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mpleted 1506 include arabesque and pseudo kufic design elements such decorative elements addressed both social realities and aesthetic tastes the presence of many arabized christians in many of these otherwise christian states and a general appreciation among the christian aristocracy for islamic high culture of the time examples are known of the incorporation of kufic script and islamic inspired colourful diamond shaped designs such as a 13th french limoges enamel ciborium at the british museum 8 the band in pseudo kufic script was a recurrent ornamental feature in limoges and had long been adopted in aquitaine 9 in the byzantine empire edit pseudo kufic artistic elements are found throughout the former byzantine empire 10 11 churches and monasteries such as hosios loukas and the church of the holy apostles in athens include pseudo kufic decoration 12 in ecclesiastical buildings the use of pseudo kufic decoration was most popular starting in the first quarter of the eleventh century and ending about the middle of the twelfth 12 22 scholarly debate has focused on why byzantine christian artisans would have utilized arabesque artistic elements at a time when byzantium was in direct conflict with the arab world the byzantine reconquest of the emirate of crete occurred in 961 near in time to the 10th century erection of hosios loukas use of the pseudo kufic motifs may have been a way to signal military triumph in the same way that arab armor inscribed with kufic script was taken to constantinople as spoils of war 11 the use of arab like script may have reflected the fact that arabic had become the colloquial language in important monasteries and among christians in the holy land and egypt 11 alternatively the use of the motifs may have been solely aesthetic borrowing designs from luxury goods imported from the arab world such as ceramics textiles or illuminated manuscripts 12 30 31 pseudo kufic inscription meaning allah combined with arabesque elements at the arc of the apse 12th century in the chapel of saint john prügg armenian inscription that runs around the cornice of the east facade of the st astvatsatsin church in harichavank 1201 13 pseudo kufic band in limoges enamel ciborium c 1200 louvre museum 9 blue and white faience albarello with kufic inspired designs tuscany 2nd half of 15th century pseudo arabic i e not kufic style surrounding an interior window of the church of san román toledo spain c 1221 decoration from a wall in the alcázar of seville c 1350 showing a band of pseudo kufic decoration meant to mimic decorations in the alhambra part of the metal facade on the main door to the cathedral of seville c 1500 showing both arabesque and pseudo kufic design elements renaissance painting edit part of a series on arabic culture architecture styles nabataean yemeni islamic umayyad abbasid fatimid moorish mamluk features ablaq alfiz arabesque early medieval arabic domes high medieval arabic domes late medieval arabic domes banna i gardens girih horseshoe arch howz hypostyle islamic calligraphy islamic geometric patterns islamic ornament iwan liwan mashrabiya riad mosaic multifoil arch muqarnas nagash painting qadad reflecting pool riwaq sahn socarrat stucco decoration tadelakt vaulting voussoir windcatcher zellij types albarrana tower alcázar souq caravanserai bimaristan hammam kasbah madrasa maqam mazar mosque medina quarter qalat ribat sabil shadirvan tekyeh well house zawiya art styles ancient south arabian art nabataean art islamic art fatimid art mamluk art types arabic calligraphy arabic graffiti arab carpet arabic miniature arab pottery palestinian wood carving islamic embroidery islamic hardstone carving islamic garden islamic glass islamic ivory carving islamic metalwork features arabesque arabic geometric patterns banna i damascus steel damask girih tiles hedwig glass kiswah muqarnas pseudo arabic zellij cuisine eastern arabian levantine iraqi egyptian sudanese maghrebi dress headwear agal battoulah haik keffiyeh litham madhalla sidara taqiyah tantour tarboush fez turban clothing abaya bisht burnous djellaba durra ah fouta towel izaar jellabiya kaftan macawis robe of honour sirwal takchita thawb tiraz music theory arabic maqam arab tone system algerian scale jins lazma quarter tone rhythm in arabic music tarab teslim arabic musical instruments great book of music kitab al aghani genres arabic pop arabic hip hop arabic rock arabic jazz classical arab music opera al jeel khaliji raï art music andalusian classical music andalusi nubah bashraf dawr dulab layali malhun iraqi maqam mawwal muwashshah qasidah qudud halabiya sama i tahmilah taqsim waslah folk ataaba algerian raï bedouin chaabi algeria chaabi morocco egyptian folk fann at tanbura fijiri gnawa north africa liwa mawwal mezwed samri sawt shaabi zajal dance ardah belly dance dabke deheyeh guedra hagallah khaleegy liwa mizmar ouled nail raqs sharqi samri shamadan schikhatt tahtib tanoura yowlah zār scripts old arabic nabataean arabic paleo arabic classical arabic modern standard arabic literature prose epic literature saj ryhmed prose maqama love in arabic literature arabic erotic literature arabic grimoires literary_criticism arabic short story tabaqat tezkire rihla mirrors for princes islamic quran tafsir hadith sīra fiqh aqidah poetry anthologies poets pre islamic arabic poetry modern arabic poetry genres madih hija rithā waṣf ghazal khamriyyah tardiyyah khawal fakhr hamasah forms diwan qasida muwashshah urjūza mathnawi ruba i nasīb riddles kharja zajal mawwal nabati ghinnawa humayni arabic prosody bayt ṭawīl madīd basīṭ kamil wāfir hazaj rajaz ramal munsariħ khafīf muqtaḍab mujtathth muḍāriʿ sarīʿ mutaqārib mutadārik national literatures of arab states algeria bahrain comoros djibouti egypt iraq jordan kuwait lebanon libya mauritania morocco oman palestine qatar saudi arabia somalia sudan syria tunisia u a e yemen science arabic chemistry arabic astrology arabic astronomy arabic geography arabic golden age arabic mathematics arabic medicine arabic psychology arabic technology philosophy early arabic philosophy islamic aristotelianism islamic platonism islamic logic kalam sufi metaphysics sufi philosophy farabism avicennism averroism concepts al aql al faal aql bi l fi l al insān al kāmil dhati peace arcs of descent and ascent asabiyyah hal irfan nafs qadar qalb texts liber de causis the theology of aristotle al isharat the book of the apple encyclopedia of the brethren of purity the incoherence of the philosophers the incoherence of the incoherence hayy ibn yaqdhan theologus autodidactus on the harmony of religions and philosophy muqaddimah sicilian questions fusus al hikam mythology ababil atlantis of the sands bahamut beast of the earth book of idols book of wonders buraq dandan falak ghoul hinn houri ifrit iram of the pillars jinn karkadann kujata luqman magic carpet marid mount qaf nasnas one thousand and one nights qareen qutrub roc shaddad shadhavar shams al ma arif she camel of god wāḳwāḳ zulfiqar zarqa al yamama fictional arab people aladdin abdul alhazred ali baba altaïr ibn la ahad battal gazi hayy ibn yaqdhan kara ben nemsi king marsile layla and majnun othello palamedes princess jasmine ra s al ghul sindbad talia al ghul spirituality north arabian deities allah al uzzá al lat manāt dushara chaabou manaf nuha al kutbay asira awal azizos bajir quzah manāt manāt a ra abgal aglibol al qaum atarsamain baalshamin bēl hubal suwa theandrios wadd malakbel orotalt ruda sa d yarhibol isāf and nā ila south arabian deities almaqah amm anbay athtar dhat badan haubas ta lab qaynan basamum dhul khalasa haukim nasr sīn ya uq yaghūth yatha v t e numerous instances of pseudo kufic are known from european art from around the 10th to the 15th century pseudo kufic inscriptions were often used as decorative bands in the architecture of byzantine greece from the mid 11th century to mid 12th century and in decorative bands around religious scenes in french and german wall paintings from the mid 12th to mid 13th century as well as in contemporary manuscript illuminations 14 pseudo kufic would also be used as writing or as decorative elements in textiles religious halos or frames 15 many are visible in the paintings of giotto c 1267 1337 3 from 1300 to 1600 according to rosamond mack the italian imitations of arabic script tend to rely on cursive arabic rather than kufic and therefore should better be designated by the more generalist term of pseudo arabic 3 the habit of representing gilt halos decorated with pseudo kufic script seems to have disappeared in 1350 but was revived around 1420 with the work of painters such as gentile da fabriano who was probably responding to artistic influence in florence or masaccio who was influenced by gentile although his own script was jagged and clumsy as well as giovanni toscani or fra angelico in a more gothic style 16 from around 1450 northern italian artists also started to incorporate pseudo islamic decorative devices in their paintings francesco squarcione started the trend in 1455 and he was soon followed by his main pupil andrea mantegna in the 1456 1459 san zeno altarpiece mantegna combines pseudo islamic script in halos and garment hems see detail to depiction of mamluk book bindings in the hand of san zeno see detail and even to a turkish carpet at the feet of the virgin mary see detail 17 the exact reason for the incorporation of pseudo kufic or pseudo arabic in medieval or early renaissance painting is unclear it seems that westerners mistakenly associated 13 14th century middle eastern scripts as being identical with the scripts current during jesus s time and thus found natural to represent early christians in association with them 18 in renaissance art pseudo kufic script was used to decorate the costumes of old testament heroes like david 19 another reason might be that artist wished to express a cultural universality for the christian faith by blending together various written languages at a time when the church had strong international ambitions 20 pseudo hebrew is also sometimes seen 21 as in the mosaics at the back of the apse and the base of the dome in marco marziale s circumcision which do not use actual hebrew characters 22 it was especially common in german works finally pseudo arabic elements became rare after the second decade of the 16th century 23 according to rosamond mack the eastern scripts garments and halos disappeared when the italians viewed the early christian era in an antique roman context 23 pseudo kufic on the veil of the virgin ugolino di nerio c 1315 1320 pseudo kufic mantle hem in paolo veneziano s virgin mary and child 1358 louvre museum pseudo arabic script in the virgin mary s halo detail of adoration of the magi 1423 by gentile da fabriano the script is further divided by rosettes like those on mamluk dishes 24 virgin mary with pseudo arabic halo by masaccio 1426 25 pseudo arabic on the christ child s blanket by gentile da fabriano 26 virgin with a gothicizing pseudo arabic halo by fra angelico c 1428 1430 the virgin mary in andrea mantegna s san zeno altarpiece combines pseudo arabic halos and garment hems with a turkish carpet at her feet c 1456 1459 gallery edit pseudo kufic on garments in henri bellechose s le retable de saint denis c 1415 1416 virgin of humility adored by a prince of the house of este by jacopo bellini 1440 with pseudo kufic mantle hem but halo in roman script louvre museum pseudo kufic halo in antonio vivarini s saint louis de toulouse 1450 louvre museum pseudo kufic hem in giovanni bellini s le christ bénissant c 1465 1470 louvre museum early 16th century andalusian dish with pseudo arabic script around the edge excavated in london museum of london see also edit pseudo hebrew asemic writing wordless open semantic form of writing islamic contributions to medieval europe islamic influences on christian art oriental carpets in renaissance painting mongol elements in western medieval art notes edit robbert woltering 2011 pseudo arabic in lutz edzard and rudolf de jong eds encyclopedia of arabic language and linguistics brill consulted online on 14 october 2023 1 2 encyclopaedia britannica beautiful gibberish fake arabic in medieval and renaissance art 1 2 3 mack p 51 medieval european coinage by philip grierson p 330 cardini p 26 grierson p 3 matthew p 240 british museum exhibit 1 2 louvre museum notice archived 2011 06 15 at the wayback machine anthony kaldellis pseudo arabic in byzantium with alicia walker podcast byzantium friends retrieved february 16 2026 1 2 3 walker alicia 2024 letters from the edge mapping pseudo arabic between byzantium and the near east in bolman elizabeth fitzgerald johnson scott tannous jack eds worlds of byzantium religion culture and empire in the medieval near east cambridge university press pp 180 225 1 2 3 miles george c 1964 byzantium and the arabs relations in crete and the aegean area dumbarton oaks papers 18 1 32 doi 10 2307 1291204 issn 0070 7546 retrieved 17 february 2026 antony eastmond 2017 tamta s world cambridge university press p 300 302 isbn 978 1 107 16756 8 mack p 68 beautiful gibberish fake arabic in medieval and renaissance art encyclopedia britannica retrieved 2017 05 30 mack p 64 66 mack p 67 mack p 52 p 69 freider p 84 perhaps they marked the imagery of a universal faith an artistic intention consistent with the church s contemporary international program mack p 69 mack p 62 national gallery archived 2009 05 07 at the wayback machine 1 2 mack p 71 mack p 65 66 mack p 66 mack p 61 62 references edit braden k frieder chivalry the perfect prince tournaments art and armor at the spanish habsburg court truman state university 2008 isbn 1 931112 69 x isbn 978 1 931112 69 7 cardini franco europe and islam blackwell publishing 2001 isbn 978 0 631 22637 6 grierson philip medieval european coinage cambridge university press 2007 isbn 0 521 03177 x isbn 978 0 521 03177 6 mack rosamond e bazaar to piazza islamic trade and italian art 1300 1600 university of california press 2001 isbn 0 520 22131 1 matthew donald the norman kingdom of sicily cambridge university press 1992 isbn 978 0 521 26911 7 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title pseudo kufic oldid 1351754718 categories islamic art medieval art christian iconography pseudoscripts hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata webarchive template wayback links this page was last edited on 29 april 2026 at 23 27 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search 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