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nry vi caused some concern in the byzantine empire and alexios iii slightly altered his imperial title to en christoi to theo pistos basileus theostephes anax krataios huspelos augoustos kai autokrator romaion in greek and in christo deo fidelis imperator divinitus coronatus sublimis potens excelsus semper augustus moderator romanorum in latin though previous byzantine emperors had used basileus kai autokrator romaion emperor and autocrat of the romans alexios iii s title separated basileus from the rest and replaced its position with augoustos augustus the old roman imperial title creating the possible interpretation that alexios iii was simply an emperor basileus and besides that also the moderator romanorum autocrat of the romans but not explicitly the roman emperor so that he was no longer in direct competition with his rival in germany and that his title was less provocative to the west in general alexios iii s successor alexios iv angelos continued with this practice and went even further inverting the order of moderator romanorum and rendering it as romanorum moderator 43 the latin empire edit the path of the fourth crusade 1202 1204 and the political situation within the borders of the former byzantine empire after its victory a series of events and the intervention of venice led to the fourth crusade 1202 1204 sacking constantinople instead of attacking its intended target egypt when the crusaders seized constantinople in 1204 they founded the latin empire and called their new realm the imperium constantinopolitanum the same term used for the byzantine empire in papal correspondence this suggests that although they had placed a new catholic emperor baldwin i on the throne of constantinople and changed the administrative structure of the empire into a feudal network of counties duchies and kingdoms the crusaders viewed themselves as taking over the byzantine empire rather than replacing it with a new entity 50 notably baldwin i was designated as an emperor not a king this is despite the fact that the crusaders as western christians would have recognized the holy roman empire as the true roman empire and its ruler as the sole true emperor and that founding treaties of the latin empire explicitly designate the empire as in the service of the roman catholic church 51 in 1204 thomas morosini was elected first latin patriarch of constantinople 52 while the greek orthodox patriarch fled to bulgaria and after his death a successor was elected in nicaea 53 the rulers of the latin empire although they seem to have called themselves emperors of constantinople imperator constantinopolitanus or emperors of romania imperator romaniae romania being a byzantine term meaning the land of the romans in correspondence with the papacy used the same imperial titles within their own empire as their direct byzantine predecessors with the titles of the latin emperors dei gratia fidelissimus in christo imperator a deo coronatus romanorum moderator et semper augustus being near identical to the latin version of the title of byzantine emperor alexios iv fidelis in christo imperator a deo coronatus romanorum moderator et semper augustus 54 as such the titles of the latin emperors continued the compromise in titulature worked out by alexios iii 43 in his seals baldwin i abbreviated romanorum as rom a convenient and slight adjustment that left it open to interpretation if it truly referred to romanorum or if it meant romaniae 54 seal of baldwin i the first latin emperor the abbreviation rom conveniently leaves it open to interpretation if he refers to romaniae romania or romanorum the romans the latin emperors saw the term romanorum or romani in a new light not seeing it as referring to the western idea of geographic romans inhabitants of the city of rome but not adopting the byzantine idea of the ethnic romans greek speaking citizens of the byzantine empire either instead they saw the term as a political identity encapsulating all subjects of the roman emperor i e all the subjects of their multi national empire whose ethnicities encompassed latins greeks armenians and bulgarians 55 the embracing of the roman nature of the emperorship in constantinople would have brought the latin emperors into conflict with the idea of translatio imperii furthermore the latin emperors claimed the dignity of deo coronatus as the byzantine emperors had claimed before them a dignity the holy roman emperors could not claim being dependent on the pope for their coronation despite the fact that the latin emperors would have recognized the holy roman empire as the roman empire they nonetheless claimed a position that was at least equal to that of the holy roman emperors 56 in 1207 1208 latin emperor henry proposed to marry the daughter of the elected rex romanorum in the holy roman empire henry vi s brother philip of swabia yet to be crowned emperor due to an ongoing struggle with the rival claimant otto of brunswick philip s envoys responded that henry was an advena stranger outsider and solo nomine imperator emperor in name only and that the marriage proposal would only be accepted if henry recognized philip as the imperator romanorum and suus dominus his master as no marriage occurred it is clear that submission to the holy roman emperor was not considered an option 57 the emergence of the latin empire and the submission of constantinople to the catholic church as facilitated by its emperors altered the idea of translatio imperii into what was called divisio imperii division of empire the idea which became accepted by pope innocent iii saw the formal recognition of constantinople as an imperial seat of power and its rulers as legitimate emperors which could rule in tandem with the already recognized emperors in the west the idea resulted in that the latin emperors never attempted to enforce any religious or political authority in the west but attempted to enforce a hegemonic religious and political position similar to that held by the holy roman emperors in the west over the lands in eastern europe and the eastern mediterranean especially in regards to the crusader states in the levant where the latin emperors would oppose the local claims of the holy roman emperors 57 and claims of bulgarian or greek orthodox monarchs 58 holy roman emperor frederick ii later formed an alliance with their rival john iii doukas vatatzes of the nicene empire against the papal state which had been in conflict with 59 60 frederick ii deposed john of brienne who would soon become co emperor of the latin empire as the king of jerusalem in 1225 john of brienne launched a crusade with papal support against the hohenstaufen held kingdom of sicily in 1229 and become latin emperor soon after 61 frederick ii gained a claim to the defunct frankish kingdom of thessalonica in 1230 which might indicate further ambitions in the agean maybe connected to earlier siculo norman ambitions 62 he reportedly supported the nicene claim to constantinople 63 and helped john iii against a crusade planned by pope gregory ix following a nicaean bulgarian siege of constantinople 64 according to philippe mouskes john iii offered him vassalage if frederick ii conquered constantinople for him and expelled latin emperor baldwin ii to france such arrangement is seen as unlikely 65 and frederick ii rather addressed him as his equal avoiding the term vassal which he had been using for italian lords and cities 66 but it is seen as probably that john iii provided military help in exchange for his claims 65 the latin empire was politically unstable the greek orthodox population resisted the new government and sympathized with the new greek rump states and the slavic speaking second bulgarian empire and kingdom of serbia which tried to profit of the weakness of the latin empire or even conquer constantinople which eventually happened in 1261 67 restoration of the byzantine empire edit emperor michael viii palaiologos recaptured constantinople from the latin empire in 1261 michael and his dynasty would pursue a policy of reconciliation with the west much to the dismay of their subjects with the byzantine reconquest of constantinople in 1261 under emperor michael viii palaiologos the papacy suffered a loss of prestige and endured severe damage to its spiritual authority once more the easterners had asserted their right not only to the position of roman emperor but also to a church independent of the one centered in rome the popes who were active during michael s reign all pursued a policy of attempting to assert their religious authority over the byzantine empire as michael was aware that the popes held considerable sway in the west and wishing to avoid a repeat of the events of 1204 he dispatched an embassy to pope urban iv immediately after taking possession of the city the two envoys were immediately imprisoned once they sat foot in italy one was flayed alive and the other managed to escape back to constantinople 68 from 1266 to his death in 1282 michael would repeatedly be threatened by the king of sicily charles of anjou who aspired to restore the latin empire and periodically enjoyed papal support 69 meanwhile in the holy roman empire there had been no emperor during this time period pope innocent iv officially deposed emperor frederick ii with his bull ad apostolicae dignitatis apicem in 1245 70 but frederick ii rejected the legitimacy of the bull 71 following his death in 1250 the interregnum started which lasted until the election of rudolf of the house of habsburg in 1273 to king of the romans 72 the next king crowned to be emperor was henry vii in 1312 92 years after the coronation of frederick ii 73 michael viii and his successors the palaiologan dynasty aspired to reunite the eastern orthodox church with the church of rome chiefly because michael recognized that only the pope could constrain charles of anjou to this end byzantine envoys were present at the second council of lyons in 1274 where the church of constantinople was formally reunified with rome restoring communion after more than two centuries 74 on his return to constantinople michael was taunted with the words you have become a frank which remains a term in greek to taunt converts to catholicism to this day 75 the union of the churches aroused passionate opposition from the byzantine people the orthodox clergy and even within the imperial family itself michael s sister eulogia and her daughter anna wife of the ruler of epirus nikephoros i komnenos doukas were among the chief leaders of the anti unionists nikephoros his half brother john i doukas of thessaly and even the emperor of trebizond john ii megas komnenos soon joined the anti unionist cause and gave support to the anti unionists fleeing constantinople 76 nevertheless the union achieved michael s main aim it legitimized michael and his successors as rulers of constantinople in the eyes of the west furthermore michael s idea of a crusade to recover the lost portions of anatolia received positive reception at the council though such a campaign would never materialize 77 the union was disrupted in 1281 when michael was excommunicated possibly due to pope martin iv having been pressured by charles of anjou 78 following michael s death and with the threat of an angevin invasion having subsided following the sicilian vespers his successor andronikos ii palaiologos was quick to repudiate the hated union of the churches 79 although popes after michael s death would periodically consider a new crusade against constantinople to once more impose catholic rule no such plans materialized 80 the angevin pretenders of the latin throne held on to the nominal sovereigns over frankish greece namely achaea albania athens and naxos 81 although michael viii unlike his predecessors did not protest when addressed as the emperor of the greeks by the popes in letters and at the council of lyons his conception of his universal emperorship remained unaffected 2 as late as 1395 when constantinople was more or less surrounded by the rapidly expanding ottoman empire and it was apparent that its fall was a matter of time patriarch antony iv of constantinople still referenced the idea of the universal empire in a letter to the grand prince of moscow vasily i stating that anyone other than the byzantine emperor assuming the title of emperor was illegal and unnatural 82 faced with the ottoman danger michael s successors prominently john v and manuel ii periodically attempted to restore the union much to the dismay of their subjects at the council of florence in 1439 emperor john viii reaffirmed the union in the light of imminent turkish attacks on what little remained of his empire to the byzantine citizens themselves the union of the churches which had assured the promise of a great western crusade against the ottomans was a death warrant for their empire john viii had betrayed their faith and as such their entire imperial ideology and world view the promised crusade the fruit of john viii s labor ended only in disaster as it was defeated by the turks at the battle of varna in 1444 83 the last claimant to the latin empire james of baux transferred his title to louis i of anjou in 1383 84 who has not use it either because of his failed conquest of naples 85 around his death the avenings lost control over both remaining footholds in greece namely achaea and durazzo in albania 86 only a few capetians like marie of blois for her son 87 and king charles viii of france had some plans to regain their former dominions 88 similarly the last claimant to the byzantine throne andreas palaiologos transferred his title to charles viii and again testimonially to ferdinand ii of aragon and isabella i of castile but neither of them actively used the title with charles ix of france stopping the usage all together 89 and the spanish crown falling to the habsburgs 90 eastern disputes edit see also byzantine commonwealth byzantine bulgarian dispute edit see also byzantine bulgarian wars and latin bulgarian wars romanos i lekapenos negotiating with simeon i of bulgaria 15th century miniature from the radziwiłł chronicle the dispute between the byzantine empire and the holy roman empire was mostly confined to the realm of diplomacy never fully exploding into open war this was probably mainly due to the great geographical distance separating the two empires a large scale campaign would have been infeasible to undertake for either emperor 91 events in germany france and the west in general were of little compelling interest to the byzantines as they firmly believed that the western provinces would eventually be reconquered 92 of more compelling interest were political developments in their near vicinity and in 913 the knyaz prince or king of bulgaria simeon i arrived at the walls of constantinople with an army simeon i s demands were not only that bulgaria would be recognized as independent from the byzantine empire but that it was to be ...