitan area province population area land 2021 2016 change density km2 sq mi 1 calgary alberta 1 481 806 1 392 609 6 41 290 6 5 098 68 1 968 61 2 edmonton alberta 1 418 118 1 321 441 7 32 150 6 9 416 19 3 635 61 3 winnipeg manitoba 834 678 783 099 6 59 157 9 5 285 46 2 040 73 4 saskatoon saskatchewan 317 480 295 095 7 59 54 1 5 864 48 2 264 29 5 regina saskatchewan 249 217 236 695 5 29 57 6 4 323 66 1 669 37 6 lethbridge alberta 123 847 117 394 5 50 41 9 2 958 96 1 142 46 7 red deer alberta 100 844 100 418 0 42 966 5 104 34 40 29 in the 2021 canadian census the canadian prairie provinces had a population of 6 737 293 consisting of 4 262 635 in alberta 1 342 153 in manitoba and 1 132 505 in saskatchewan up 4 6 from 6 443 892 in 2016 36 the three provinces have a combined area of 1 960 681 km 2 757 023 sq mi 1 787 543 km 2 690 174 sq mi land and 173 138 km 107 583 mi freshwater consisting of 661 848 km 2 255 541 sq mi in alberta 647 797 km 2 250 116 sq mi in manitoba and 651 036 km 2 251 366 sq mi in saskatchewan 1 growth edit some of the prairie region of canada has seen rapid growth from a boom in oil production since the mid 20th century 37 according to statscanada the prairie provinces had a population of 6 443 892 in 2016 in 2021 the population had grown by 4 6 to 6 737 293 36 economy edit a canola field in the qu appelle valley in southern saskatchewan in the mid 20th century the economy of the prairies exploded due to the oil boom and introduced a growth of jobs the primary industries are agriculture and services 3 agriculture consisting of livestock cattle and sheep cultivating crops oats canola wheat barley and production of oil 5 oil edit due to the production of oil the service industry expanded in order to provide for the employees of the oil companies extracting the oil in the 1950s 1970s the explosion of oil production increased the worth of alberta allowing it to become the nation s richest province and canada one of the top petroleum exporters in the world 5 edmonton and calgary drew in a larger population with the increase in jobs in the energy industry causing the jobs supporting this industry to grow as well it was through the steady economic growth that followed this explosion that the prairies region began to switch from an agriculture based job sector to one with services included 38 39 in 2014 the global market for oil fell and led to a recession impacting the economy dramatically alberta still has an oil dominant economy even as the traditional oil wells dry up there are oil sands further north i e the athabasca oil sands near fort mcmurray that continue to provide jobs to extract drill and refine the oil 5 saskatchewan in particular in the early 20th century grew economically due to the canadian agricultural boom and produce large crops of wheat 3 it is said to have a one crop economy due to such dependency on this crop alone but after 1945 the economy took another turn with technological advancements that allowed for the discovery of uranium oil and potash 3 wheat edit marquis wheat played a decisive role in reshaping farming in the prairie provinces with their rich soils and long winters marquis wheat matured a week earlier than its predecessor red fife the ripe marquis could be harvested before the damaging early autumn frosts hit thus sharply reducing the risk of crop failure it equalled the superior milling and baking qualities of its parent red fife marquis hard red spring wheat made excellent bread flour due to its high protein and strong gluten content this established canada s reputation for high quality export wheat per acre marquis also gave high yields by 1920 marquis accounted for 90 percent of the hard red spring wheat planted on the canadian prairies doubling wheat production in some areas between 1906 and 1920 this opportunity attracted farmers from eastern canada and the united states as well as ukraine germany and scandinavia who arrived before world war i shut down travel in 1914 hybrid marquis wheat thus played a central role in establishing the prairie provinces as a major global grain exporting area 40 41 42 43 44 culture and politics edit the prairies are distinguished from the rest of canada by cultural and political traits the oldest influence on prairie culture are the first nations who have inhabited this region for millennia this region has the highest proportion of indigenous people in canada outside of the three territories the first europeans to see the prairies were fur traders and explorers from eastern canada mainly present day quebec and great britain via hudson bay they gave rise to the métis who were working class children of the fur trade 5 during their settlement by europeans the prairies were settled in distinct ethnic block settlements giving areas distinctively british ukrainian german french or scandinavian canadian cultures farm family operations predominate where families supplement their cash income with home grown farm produce grain crops are the main cash crop but mixed farming had natural advantages in the wooded areas of the parkland and boreal forest to the north local conditions attracted particular ethnicities those of ukrainians and polish heritage were drawn to the parkland of east north central alberta the alberta badlands southern alberta is renowned for its cowboy culture which developed when real open range ranching was practiced in the 1880s 5 canada s first rodeo the raymond stampede was established in 1902 these influences are also evident in the music of canada s prairie provinces this can be attributed partially to the massive influx of american settlers who began to migrate to alberta and to a lesser extent saskatchewan in the late 1880s because of the lack of available land in the united states the prairie provinces have given rise to the prairie protest movements radical solutions are sometimes considered sound in the more open western culture organized farmer groups and politicized labour groups were a feature of the inter war years the one big union was founded on the prairies the winnipeg general strike 1919 was the biggest general strike in canadian history the united farmers of alberta was the longest lasting post wwi farmer government in canada monetary reform social credit elected its first government in the world the alberta social credit party in the 1935 alberta general election the reform party of canada 1987 to 2000 founded by preston manning had its strongest support among prairie voters these political movements both of the left and right tend to feed off of well established feelings of western alienation and each one represents a distinct challenge to the perceived central canadian elite 45 the prairies continue to have a wide range of political representation while the conservative party of canada has widespread support throughout the region at both federal and provincial levels the new democratic party holds seats at the provincial level in all three provinces and takes turns with conservatives or another right wing party at provincial government the ndp holds seats at the federal level in alberta and manitoba the liberal party of canada often holds seats in alberta and manitoba it presently holds six federal seats in winnipeg one in saskatchewan and two in alberta the manitoba liberal party holds one seat in manitoba see also edit 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