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l rule 1585 1680s 11 from 1556 to 1606 these focused especially on the entitlement of princes to appanages a province of the empire to govern personally as a semi independent kingdom and their right to rebel if the emperor broke his supposed promise of granting appanages to princes as this was imperial encroachment on their territory however the mughal emperors managed to centralise and increase their powers by abolishing the system and successfully crushed all princely rebellions the last in 1606 by khusrau mirza against his father emperor jahangir against its abolition 5 the focus of princely revolts thereafter shifted towards the princes entitlement to an equal claim upon the imperial throne and the realm s entire territory after the monarch s death 12 this meant that the princes opposed the designation of an heir let alone any fixation of the order of succession and would wage war against the emperor whenever they felt that this entitlement was being undermined in some way 12 major princely rebellions edit 1540 1552 rebellion kamran mirza against his brother emperor humayun over the imperial throne and kamran s appanage of kabul 13 1561 1566 and 1581 1582 rebellion mirza muhammad hakim against his brother emperor akbar over the imperial throne and hakim s appanage of kabul 10 1599 1604 rebellion salim later jahangir against his father emperor akbar over salim s appanage of allahabad 14 1606 rebellion khusrau mirza against his father emperor jahangir for breaking his promise to grant khusrau the governorship of bengal 15 1622 1627 rebellion khurram later shah jahan against his father emperor jahangir over his right to imperial succession in the face of shahryar mirza possibly becoming the designated heir 13 1659 rebellion muhammad sultan against his father aurangzeb b 1681 rebellion muhammad akbar against his father emperor aurangzeb 10 although all mughal emperors faced opposition by princes and often princely rebellions none of the major rebellions succeeded and no emperor was ever killed by a prince 10 historiography edit according to faruqui 2012 official court chroniclers showed a strong tendency to engage in what he termed post rebellion apologetics in an effort to downplay the seriousness of dynastic conflicts to the harmony within the royal family the impact on the political and socio economic stability of the empire and to minimise or deflect the blame away from the main players in order to exonerate them in attempts to restore the sense of quasi infallibility of the emperor and the princely loyalty to him blame is placed on the bad or malicious influences of advisers and allies around the princes and the emperor it was after all only ever other people who deceived and manipulated the young and impressionable prince led him astray and forced him to reluctantly rebel against his own father the wise and mighty emperor who represented the cosmic order on the other hand the ill advice of unfaithful courtiers are to be held responsible for the emperor s failure to prevent the rebellion with the emperor s inexperience or simple nature in the case of akbar providing further mitigating circumstances 16 even linguistically the official chronicles took care to avoid controversial words like fitna internal civil war intra muslim war strife preferring instead mukhalafat opposition fasad mischief corruption and shorish rebellion revolt and thus be lenient in their criticism of princely imperial conflicts 5 no such care was taken when describing noble led rebellions however such as the 1626 failed rebellion by nobleman mahabat khan which is frequently labelled a fitna and other more incendiary and powerfully negative terms of condemnation in order to stress how completely unacceptable such heretical disobedience to the emperor supposedly was by contrast princely rebellions were tacitly permitted as a justifiable option of last resort in certain situations 17 empire of trebizond edit 1284 1285 rebellions against john ii of trebizond whose early reign was unstable having gained the throne after his brother emperor george of trebizond was betrayed and overthrown in 1280 the 1281 papadopoulos revolt against john ii and the siege of trebizond 1282 by david vi of georgia while john was getting married in constantinople 1284 unsuccessful rebellion by john s brother the former emperor george 1284 1285 successful rebellion by john s half sister theodora of trebizond enthroned with the help of david vi of georgia who reigned as empress for several months while john probably took refuge in tripolis john ii managed to reassert his reign some time in 1285 europe edit byzantine empire edit byzantine civil war of 1373 1379 which began as a rebellion of crown prince andronikos iv palaiologos against his father emperor john v palaiologos of the byzantine empire andronikos managed to capture and imprison his father and ascend to the throne 1376 but john managed to escape and re establish his reign 1379 citation needed england edit revolt of 1173 1174 rebellion of princes henry the young king richard duke of aquitaine and geoffrey duke of brittany with their mother queen eleanor of aquitaine against their father king henry ii of england despenser war 1321 22 a baronial revolt against edward ii of england led by the marcher lords roger mortimer and humphrey de bohun the rebellion was fuelled by opposition to hugh despenser the younger the royal favourite citation needed invasion of england 1326 an invasion by roger mortimer and queen isabella against her husband edward ii of england leading to his deposition epiphany rising 1400 a rebellion against king henry iv of england by noblemen loyal to richard ii of england who had been deposed in june 1399 citation needed in 1455 the wars of the roses started off as a princely rebellion by richard of york against henry vi of england in 1455 but continued as a war of succession between the house of lancaster and the house of york francia and kingdom of france edit c 560 chram against his father chlothar i citation needed 1407 1435 armagnac burgundian civil war a war between french princes over the regency for charles vi of france 1465 war of the public weal a rebellion of french princes against king louis xi 18 georgia edit 1386 1389 first imeretian war of independence a rebellion led by alexander i of imereti to recreate an independent kingdom of western georgia for his branch of the bagrationi dynasty against bagrat v of georgia 1396 1401 second imeretian war of independence a continuation of alexander s rebellion led by constantine ii of imereti against george vii of georgia holy roman empire edit 1104 1106 henry s v rebellion against his father henry iv holy roman emperor 1350 1361 gelderse broederstrijd nl which saw edward duke of guelders rebel against his older brother reginald iii duke of guelders who had been duke since 1343 behind the curtains it was the noble families van heeckeren and van bronckhorst pulling the strings on the teenage brothers 19 1459 20 1465 1468 21 1471 1473 22 rebellion of adolf duke of guelders against his father arnold duke of guelders the war ended when duke charles the bold of burgundy imprisoned adolf in 1471 23 arnold proclaimed charles the steward of guelders in late 1471 24 and arnold pledged pawned the whole duchy of guelders and county of zutphen to charles in 1471 25 26 or 1472 24 finally arnold died on 23 february 1473 and charles the bold militarily conquered guelders including a brief siege of nijmegen in march 1473 27 c kievan rus edit rebellion of mstislav of chernigov 1024 1026 in the aftermath of the kievan succession crisis of 1015 1019 following the death of volodimer i of kiev yaroslav the wise gained the throne of kiev and consolidated his power a few years later one of his other brothers prince mstislav of chernigov rebelled and tried to seize kiev in yaroslav s absence but failed yaroslav then attacked but was defeated at the battle of listven two years later the brothers agreed to divide kievan rus along the dnipro 29 rebellion of vseslav of polotsk 1065 1069 this conflict began when prince vseslav of polotsk claimed agnatic seniority over grand prince iziaslav yaroslavich of kiev due to the kiev uprising of 1068 he briefly secured the throne 30 31 chernihiv internecine war 1226 uk ru between michael of chernihiv and oleh of kursk although the war was evidently about who would succeed mstislav ii svyatoslavich who was killed in the battle of the kalka river in 1223 as prince of chernihiv it took place three years after his death suggesting that michael was already well established as prince before oleh revolted against his rule oleh attempted to change the decisions made at the 1206 chernihiv congress uk ru citation needed lithuania edit lithuanian civil war 1381 1384 broke out when algirdas brother kęstutis rebelled against algirdas son jogaila and claimed the throne for himself while jogaila was besieging algirdas other son andrei at polotsk jogaila and andrei were half brothers already fighting a war over the succession of their father algirdas since 1377 kęstutis had initially recognised jogaila and had supported him in his conflict against andrei lithuanian civil war 1389 1392 kęstutis son vytautas rebelled against jogaila and his son skirgaila citation needed moldavia edit gheorghe ștefan s rebellion against vasile lupu prince of moldavia 1653 who was deposed by his own boyars moldavian campaign of tymofiy khmelnytsky 1653 poland edit 8 september 1373 march 1377 władysław the white s rebellion against louis i of hungary who had been crowned king of poland on 17 november 1370 portugal edit 1640 1668 portuguese restoration war rebellion of the forty conspirators led by the duke of braganza john iv against philip iii of portugal john s grandfather joão i duke of braganza in 1565 married catherine granddaughter of manuel i of portugal philip iii s grandfather was philip ii of spain habsburg grandson of manuel i of portugal during the war of the portuguese succession 1580 1583 cousins catherine and philip ii both claimed the portuguese throne and the latter won acceding as philip i of portugal thus the house of habsburg became the ruling dynasty of portugal the portuguese restoration war essentially continued the dynastic conflict fought between the intertwined houses of braganza and habsburg two generations earlier but this time braganza won 32 serbia edit serbian civil war of 1331 stefan dušan s rebellion against his father king stefan dečanski of medieval serbia citation needed spain edit 1808 tumult of aranjuez an uprising against by supporters of crown prince ferdinand against his father charles iv ferdinand unsuccessfully planned a coup d état the previous year sweden edit 1304 1318 civil disorder rebellions of eric and valdemar magnusson against their brother king birger of sweden and his regent and protector torkel knutsson 33 see also edit list of byzantine revolts and civil wars list of roman civil wars and revolts notes edit the monarch is not necessarily widely popular at the start of the princely rebellion but their legitimacy needs to be broadly recognised if their legitimacy is commonly questioned if they recently began their reign however the situation is commonly described as a succession crisis in which the monarch has acceded to the throne or is trying to without broad support if a prince starts a war against this newly acceded acceding monarch it is more aptly described as a war of succession than as a princely rebellion because the word rebellion implies that the current monarch enjoys broadly supported legitimacy and the prince does not yet and because the war is motivated by challenging the acceding monarch s very right to rule itself rather than securing the prince s interests during the remainder of that monarch s rule 1 2 faruqui 2012 decided not to count the conflict between aurangzeb and his brothers 1657 9 as a rebellion this is an arguable choice since the conflict started out as a rebellion against shah jahan but then morphed into a succession struggle once shah jahan had been forced to abdicate his throne in the summer of 1658 he regarded it as a war of succession while noting that s m azizuddin husain 2002 did characterise it as a rebellion 10 charles the bold had also purchased gerhard vii duke of jülich berg s claimed rights to guelders in the year 1473 28 references edit faruqui 2012 p 186 189 holsti 1991 p 308 braumoeller 2019 p 160 163 sandberg 2016 p 179 1 2 3 faruqui 2012 p 189 190 lea david rowe annamarie 2003 a political chronology of africa abingdon routledge p 239 isbn 9781135356668 retrieved 7 april 2022 flint 1975 p 216 ooi 2004 p 735 ooi 2004 p 692 693 1 2 3 4 5 faruqui 2012 p 182 1 2 3 faruqui 2012 p 189 1 2 faruqui 2012 p 190 1 2 faruqui 2012 p 182 187 faruqui 2012 p 182 186 faruqui 2012 p 182 189 faruqui 2012 p 187 188 faruqui 2012 p 190 191 david chapy aubrée 2022 anne de france gouverner au féminin à la renaissance in french paris humensis p 21 isbn 9782379332784 retrieved 6 december 2022 bien qu issu d une lignée relativement fidèle au pouvoir royal pierre participe néanmoins comme ses frères à la guerre du bien public rébellion princière dirigée contre louis xi en 1465 although he came from a line that was relatively loyal to the royal power pierre like his brothers took part in the war of the public good a princely rebellion against louis xi in 1465 noordzij aart 2008 gelre dynastie land en identiteit in de late middeleeuwen guelders dynasty country and identity in the late middle ages dissertation in dutch leiden university pp 154 157 retrieved 13 november 2025 noordzij 2008 p 171 noordzij 2008 p 172 noordzij 2008 pp 172 173 noordzij 2008 pp 97 172 1 2 noordzij 2008 p 173 noordzij 2008 p 52 künker fritz rudolf 2007 künker auktion 121 the de wit collection of medieval coins gmbh co kg numismatischer verlag künker p 320 ggkey xa7ppk6zhf7 noordzij 2008 p 215 noordzij 2008 p 56 martin 2007 p 26 martin 1995 p 28 29 martin 2007 p 31 upton anthony f 2001 3 politics protest rebellion revolution a mid century crisis the seventeenth century europe 1598 1715 oxford oxford university press pp 88 90 isbn 9780198731689 retrieved 30 september 2021 appendix kokkonen sundell 2017 p 23 bibliography edit braumoeller bear f 2019 only the dead the persistence of war in the modern age oxford oxford university press p 288 isbn 9780190849542 faruqui munis d 2012 the princes of the mughal empire 1504 1719 cambridge cambridge university press pp 181 234 isbn 9781139536752 retrieved 13 april 2022 doi 10 1017 cbo9781139135474 009 flint john e 1975 the cambridge history of africa volume 5 from c 1790 to c 1870 cambridge cambridge university press isbn 9780521207010 retrieved 4 august 2022 holsti kalevi 1991 peace and war armed conflicts and international order 1648 1989 cambridge cambridge university press p 379 isbn 9780521399296 appendix kokkonen andrej sundell anders september 2017 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