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45 46 a sculpture of jane goodall and david greybeard outside the field museum of natural history in chicago paleontologist louis leakey helped organize long term studies of chimpanzees and gorillas in africa with jane goodall and dian fossey in the 1960s this work coincided with the rise of color television and a new vogue for nature documentaries the airing of national geographic s miss goodall and the wild chimpanzees in 1965 thus introduced mass audiences to primate fieldwork the magazine continued to popularize a more naturalistic view of great apes with fossey s work as well as that of biruté galdikas who studied orangutans in indonesia in the 1970s field researchers in the 1980s and 1990s were increasingly forced to confront the destruction of natural habitats which had been increasing over the century but had reached a fever pitch 47 goodall s shift from scientific field work to international conservation and education reflected a shift in focus that many researchers adopted women in primatology edit primatology has long been subject to debates regarding researchers pre existing opinions and biases in particular the use of primatological studies to assert gender roles and to both promote and subvert feminism has been a point of contention the evolution of primatology edit early research on baboon society starting with solly zuckerman s influential the social lives of monkeys and apes 1932 emphasized male male aggression and competition for females females were described as dedicated mothers to small infants and sexually available to males in order of the males dominance rank 48 female female competition and choice was ignored 49 in the 1960s as more women entered the field primatologists started looking more closely at female behavior studies by thelma rowell shirley strum and barbara smuts found that females are active participants and even leaders within their groups for instance rowell found that female baboons determine the route for daily foraging 48 shirley strum found that male investment in special relationships with females had a greater payoff in terms of producing offspring than their rank in a dominance hierarchy 50 a field researcher in madagascar alison jolly found that females dominated lemur social groups in 1970 jeanne altmann drew attention to representative sampling methods in which all individuals not just the dominant and the powerful were observed for equal periods of time prior to altmann s review primatologists used opportunistic sampling which only recorded what caught their attention thus preferencing the more physically active and aggressive males 51 sarah hrdy a self identified feminist was among the first to apply sociobiological theory to primates in her studies of infanticide in langurs 2 these female scientists as well as national geographic s jane goodall and dian fossey forced a reanalysis of how aggression reproductive access and dominance affect primate societies in the 1970s media and popular culture portrayed the field of primatology as a science dominated by women however the numbers told a more complicated story a 2011 study found that primatology like nearly all animal related studies drew far more female than male students yet most professors of primatology remained male 52 53 notable primatologists edit the following is a selected sample of scientists whose work focused on primates and who have shaped the field of primatology for a larger list see primatologists jeanne altmann american josé márcio ayres brazilian sarah blaffer hrdy american christophe boesch french swiss c r carpenter american dorothy cheney american david chivers english frans de waal dutch american linda fedigan american canadian dian fossey american agustin fuentes american birutė galdikas canadian richard lynch garner american jane goodall english harry harlow american robert hinde english junichiro itani japanese alison jolly american gladys kalema zikusoka ugandan nadezhda ladygina kohts russian kawai masao japanese tetsuro matsuzawa japanese emil wolfgang menzel jr american satsue mito japanese russell mittermeier american toshisada nishida japanese anne e russon canadian robert sapolsky american carel van schaik dutch robert seyfarth american barbara smuts american karen b strier american robert w sussman america michael tomasello american sherwood washburn american richard wrangham english robert yerkes american academic resources edit societies edit american society of primatologists european federation for primatology international primatological society journals edit american journal of primatology 54 folia primatologica international journal of primatology 55 journal of medical primatology 56 journal of human evolution 57 primate conservation primates see also edit physical anthropology human genetics human evolutionary genetics primate research centers primate archaeology references edit what is primatology primate info net retrieved 9 june 2011 1 2 rees amanda 2009 the infanticide controversy primatology and the art of field science chicago university of chicago press what is a primatologist primate info net retrieved 9 june 2011 1 2 fedigan and strum 1999 p 258 1 2 radhakrishna and jamieson 2018 fuentes augustin hockings kimberley j 24 august 2010 the ethnoprimatological approach to primatology american journal of primatology 72 10 841 847 doi 10 1002 ajp 20844 pmid 20806335 via wiley herzfeld p 20 browne janet messenger sharon december 2003 victorian spectacle julia pastrana the bearded and hairy female endeavor 27 4 155 159 doi 10 1016 j endeavour 2003 10 006 pmid 14652038 1 2 morris ramona and desmond 1966 men and apes new york mcgraw hill p 155 cohen jon 2010 almost chimpanzee searching for what makes us human in rainforests labs sanctuaries and zoos henry holt pp 101 09 montgomery georgina m 2015 primates in the real world escaping primate folklore and creating primate science charlottesville and london university of virginia press 1 2 turner patricia 2023 the history of chimpanzees in biomedical research in robinson lauren m ed nonhuman primate welfare switzerland springer de waal frans b m 1 september 2005 a century of getting to know the chimpanzee nature 437 7055 56 59 bibcode 2005natur 437 56d doi 10 1038 nature03999 pmid 16136128 1 2 yerkes robert 1925 almost human new york the century co donald a dewsbury 2006 monkey farm a history of the yerkes laboratories of primate biology orange park florida 1930 1965 lewisburg bucknell university press p 34 herzfeld chris 2016 wattana an orangutan in paris translated by martin oliver y and robert d english translation from original french 2012 ed chicago university of chicago press p 14 1 2 yerkes robert m 1925 almost human new york the century co turner patricia v 2023 the history of chimpanzees in biomedical research in robinson lauren m weiss alexander eds nonhuman primate welfare from history science and ethics to practice springer nature switzerland p 34 montgomery georgina m november 2005 place practice and primatology clarence ray carpenter primate communication and the development of field methodology 1931 1945 journal of the history of biology 38 3 495 533 doi 10 1007 s10739 005 0553 0 via springer yerkes robert m yerkes ada w 1929 the great apes a study of anthropoid life new haven yale university press pp 588 589 glick megan h december 2018 infrahumanisms science culture and the making of non personhood duke university press p 62 klopfer peter 1994 konrad lorenz and the national socialists on the politics of ethology international journal of comparative psychology 7 4 doi 10 46867 c4p30r rich jeremy 2012 missing links the african and american worlds of r l garner primate collector athens ga and london university of georgia press crookshank f g 1924 the mongol in our midst a study of man and his three faces new york e p dutton and company 1 2 langlitz nicolas 2000 chimpanzee culture wars rethinking human nature alongside japanese european and american cultural primatologists princeton princeton university press haraway 1990 wilson thomas c 24 january 2023 sincerely a black primatologist an open letter to biological anthropologists highlighting the experiences of a black primatologist american journal of biological anthropology 180 3 423 426 doi 10 1002 ajpa 24687 pmid 36790755 via wiley ankel simons f 2007 a history of objectives of primatology primate anatomy an introduction elsevier science technology elsevier science technology 1 2 asquith patricia j 1981 some aspects of anthropomorphism in the terminology and philosophy underlying western and japanese studies of the social behaviour of non human primates trinity university of oxford doctoral thesis 1 2 asquith patricia 1984 anthropomorphism in the japanese and western traditions in primatology in else james g lee phyllis c eds primate ontogeny cognition and social behaviour cambridge cambridge university press pp 61 71 fedigan and strum 2000 pp 208 209 fedigan and strum 2000 p 63 matsuzawa tetsuro mcgrew william c 22 july 2008 kinji imanishi and 60 years of japanese primatology current biology 18 14 r587 r591 bibcode 2008cbio 18 r587m doi 10 1016 j cub 2008 05 040 pmid 18644329 s2cid 13572608 fedigan and strum 1999 p 259 de waal frans 2001 the ape and the sushi master cultural reflections of a primatologist basic books eliot george fielding 7 august 1955 these monkeys will die so your children may live the san francisco examiner p 150 retrieved 10 september 2025 cohen jon 2010 almost chimpanzee redrawing the lines that separate us from them new york st martin s griffin p 70 blum 1994 pp 79 83 87 97 blum deborah 2002 love at goon park harry harlow and the science of affection perseus publishing blum 1994 terrace h s 23 november 1979 can an ape create a sentence pdf science 206 4421 891 902 bibcode 1979sci 206 891t doi 10 1126 science 504995 pmid 504995 archived from the original pdf on 22 april 2012 episode 5 december 2021 a witch hunt vice a show about animals podcast https www vice com en article did koko the gorilla understand ingersoll robert scarnà antonina 23 february 2023 primatology ethics and trauma the oklahoma chimpanzee studies routledge isbn 978 1 032 41347 1 hess elizabeth 2008 nim chimpsky the chimp who would be human new york bantam jolly alison 2000 the bad old days of primatology in strum shirley c fedigan linda marie eds primate encounters university of chicago press p 76 british field researcher thelma rowell used little furry people to disparage the approach of american anthropologists to nonhuman primates many british researchers such as rowell had been trained in zoology and ethology traditions more focused on studying animals for their own sake see strum and fedigan 2000 for in depth analysis of the different traditions in primatology maestripieri dario 2009 primate psychology harvard university press p 11 1 2 despret vinciane 2009 culture and gender do not dissolve into how scientists read nature thelma rowell s heterodoxy in harman oren ed rebels mavericks and heretics in biology pdf yale university press pp 338 355 hdl 2268 135556 isbn 978 0 300 15845 8 schiebinger londa 2001 has feminism changed science signs 25 4 first harvard university press 1171 5 doi 10 1086 495540 pmid 17089478 s2cid 225088475 strum shirley c 2012 darwin s monkey why baboons can t become human american journal of physical anthropology 149 s55 3 23 bibcode 2012ajpa 149s 3s doi 10 1002 ajpa 22158 pmid 23077093 jahne c 2000 p 98 addessi elsa 17 january 2012 is primatology an equal opportunity discipline plos one 7 1 e30458 bibcode 2012ploso 730458a doi 10 1371 journal pone 0030458 pmc 3260283 pmid 22272353 schiebinger londa 2001 has feminism changed science signs 25 4 first harvard university press 1171 5 doi 10 1086 495540 pmid 17089478 s2cid 225088475 john wiley sons american journal of primatology retrieved 2 february 2009 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link springer international journal of primatology retrieved 2 february 2009 john wiley sons journal of medical primatology retrieved 2 february 2009 elsevier journal of human evolution retrieved 2 february 2009 key sources edit blum deborah 1994 the monkey wars oxford oxford university press haraway donna j 1990 primate visions routledge isbn 978 0 415 90294 6 blaffer hrdy sarah 1999 the woman that never evolved harvard university press isbn 978 0 674 95539 4 fedigan linda marie strum shirley l 1999 a brief history of primate studies national traditions disciplinary origins and stages in american field research in phyllis dolhinow and agustin fuentes the nonhuman primates mountain view california mayfield publishing jahme carole 2000 beauty and the beasts women ape and evolution new york soho press herzfeld chris 2017 the great apes a short history new haven yale university press english translation by kevin frey from the original french 2012 radhakrishna sindhu jamieson dale 2018 liberating primatology journal of biosciences march 2018 doi org 10 1007 s12038 017 9724 3 stone linda 2005 kinship and gender an introduction boulder colo westview press isbn 978 0 8133 4302 0 fedigan linda marie strum shirley c 2000 primate encounters models of science gender and society chicago university of chicago press isbn 978 0 226 77755 9 external links edit world directory of primatologists primatologist biographies primatology net a community run blog with contributions from primatology academics and enthusiasts from around the world v t e extant primate families kingdom animalia phylum chordata class mammalia infraclass eutheria superorder euarchontoglires strepsirrhini lorisoidea lorisidae galagidae lemuroidea chiromyiformes daubentoniidae cheirogaleidae lemuridae lepilemuridae indriidae haplorhini tarsiidae simian platyrrhini cebidae callitrichidae aotidae pitheciidae atelidae catharrhini cercopithecidae hominoidea hylobatidae hominidae v t e zoology outline branches anthrozoology arthropodology 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