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t the dust of the earth your offspring also can be counted arise walk through the length and the breadth of the land for i will give it to you genesis 13 14 17 english standard version later in a passage called the covenant of the pieces genesis 15 18 21 sets out an account of god s gift to abram a huge amount of land defined by its borders gevulot ha aretz 1 on that day the lord made a covenant with abram and said to your descendants i give this land from the wadi of egypt to the great river the euphrates the land of the kenites kenizzites kadmonites hittites perizzites rephaites amorites canaanites girgashites and jebusites genesis 15 18 21 niv these promises attributed to god were given prior to the birth of abraham s sons 2 god s further promise was given when abraham was 99 years of age after his first son ishmael had been born i will give to you and to your offspring after you the land of your sojournings all the land of canaan for an everlasting possession and i will be their god genesis 17 8 esv subsequent confirmations edit god later confirms the promise to abraham s son isaac genesis 26 3 and then to isaac s son jacob genesis 28 13 in terms of the land on which you are lying jacob is later renamed israel genesis 32 28 and his descendants are called the children of israel or the twelve tribes of israel the torah s subsequent book of exodus describes it as land flowing with milk and honey exodus 3 17 and gives verses on how to treat the prior occupants and marks the borders in terms of the red sea the sea of the philistines and the river which a modern english bible translates to i will establish your borders from the red sea to the mediterranean sea and from the desert to the euphrates river i will give into your hands the people who live in the land and you will drive them out before you do not make a covenant with them or with their gods do not let them live in your land or they will cause you to sin against me because the worship of their gods will certainly be a snare to you exodus 23 31 33 the israelites lived in a smaller area of former canaanite land and land east of the jordan river after the legendary prophet moses led the israelite exodus out of egypt numbers 34 1 12 the torah s book of deuteronomy presents this occupation as their god s fulfillment of the promise deuteronomy 1 8 moses anticipated that their god might subsequently give the israelites land reflecting the boundaries of the original promise if they were obedient to the covenant deuteronomy 19 8 9 boundaries from the book of numbers edit the boundaries of the promised land given in the book of numbers chapter 34 are the south border v 3 then your south quarter shall be from the wilderness of zin along by the coast of edom and your south border shall be the outmost coast of the salt sea eastward v 4 and your border shall turn from the south to the ascent of akrabbim and pass on to zin and the going forth thereof shall be from the south to kadesh barnea and shall go on to hazar addar and pass on to azmon v 5 and the border shall fetch a compass from azmon unto the river of egypt and the goings out of it shall be at the sea the western border v 6 and as for the western border ye shall even have the great sea for a border this shall be your west border the north border v 7 and this shall be your north border from the great sea ye shall point out for you mount hor v 8 from mount hor ye shall point out your border unto the entrance of hamath and the goings forth of the border shall be to zedad v 9 and the border shall go on to ziphron and the goings out of it shall be at hazar enan this shall be your north border the east border v 10 and ye shall point out your east border from hazar enan to shepham v 11 and the coast shall go down from shepham to riblah on the east side of ain and the border shall descend and shall reach unto the side of the sea of chinnereth eastward v 12 and the border shall go down to jordan and the goings out of it shall be at the salt sea this shall be your land with the coasts thereof round about 3 interpretations edit jewish interpretation edit the concept of the promised land is a central religious belief of the jewish people 4 5 better source needed mainstream jewish tradition regards the promise made to abraham isaac and jacob as applying to anyone a member of the jewish people including proselytes and in turn their descendants 6 and is signified through the brit milah rite of circumcision genesis 15 18 records god s covenant with abraham which includes the borders of the promised land 7 8 בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא כָּרַת ה אֶת אַבְרָם בְּרִית לֵאמֹר לְזַרְעֲךָ נָתַתִּי אֶת הָאָרֶץ הַזֹּאת מִנְּהַר מִצְרַיִם עַד הַנָּהָר הַגָּדֹל נְהַר פְּרָת in english 9 on that day god made a covenant with abraham to your offspring i assign this land from the river of egypt to the great river the river euphrates the contemporary torah book of joshua 1 4 records the first prophecy given to joshua about the conquest of the land 10 11 מֵהַמִּדְבָּר֩ וְהַלְּבָנ֨וֹן הַזֶּ֜ה וְֽעַד הַנָּהָ֧ר הַגָּד֣וֹל נְהַר פְּרָ֗ת כֹּ֚ל אֶ֣רֶץ הַֽחִתִּ֔ים וְעַד הַיָּ֥ם הַגָּד֖וֹל מְב֣וֹא הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁ יִֽהְיֶ֖ה גְּבוּלְכֶֽם in english 12 your territory will extend from the desert to lebanon and from the great river the euphrates all the hittite country to the mediterranean sea in the west the jps tanakh christian interpretation edit imagined painting by frans pourbus the elder c 1565 1580 depicting the israelite s god showing moses the promised land new testament edit in the new testament the descent and promise is reinterpreted along religious lines 13 in the epistle to the galatians paul the apostle draws attention to the formulation of the promise avoiding the term seeds in the plural meaning many people choosing instead seed meaning one person who he understands to be jesus and those united with him for example in galatians 3 16 he notes the promises were spoken to abraham and to his seed scripture does not say and to seeds meaning many people but and to your seed meaning one person who is christ 14 in galatians 3 28 29 paul goes further noting that the expansion of the promise from singular to the plural is not based on genetic physical association but a spiritual religious one there is neither jew nor gentile neither slave nor free neither male nor female for you are all one in christ jesus if you belong to christ then you are abraham s seed and heirs according to the promise 15 in romans 4 13 it is written it was not through the law that abraham and his offspring received the promise that he would be heir of the world but through the righteousness that comes by faith german lutheran old testament commentator johann friedrich karl keil states that the covenant is through isaac but notes that ishmael s descendants have held much of that land through time 16 jerome edit the boundaries of the promised land given by jerome around 400 ce read you may delineate the promised land of moses from the book of numbers ch 34 as bounded on the south by the desert tract called sina between the dead sea and the city of kadesh barnea which is located with the arabah to the east and continues to the west as far as the river of egypt that discharges into the open sea near the city of rhinocolara as bounded on the west by the sea along the coasts of palestine phoenicia coele syria and cilicia as bounded on the north by the circle formed by the taurus mountains 17 and zephyrium and extending to hamath called epiphany syria as bounded on the east by the city of antioch hippos and lake kinneret now called tiberias and then the jordan river which discharges into the salt sea now called the dead sea 18 19 later theologians edit keil and delitzsch in the 19th century note that abraham had taken the western lands of canaan after lot his nephew had chosen to occupy the jordan valley in genesis 13 11 12 but lot in fact had no share in the promise of god and the words northward and southward and eastward and westward all the land that you see in genesis 13 14 15 indicate that abraham was promised the whole extent of the land 20 muslim interpretation edit main articles ishmael in islam genealogy and association with arabs quraysh origins and family tree of muhammad jewish and muslim tradition with records that date to at least as far back as the works of 1st century jewish historian flavius josephus postulates that abraham s first son ishmael was the founder of the arab race 21 islam s main prophet muhammad also considered himself a hanif that is a true monotheistic believer of the religion of abraham his tribe the quraysh traces its ancestry to ishmael however this cannot be proven as there are 30 missing ancestors from the lineage citation needed for these reasons muslims in general understand that arabs are also entitled to the promised land bestowed upon their common ancestor abraham ibrahim later uses edit american colonialism edit many european colonists saw america as the promised land representing a haven from religious conflicts and persecution for instance puritan minister john cotton s 1630 sermon god s promise to his plantation gave colonizers departing england to massachusetts repeated references to the exodus story and later german immigrants sang america is a beautiful land that god promised to abraham 22 in a sermon celebrating independence in 1783 yale president ezra stiles implied that americans were chosen and delivered from bondage to a promised land the lord shall have made his american israel high above all nations which he hath made 23 reflecting language from deuteronomy of the promise shawnee lenape scholar steven newcomb argued in his 2008 book pagans in the promised land decoding the doctrine of christian discovery 24 that christendom s discovery doctrine was also the same claim of the right to kill and plunder non christians found in this covenant tradition whereby the lord in deuteronomy told his chosen people how they were to utterly destroy the many nations before thee when he brought them into the land he had discovered and promised to his chosen people to possess and that this right was woven into us law through the 1823 johnson v mcintosh supreme court ruling 25 african american spirituals edit african american spirituals invoke the imagery of the promised land as heaven or paradise 26 and as an escape from slavery which could often only be reached by death citation needed the imagery and term also appear elsewhere in popular culture in sermons and in speeches such as martin luther king jr s 1968 i ve been to the mountaintop in which he said i just want to do god s will and he s allowed me to go up to the mountain and i ve looked over and i ve seen the promised land i may not get there with you but i want you to know tonight that we as a people will get to the promised land so i m happy tonight i m not worried about anything i m not fearing any man mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the lord 27 palestinian nationalism edit some palestinians claim partial descent from the israelites and maccabees as well as from other peoples who have lived in the region 28 1845 salomon munk palestine description géographique historique et archéologique in l univers pittoresque under the name palestine we comprehend the small country formerly inhabited by the israelites and which is today part of acre and damascus pachalics it stretched between 31 and 33 n latitude and between 32 and 35 degrees e longitude an area of about 1300 french lieues carrées some zealous writers to give the land of the hebrews some political importance have exaggerated the extent of palestine but we have an authority for us that one can not reject st jerome who had long traveled in this country said in his letter to dardanus ep 129 that the northern boundary to that of the southern was a distance of 160 roman miles which is about 55 french lieues he paid homage to the truth despite his fears as he said himself of availing the promised land to pagan mockery pudet dicere latitudinem terrae repromissionis ne ethnicis occasionem blasphemandi dedisse uideamur latin i am embarrassed to say the breadth of the promised land lest we seem to have given the heathen an opportunity of blaspheming 29 30 see also edit battle of refidim canaan conquest of canaan covenant of the pieces greater israel holy land israel jews as the chosen people land of israel palestine region southern levant who is a jew yom haaliyah notes edit the torah and the hebrew bible are both originally jewish scriptures but they are also regarded as holy in christianity which initially emerged as a jewish religious movement and islam christians regard the hebrew bible as the old testament while muslims refer to the torah by the arabic name tawrat references edit levy o 2003 gevulot haaretz kol torah article volume 13 no 9 torah academy of bergen county accessed on 11 april 2026 recounted in genesis 16 and genesis 21 henry p linton 1884 notes on the book of numbers pp 170 the land of israel compare haberman bonna devora october 2014 rereading israel the spirit of the matter reprint ed jerusalem urim publications published 2014 p 151 isbn 9789655242027 retrieved 8 november 2020 both maccabean and modern zionism seek to ensure the security of the jewish people to exist practice freely and continue to develop our gifts to humankind conversion to judaism resource center archived from the original on 4 april 2016 retrieved 13 march 2016 bible gateway passage genesis 15 18 new international version bible gateway retrieved 2025 08 24 בראשית טו ויקיטקסט he wikisource org in hebrew retrieved 2025 08 24 the contemporary torah the jewish publication society retrieved 2025 08 24 bible gateway passage joshua 1 new international version bible gateway retrieved 2025 08 24 joshua 1 4 www sefaria org retrieved 2025 08 24 the jps tanakh gender sensitive edition the jewish publication society retrieved 2025 08 24 burge gary m 2014 the new testament and the land in paul s rowe john h a dyck jens zimmermann eds christians and the middle east conflict routledge isbn 9781317801115 thus if you were a child of abraham by race you inevitably were heir to the great land promises in the holy land paul challenges the exclusivity of racial descent from abraham children of abraham consist of people jews and gentiles who share abraham s faith and the promise of god he notes comes to abraham and his seed singular and this seed is christ gal 3 16 thus christ is the true heir of abraham and his promises and if we belong to christ we too are attached to abraham and the promises given to him again for the non jewish christian it is hard to imagine the impact of this theological subversion paul has upended one of the chief arguments for exclusive jewish privilege in the holy land if you want a glimpse of just how striking paul s rethinking of this could be just look at romans 4 13 here paul refers directly to the inheritance of abraham this was the gift of ca...