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processor computing wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history 2 design 3 types toggle types subsection 3 1 cpu 3 2 gpu 3 3 dsp 3 4 qpu 3 5 dpu 3 6 npu 4 references toggle the table of contents processor computing 43 languages alemannisch العربية تۆرکجه башҡортса български bosanski словѣньскъ ⱄⰾⱁⰲⱑⱀⱐⱄⰽⱏ чӑвашла dansk deutsch zazaki esperanto eesti فارسی français bahasa indonesia ido italiano 日本語 qaraqalpaqsha қазақша 한국어 къарачай малкъар latviešu монгол nederlands polski português runa simi română русский sängö srpskohrvatski српскохрватски slovenčina svenska தமிழ் ไทย türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia electrical component for processing data in computing and computer science a processor or processing unit is an electrical component digital circuit that performs operations on an external data source usually memory or some other data stream 1 the term is frequently used to refer to the central processing unit cpu the main processor in a system it can also refer to other specialized processors such as graphics processing units gpu quantum processing units qpu and digital signal processors dsp the design and development of a processor is intricate and time consuming because it requires defining both its functional requirements operations it must perform and its non functional requirements the physical and performance constraints 2 it is typically built to operate on digital data as an integrated circuit using semiconducting material containing transistors organized into logic gates further organized into sections such as ip blocks or cores that can be connected together history edit the word processor has been applied to computers since at least the early 1950s 3 early computers utilized complex arrays of vacuum tubes these early computers were large expensive and power intensive limiting their use to large organizations the manchester mark 1 represents one of the earliest processors in the modern sense as the first general purpose computer capable of storing programs 4 the invention of the transistor brought about rapid innovation in the computer industry 5 transistors enabled computer processors to be denser and more power efficient reducing the size of computers from rooms to something that could fit on a desk processors began to increase in processing power by a factor of two every year as transistors shrunk in size and more could be incorporated in a single computer an observation known as moore s law the first transistors used in computing were millimeters across now modern transistors can be produced at less than 5nm 6 transistors eventually shrunk to the point where an entire processor could be implemented on a few monolithic integrated circuits chips those processors were called microprocessors the first generally available single chip microprocessor was the intel 4004 which combined all of the logic circuits required by a computer into a single integrated circuit chip it brought computing power to consumer devices such as digital calculators and pinball machines the intel 8008 was the first single chip microprocessor used as a general purpose processor modern processors have followed that format utilizing discretely packaged single chip microprocessors with external memory and i o citation needed design edit when designing a processor the non functional and functional requirements must be established before the design can be applied to hardware or software systems many functional requirements are selected from a set of basic instructions or common algorithms used within processing chips although a variety of tools are employed to aid processor development the overall design process remains time consuming because of the numerous intricacies involved citation needed the non functional requirements of a processor refer to its materialistic components for example the processor s silicon area pin count and power and energy consumption all affect the design the cost of manufacturing the processor and its retail price affect those components 2 diagram of a processor with connected memory using von neumann architecture the functional requirements of a processor are its operations and operating environment the operations are the set of instructions that the processor follows in order to execute its main function operations are written using different sets of algorithms with varying operands the time a processor spends running the type of memory subsystem connected to the processor and the input output i o are all examples of operating environments these environments impact how the operations within the functional requirements are written 2 profiling algorithms helps determine critical details within an algorithm that affect its optimality profiling between the prototype code and existing processor designs develops understanding of algorithmic applications algorithms within existing processors are usually built to optimize slightly different main functions so not all operations used in this reference may be needed in the prototype design if the developer relies solely on the reference the final operating code may be inefficient 2 the organizational architecture of a processor refers to the ordered set of basic instructions that allows the processor to complete its task there are numerous ways the instructions can be organized in order to achieve a certain goal but the efficiency of the code will vary using kernel operations automated performance estimators or simulator generators can help the developer determine the most efficient organizational architecture for the processor 2 when the final prototype of the processor is created it is implemented into different hardwares and softwares hardware implementation requires high level modeling such as converting functional blocks into a hardware description language and arranging the functional blocks on the processor chip to optimize its performance and area software implementation is the hardest part of the design process this process requires debugging hardware and software issues that prevent the processor to run cohesively within the software 2 types edit cpu edit cpu made by intel 2023 central processing units cpus are the primary processors in computers and are responsible for executing program instructions they perform general purpose computing tasks using two main components the arithmetic logic unit alu which performs all math and logical comparisons and the control unit cu which manages the cpu s activities 7 most cpus follow the von neumann architecture where instructions and data share a common memory space the architecture executes programs through a cycle in which the cpu first fetches the instruction from memory and the cu decodes it then the instruction is executed and the alu finally stores the result back into memory 8 cpus work closely with the main memory storage devices and peripheral hardwares through the motherboard together these components allow the cpus to execute instructions that run the computer making them essential in fields like consumer electronics automotive data analytics and virtualization 9 gpu edit nec μpd7220 a gpu made nec 1981 graphics processing units gpus are components present in several devices such as laptops pcs smartphones game consoles supercomputers robots point of sale pos machines hpcs visualization or high end games 10 they are highly parallel designed to efficiently perform computer graphics operations and are useful for gaming machine learning video editing and artificial intelligence 10 although gpus were originally intended for use in graphics over time their application domains have expanded and now incorporate a multitude of tasks including being an important piece of hardware for machine learning 11 dsp edit digital signal processors dsps are processors in computers and are responsible for processing digital signals including audio video and sensor measurements 12 dsps are engineered for predictable real time performance using two key features deterministic instruction time which guarantees reliable execution speed and a memory layout that supports simultaneous access to both instructions and data 13 because dsps are programmable they are fit for a wide range of applications including audio signal processing speech recognition telecommunications sonar radar spectral density estimation statistical signal processing digital image processing data compression video coding audio coding image compression biomedical engineering and seismology 14 the application of digital computation to signal processing allows for many advantages over analog processing 15 qpu edit the quantum processing unit qpu is the core component of a quantum computer the qpu processes information using qubits which make up the quantum chip and are integrated into high performance computing hpc systems alongside cpus and gpus 16 the most common types of quantum processors are superconducting processors photonic processors neutral atom quantum processors trapped ion processors topological processors and quantum dot processors each having variations in its architecture layout fidelity and number of qubits 17 these variations are suited for certain tasks such as speed coherence times scalability compatibility and performance 16 manufacturers of qpus include ibm d wave google and rigetti 18 dpu edit a data processing unit dpu is a programmable computer processor that tightly integrates a general purpose cpu with network interface hardware npu edit a neural processing unit npu also known as an ai accelerator or deep learning processor is a class of specialized hardware accelerator 19 or computer system 20 21 designed to accelerate artificial intelligence and machine learning applications including artificial neural networks and computer vision references edit wienand ian 2004 01 01 computer science from the bottom up pp 30 138 1 2 3 4 5 6 nurmi jari 2007 processor design system on chip computing for asics and fpgas dordrecht the netherlands springer pp 69 82 isbn 978 1 4020 5529 4 a survey of domestic electronic digital computing systems ed thelen org 1955 retrieved 2025 11 22 lavington s h 1977 the manchester mark i and atlas a historical perspective pdf this month in physics history www aps org archived from the original on 2025 03 28 retrieved 2025 11 22 nanoscale transistors could enable more efficient electronics mit news massachusetts institute of technology 2024 11 04 retrieved 2025 11 22 yıldız abdullah ugurdag h fatih aktemur barış i̇skender deniz gören sezer 2018 cpu design simplified 2018 3rd international conference on computer science and engineering ubmk pp 630 632 doi 10 1109 ubmk 2018 8566475 isbn 978 1 5386 7893 0 dive into systems diveintosystems org retrieved 2025 11 20 cpu examples applications and use cases ibm www ibm com 2024 06 10 retrieved 2025 11 20 1 2 peddie jon 2022 the history of the gpu steps to invention 1st ed cham springer international publishing ag pp 333 335 isbn 978 3 031 10968 3 cpu vs gpu what s the difference intel retrieved 2025 11 22 skolnick david levine noam 1998 why use dsp pdf analog dialogue 32 1 jetser walt 2000 mixed signal and dsp design techniques analog devices applications of digital signal processing geeksforgeeks 2024 07 08 retrieved 2025 11 20 eyre jennifer bier jeff the evolution of dsp processors pdf berkeley design technology inc 1 2 schneider josh smalley ian 2024 11 01 what is a qpu quantum processing unit ibm retrieved 2025 11 18 dargan james 2025 09 19 what types of quantum computers exist in 2025 quantum insider archived from the original on 7 feb 2025 retrieved 2025 11 18 dargan james 2025 11 08 quantum computing companies in 2025 mapping the global quantum landscape quantum insider archived from the original on 22 nov 2025 retrieved 2025 11 18 intel unveils movidius compute stick usb ai accelerator july 21 2017 archived from the original on august 11 2017 retrieved august 11 2017 inspurs unveils gx4 ai accelerator june 21 2017 wiggers kyle november 6 2019 2019 neural magic raises 15 million to boost ai inferencing speed on off the shelf processors archived from the original on march 6 2020 retrieved march 14 2020 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title processor_ computing oldid 1360386703 categories digital electronics electronic design hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from january 2026 this page was last edited on 21 june 2026 at 04 49 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents processor computing 43 languages add topic