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is spoken in central and eastern punjab lahnda is internally diverse consisting of north western hindko peshawari north eastern pothwari pothohari awankari and southern siraiki or multani divisions 20 the number of dialects is not in agreement and varies by source most indian punjabi scholars such as jodh singh duni chandra and mangat bhardwaj reject grierson s earlier classification which excluded lahandi varieties from punjabi according to mangat bhardwaj eastern punjabi is more similar to lahnda than it is to hindi urdu he further states most native speakers of both the eastern and the western dialects of panjabi believe that they speak the same language 17 harkirat singh takes a similar position regarding the lahnda punjabi distinction 21 however lahnda is a diverse grouping and lects once subsumed under its label have since been recognised as more distinct varieties such as saraiki meanwhile hindko is often also placed under the lahnda label but the hindko varieties are internally diverse and differ from one another 20 what was originally termed northern lahnda is now known generally as hindko while what was formerly called southern lahnda is now called saraiki 15 in pakistan hindko citation needed and saraiki 22 are recognized as independent languages in 1981 pakistani census classified saraiki as a separate language from punjabi 19 saraiki is spoken by around 12 20 million people 23 24 the saraiki movement or south punjab movement advocates for a separate identity for the language and is characterized as a political demand coming to the forefront during elections 22 23 this linguistic separatist movement involving saraiki arose in the 1960s being motivated by cultural economic political and literary factors saraiki was adopted as a term for the language by the movement replacing earlier labels like multani and riyasati 24 however a counter push against this asserts that saraiki is a dialect of punjabi shackle states that saraiki is linguistically intermediate between sindhi and punjabi 24 shackle considers hindko to be intermediary between punjabi and saraiki 15 hindko and pothwari may also be viewed as distinct languages 25 in india the speakers of dogri and other pahari languages campaigned for a separate linguistic identity 21 some sources include bagri as a dialect 26 standard punjabi modern standard punjabi 27 used in indian punjab and was initially primarily based upon majhi and lahnda but later bore influence from eastern dialects such as malwai and doabi 26 28 pakistani standard punjabi various proposals have been made for the formation of a pakistani standard such as by faqeer muhammad faqeer based on gujranwali dialect and sardar muhammad khan based on wazirabadi dialect 29 eastern punjabi majhi spoken in majha region c doabi originated from and spoken in doaba region in punjab india also spoken in parts of urban punjab pakistan specifically faisalabad malwai spoken in malwa region puadhi spoken in puadh region pahari spoken in northern parts rai boli spoken in fazilka district western punjabi dhanni spoken in chakwal talagang and southern parts of attock and jhelum districts jhangochi spoken in bar region from jhang to pakpattan shahpuri spoken in sargodha and khushab thalochi spoken in the thal region pahari pothwari spoken in rawalpindi and much of azad jammu and kashmir hindko southern hindko awankari spoken in talagang chachi spoken in the chach ghebi spoken in pindi gheb kohati spoken in kohat peshawari spoken in peshawar forms basis for literary hindko hazara hindko spoken in hazara region also known as northern hindko or hazarvi saraiki derawali spoken in derajat region multani spoken in the region around multan forms basis for literary saraiki riasti spoken in rahim yar khan and rajanpur districts 30 khetrani spoken in barkhan and dera ghazi khan classification schemes greirson early 20th century george abraham grierson of the linguistic survey of india authored two works examining the eastern and western dialects of punjabi separately in 1916 and 1919 respectively 31 32 his list of dialects includes majhi doabi incl ludhiani puadhi rathi malwai bhattiani rechna doab dialect gujari and dogri 16 437 grierson s classification was as follows 14 156 proto punjabi derived languages punjabi including the following dialects majhi ludhiani powadhi rathi malwai bhattiani recha doab dialect dogri lahnda a key factor in grierson s classification scheme was a demarcation between western and eastern punjabi varieties 21 grierson categorized eastern punjabi as part of the central group of indo aryan languages while western punjabi was categorized as part of the northwestern or outer group of indo aryan languages 16 436 grierson used the term proto punjabi to describe the language that dogri and punjabi evolved from and notes punjabi and lahnda as separate linguistic phenomenons however this paradigm is ignored by later analyses by gill and gleason 1962 which kali charan bahl attributes the reason being that it was un scientific included dogri in the punjabi group and that lahnda was placed separately from punjabi despite no proper survey being conducted on it as per gill and gleason 14 156 furthermore grierson s analysis was admittedly based upon vocabulary rather than other factors such as grammar 17 the linguistic survey of india s punjabi dialectology maps and schemes were criticized by the later linguistic atlas of punjab 1973 18 foreword grierson s mapping of the western punjabi dialects 1919 grierson s mapping of the eastern punjabi dialects 1916 padam 1954 piara singh padam believed the punjabi dialects consisted of the following six main dialects 33 193 200 potohari spoken in the hilly part of rawalpindi which is bounded by suhan to the north the jhelum river to the east and jhelum district to the south and attock district to the west influenced by pashto multani spoken in multan jhang shahpur and mianwali influenced by sindhi lahori spoken across a wide span from gujarat to ludhiana to ambala with him believing that the influence of this dialect led majhi doabi and malwai to no longer be as distinctive from one another puadhi spoken past in an area past the sirhand canal including much of then ambala district adjacent to the ghaggar and some part of patiala ludhiana and hisar districts with it being influenced by western hindi via bangru bhatiani spoken in a traditional area called bhattiana or bhatti des comprising of some parts of ferozepur district and the adjoining part of the north bikaner eventually blending with the rajasthani border dialect bagri he traces the language to the bhatti rajputs of the region with the muslim bhattis of the area being known as the rathor rathore padam considered rathi a lect observed by grierson earlier to be a sub dialect of bhatiani as he believed that those muslims who settled in the ghaggar valley of hisar known as rath originated from the west of that area with the difference being that rathi was influenced by bangru while bhatiani was influenced by bagri dogri spoken in the montane area of north east to the north west of punjab and the jammu region gill and gleason 1962 map of the punjabi dialects titled east and west panjab and panjabi dialects published in a reference grammar of punjabi 1962 by harjeet singh gill and henry allan gleason 34 viii the classification of harjeet singh gill and henry a gleason 1962 34 of the punjabi dialects is as follows 14 155 156 majhi spoken in amritsar district doabi spoken in the jalandhar and hoshiarpur districts malwai spoken in ludhiana district patialvi spoken in patiala and sangrur districts dogri spoken in jammu district pahari spoken in chamba and mandi districts layalpuri spoken in layalpur district lahnda varieties multani spoken in multan district hindko spoken in hazara district pothohari spoken rawalpindi district the authors in addition to the dialects noted by grierson included the likes of layalpuri patialvi multani pothohari hindko and pahari of chamba and mandi 16 437 this scheme is criticized by bahl as of questionable linguistic relevance 14 155 156 sardar muhammad khan 1964 sardar muhammad khan believed in a broad classification into a western and eastern group with the chenab river as the border between the two that included a buffer or transitional zone with the following classification scheme 29 western lahnda multani siraiki pothohari hindko eastern sant bhasha which he called sikhī main dialect majhi spoken in the lahore and amritsar regions buffer transitional zone which he called punjabi lahnda described as an admixture of majhi and lahnda with the boundaries being sialkot northern bahawalpur district including the districts of wazirabad gujranwala sheikhupura okara and pak pattan bahl 1976 bahl believed that grierson s classification scheme was essentially correct but disagrees with including dogri under punjabi and believed that lahnda should be considered entirely separate from punjabi 16 437 harkirat singh 1997 harkirat singh in the third volume of the encyclopaedia of sikhism 1997 classifies the punjabi dialects into three main dialects which are further divided into sub dialects his scheme was as follows 21 eastern punjabi majhi malwai doabi puadhi western punjabi lahndi multani shahpuri jhangi pothohari hindko pahari dogri kangri bhattiali jammuali poonchi bhardwaj 2016 mangat bhardwaj classifies the punjabi dialects into two broad groups eastern and western lahandi varieties with transitional and outlying areas 17 eastern or central kendri panjabi majhi doabi puwadhi malwai outlying dialects of eastern punjabi bhatiani rathi dogari kangri western lahandi dialects transitional area between eastern and western varieties a tract of land from gujranwala in the north to okara in the south dikshit and dikshit 2025 as per k r dikshit and jutta k dikshit 2025 the punjabi dialects spoken in pakistani punjab consisted of the following 22 standard punjabi spoken in lahore gujranwala sheikhupura kasur sialkot narowal gujrat okara districts and neighbouring districts north central and north eastern pakistani punjab jhangvi spoken in jhang district potwari spoken in the potwar region hinterland of rawalpindi hindko a cluster of dialects spoken in attock and far northern and north western pakistani punjab and southern hazara division of khyber pakhtunkhwa shahpuri spoken south of the potwar region and in the salt range marked by sargodha in the south and mianwali and bhakkar in the west jhangochi spoken in jhang region multani spoken in the hinterland of multan jatki they hypothesize that it was once spoken by a large amount of the population of central pakistani punjab prior to the british and their agricultural reforms and projects but now relegated to agricultural labourers and downtrodden sections of society saraiki spoken around multan with influences from bahawalpuri and thari linguistic institutions glottolog glottolog classifies the language cluster as follows with the punjabi varieties greater panjabic belonging to the sindhi lahnda macro grouping 35 greater panjabic eastern panjabic eastern panjabi bhattiyani doabi ludhianwi majhi panjabi malwai patialwi powadhi rathi panjabi sansi sochi western panjabi dhanni jatki shahpuri paharic pahari potwari chibhali mirpur panjabi pahari pothwari punchic punchhi shah mansuri zaghloli zirak boli sirajic rambani siraji of doda hindko siraiki hindko northern hindko kaghani tinauli southern hindko attock hindko avankari hindko ghebi kohat hindko western hindko peshawar hindko rural peshawar hindko siraikic inku saraiki bahawalpuri central siraiki derawali multani jhangi sindhi siraiki thali ethnologue ethnologue classifies the punjabi varieties as follows with three letter codes with marking extinct lects 36 panjabi 36 eastern panjabi pan 37 western panjabi lahnda lah 38 punjabi western pnb 39 northern hindko hno 40 southern hindko hnd 41 inku jat 42 khetrani xhe 43 pahari potwari phr 44 saraiki skr 45 linguasphere linguasphere lists a variety of dialects and varieties of punjabi with alternative names and codes 46 47 panjābi pendjabi penjabi punjabi 59 aaf e panjābi 46 formal panjābi panjābi f formal panjabi standard panjabi 59 aaf ea panjābi f 48 muslim panjābi panjābi musalmani 59 aaf eaa muslim panjābi 49 sikh panjābi 59 aaf eab sikh panjābi 50 hindu panjābi 59 aaf eac hindu panjābi 51 colloquial general panjabi panjābi g current generalised panjabi generalised panjābi 59 aaf eb panjābi g 52 panjābi pakistan 59 aaf eba panjābi pakistan 53 panjābi india 59 aaf ebb panjābi india 54 panjābi fiji 59 aaf ebc panjābi fiji 55 panjābi england 59 aaf ebd panjābi england 56 majhi panjabi east traditional panjabi central 59 aaf ec majhi 57 lāhore 59 aaf eca lāhore 58 amritsar 59 aaf ecb amritsar 59 gurdāspur 59 aaf ecc gurdāspur 60 lahndā lahanda lahndi west panjabi traditional west panjabi 59 aaf ed lahndā 61 potohāri potohri potwar rawalpindi 59 aaf eda potohāri 62 bālmiki attock sweepers valmiki 59 aaf edb bālmiki 63 jhelum 59 aaf edc jhelum 64 sargodhā 59 aaf edd sargodhā 65 gujrāt 59 aaf ede gujrāt 66 gujrānwālā 59 aaf edf gujrānwālā 67 siālkot 59 aaf edg siālkot 68 shekhupurā 59 aaf edh shekhupurā 69 lāyalpuri 59 aaf edi lāyalpuri 70 chinawari 59 aaf edj chinawari 71 niswāni 59 aaf edk niswāni 72 bardi boli 59 aaf edl bardi boli 73 jatatardi boli 59 aaf edm jatatardi boli 74 doābi doab 59 aaf ee doābi 75 hoshiārpur 59 aaf eea hoshiārpur 76 jullundur 59 aaf eeb jullundur 77 malwāi jangali malwa 59 aaf ef malwāi 78 patiālwi 59 aaf eg patiālwi 79 patiālā 59 aaf ega patiālā 80 sangrur 59 aaf egb sangrur 81 awankāri ghebi 59 aaf eh awankāri ghebi 82 salt range 59 aaf eha salt range 83 awankāri 59 aaf ehb awankāri 84 ghebi 59 aaf ehc ghebi 85 gaddi gaddi chamba gadi gadyali 59 aaf ei gaddi 86 churāhi churahi gadi curahi 59 aaf eia churāhi 87 bharmauri bharmaudi bhadi bharmauri pahari panchi brahmauri rajput 59 aaf eib bharmauri 88 bhateāli bhateali gadi bhattiani bhatyiana 59 aaf ej bhateāli 89 dogri dhogaryali dogari dogri jammu dongari hindi dogri tokkaru 59 aaf ek dogri 90 bhatbali 59 aaf eka bhatbali 91 dogri north 59 aaf ekb dogri n 92 dogri east 59 aaf ekc dogri e 93 kandiāli 59 aaf ekd kandiāli 94 kāngri 59 aaf el kāngri 95 mirpuri mirpur panjabi 59 aaf em mirpuri 96 hindko north hindki hindki north 59 aaf en hindki 97 hazārā hindko 59 aaf ena hazārā hindko 98 kohāti 59 aaf enb kohāti 99 tinauli 59 aaf enc tinauli 100 hindko south hindko peshawar peshawari hindko 59 aaf eo hindko 101 kahlūri bilaspuri bilaspuri pahari kehloori kehloori paheri pacchmi 59 aaf ep kahlūri 102 sirāiki multani panjabi southwest 59 aaf eq sirāiki 103 derāwāli hindki south 59 aaf eqa derāwāli 104 multāni multan 59 aaf eqb multāni 105 bahawalpuri reasiti riasiti 59 aaf eqc bahawalpuri 106 khetrāni 59 aaf eqd khetrāni 107 jangli 59 aaf eqe jangli 108 jafiri 59 aaf eqf jafiri 109 thāli north thāli n jatki west sindh sagar doab 59 aaf eqg thāli n 110 sirāiki sindhi sindh hindk...