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ersity of mons in 2009 the state created university founded in antwerp in 1971 is now part of university of antwerp hasselt university started as a state created public institution managed by the province of limburg similarly the province of luxembourg managed the state created public university in arlon which became part of uliège in 2004 since 1891 private universities have gradually become state recognized and funded some private mostly catholic organizations are called free institutions as in administratively free from the state despite being state funded as of 2022 the communities fund all recognized universities public and private which follow the same rules and laws croatia edit see also list of universities in croatia university of split in spilt croatia the state runs most public universities in croatia students who perform well academically pay only administrative fees which are less than 100 per year students who fail multiple classes in a year must retake the courses and pay a partial or full tuition fee university of southern denmark in kolding denmark denmark edit see also list of universities and colleges in denmark almost all universities in denmark are public and are held in higher esteem than their private counterparts danish students attend university for free finland edit see also list of universities in finland all universities in finland are public and free of charge france edit see also list of universities and colleges in france sorbonne university in paris france most universities and grandes écoles in france are public and charge very low tuition fees less than 1000 per year major exceptions are semi private grandes écoles such as hec emlyon or insead article l731 14 of the code de l éducation states that private higher education establishments can in no case take the title of university nevertheless many private institutions such as the catholic university of lille or the catholic university of lyon use the university as their marketing name germany edit see also list of universities in germany most higher education institutions in germany are public and operated by the states all professors are public servants public universities are generally held in higher esteem than their private counterparts from 1972 through 1998 public universities were tuition free however some states have since adopted low tuition fees greece edit see also list of universities in greece academy of athens in athens greece according to the constitution of greece higher education institutions hei include universities technical universities and specialist institutions hei undergraduate programs are government funded and do not charge tuition a quarter of hei postgraduate programs are tuition free after individual assessments thirty percent of greek students are entitled to attend any of the statutory postgraduate programs without tuition fees founded as a national institution in 1926 the academy of athens is the highest research establishment in greece private higher education institutions could not operate in greece and were not recognized as degree awarding bodies by the greek government until the law 5094 2024 was passed in 2024 12 13 14 permitting the establishment and operation of private higher education institutions heis such heis are yet to be accredited and established ireland edit university of galway in galway ireland in ireland most universities and technological universities are publicly funded but institutionally autonomous rather than directly state owned higher education is provided by universities technological universities institutes of technology colleges of education and specialist institutions 15 the higher education authority is the statutory agency responsible for allocating exchequer funding to universities institutes of technology and other higher education institutions 16 under the free fees initiative the state pays undergraduate tuition fees for eligible students while students are required to pay a student contribution charge for the 2025 26 academic year the student contribution charge is 2 500 per year 17 independent and private higher education institutions also operate in ireland the royal college of surgeons in ireland was authorised to use the title university in ireland in 2019 becoming rcsi university of medicine and health sciences it describes itself as an independent not for profit university 18 19 italy edit see also list of universities in italy polytechnic university of milan in milan italy almost all universities in italy are public but have institutional autonomy by law the italian state provides the majority of university funding therefore students pay relatively low tuition fees set by each university according to the student s family wealth the course of study and exam performance a few scholarships are available for the best low income students at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels however for research private funding ranges from low to non existent compared to most european countries netherlands edit see also list of universities in the netherlands university of groningen in groningen netherlands the netherlands ministry of education funds most public universities dutch citizens and those from european union countries pay an annual tuition fee for their first bachelor s or master s degree the fee was 1 951 in 2015 20 non european union students and students who want to complete a second bachelor s or master s degree pay a legal school fee annually these legal school fees range between 7 000 for bachelor programs and 30 000 for master s programs in medicine the ministry of education supervises all universities including private institutions norway edit see also list of universities in norway most of the universities in norway are public and state funded poland edit see also list of universities in poland university of wrocław in wrocław poland in poland public universities are established by acts of parliament the government pays all tuition fees and other costs of public university students in contrast private citizens societies or companies operate private universities that charge tuition fees directly to students these institutions are generally held in lower regard than public universities a small number of private universities do not charge fees such as john paul ii catholic university of lublin portugal edit see also list of universities and colleges in portugal university of coimbra in coimbra portugal there are thirteen public universities a university institute and a distance university in portugal higher education in portugal provided by state run institutions is not free students must pay a tuition fee however the tuition fee is lower than that of private universities the highest tuition fee allowed by law in public universities is 697 per year as of 2022 21 public universities include some of the most selective and demanding higher learning institutions in portugal russia edit see also list of institutions of higher learning in russia moscow state university in moscow russia in russia about 7 5 million students study in thousands of universities founded in 1755 moscow state university is a public research university and the most prestigious university in russia saint petersburg state university is a state owned university that was founded in 1724 it is managed by the government of the russian federation serbia edit see also list of universities in serbia in serbia over 85 of college students study at state operated public universities 22 academically well performing students pay only administrative fees of less than 100 per year students who fail multiple classes in a year and have to retake them pay a partial or full tuition fee ranging from 500 to 2000 per year 23 private universities have existed in serbia since 1989 but are held in less esteem because they are generally less academically rigorous than the public universities spain edit see also list of universities in spain university of barcelona in barcelona spain of the 74 universities in spain 54 are public and funded by the autonomous community in which they are based university funding differs by region however the central government establishes homogeneous tuition fees for all public universities which are much lower than those of their private counterparts the highest tuition fee allowed by law was as of 2010 14 97 per academic credit amounting to roughly 900 a year for an average 60 credit full time course 24 tuition fees at private universities might reach 18 000 a year public universities are state owned but are granted considerable independence and self governance however public universities do not have free use of their assets and are subject to spanish administrative law public university administrators lecturers and professors are granted civil servant status rather than tenure a spanish civil servant can only be fired under exceptional and well justified circumstances research funding is allocated by the autonomous community or the central government in the former funding amount and conditions vary significantly from one independent community to another sweden edit see also list of universities in sweden most universities in sweden are public education in sweden is free so students do not pay tuition at any swedish university turkey edit see also list of universities in turkey boğaziçi university in istanbul turkey turkey has 208 higher education institutions these include 129 public universities 11 technical universities one institute of technology and two fine arts universities in addition there are 75 private foundation universities and four private institutions that offer only two year degrees specialized institutions include the national defence university and the police academy the higher education system is regulated by the council of higher education 25 ukraine edit see also list of universities in ukraine and higher education in ukraine constructivist house of projects national university of kharkiv after the collapse of the soviet union there were 910 higher educational institutions on the territory of ukraine and over the years there has been a tendency to reduce their number despite the decline of universities the number of university students increased from 881 000 in 1990 1991 to 2 4 million in 2007 2008 taras shevchenko national university of kyiv founded in 1834 and located in kyiv is one of the most prestigious universities in ukraine national university of kharkiv was founded in 1804 in kharkiv and since then has become one of the largest universities in eastern europe united kingdom edit see also universities in the united kingdom royal holloway university of london in surrey england the university of glasgow founded in 1451 glasgow scotland swansea university in swansea wales in the united kingdom the government does not own universities and they are not considered part of the public sector for accounting purposes 26 however universities are considered public bodies if they receive funding for teaching or research from one of the funding councils the right to award degrees and use the title university or university college is granted by the privy council for institutions in scotland wales and northern ireland and by the office for students for institutions in england 27 all universities are autonomous and legally independent of the state but are still regulated by the government the degree of regulation varies between the countries and depends on the university s constitutional form and whether it receives public funding most universities in the united kingdom receive public funding through block grants from the office for students england the higher education funding council for wales the department for the economy northern ireland or the scottish funding council there are only six fully fledged private universities in the united kingdom that do not receive block grants all in england universities and other higher education providers that receive block grants are treated as public authorities under the equality act 2010 and the freedom of information act 2000 the freedom of information scotland act 2002 for institutions in scotland they are also likely to be considered a public authority under the human rights act 1998 28 29 30 universities incorporated as higher education corporations are regarded as public authorities for some purposes even if they do not receive public funding 31 if a university in england receives public funding the government regulates the tuition fees the university can charge a in addition registration as a higher education provider is obligatory for english universities whether or not they are publicly funded and requires adherence to public interest governance principles 33 all registered providers in england must also be members of the office of the independent adjudicator 34 however direct government funding for universities has declined since 2012 35 between 2014 and 2018 funding council grants dropped from 18 to 15 for university college london a large research university 17 to 11 for durham university a small research university and 15 to 8 for the university of hertfordshire a teaching focused university 36 37 38 39 40 each of the four nations within the united kingdom is responsible for higher education as a devolved matter and have adopted different methods of support for resident students scotland offers free tuition for residents for their first undergraduate degree in scotland 41 42 b the welsh government provides means tests grants and loans to students based on family income the funding follows welsh students even if they choose to study outside of wales 43 england and northern ireland expect students to take out student loans to cover the cost of tuition the university of london was government controlled from its establishment as an examining board in 1836 to its reconstitution as a more traditional teaching university in 1900 it has been described as what today would be called a quango operating out of government premises staffed by civil servants and directly accountable to the treasury for its expenditure 44 45 until 2019 the governing documents of publicly funded universities could only be modified with permission from the privy council for the majority of publicly funded universities in england the higher education and research act 2017 replaced privy council oversight with public interest governance regulations from the office for students c however privy council oversight continues for almost all english institutions that were in the university sector before 1992 and would continue even if they were to cease to be publicly funded due to their constitutional form as civil corporations d statutory corporations e or as chartered corporations f 46 47 notes edit in principle any university can leave the regulated fees system at any time by not accepting public funding for most universities those not incorporated a...