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6 puritans in north america 3 beliefs toggle beliefs subsection 3 1 calvinism 3 2 conversion 3 3 worship and sacraments 3 4 ecclesiology 3 5 church and state 3 6 family life 3 7 gender and punishment 3 8 demonology and witch hunts 3 9 millennialism 4 cultural consequences toggle cultural consequences subsection 4 1 education 4 2 puritan scientists 4 3 behavioral regulations 4 4 political radicalism 4 5 non conformism 4 6 religious toleration in new england 5 historiography 6 notable puritans 7 see also 8 citations 9 bibliography 10 further reading toggle further reading subsection 10 1 puritan works toggle the table of contents puritans 66 languages العربية مصرى asturianu azərbaycanca беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български brezhoneg català čeština cymraeg dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français frysk galego עברית हिन्दी hrvatski magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia ido íslenska italiano 日本語 ქართული қазақша 한국어 latina lingua franca nova lietuvių latviešu malagasy bahasa melayu nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål polski português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska ไทย türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 吴语 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from puritan subclass of english reformed protestants puritan redirects here for other uses see puritan disambiguation part of a series on puritans the puritan an 1887 statue by augustus saint gaudens in springfield massachusetts background christianity protestantism reformation english reformation calvinism anglicanism arminianism arminianism in the church of england english dissenters independents nonconformism english presbyterianism ecclesiastical separatism 17th century denominations in england crucial themes definitions of puritanism impropriation puritan sabbatarianism millennialism puritan choir puritan work ethic merton thesis history history under queen elizabeth i history under king james i history under king charles i cromwellian era and after history in north america confessions westminster confession of faith savoy declaration cambridge platform england scrooby congregation trial of archbishop laud marian exiles vestments controversy martin marprelate millenary petition grand remonstrance english civil war english restoration act of uniformity 1662 great ejection elizabethan settlement america providence island company massachusetts bay colony rhode island colony salem witch trials immigration to new england culture in new england christmas prohibition praying town half way covenant american exceptionalism elsewhere troubles at frankfurt english congregation at geneva notable individuals peter bulkley john bunyan henry denne william bradford anne bradstreet john cotton oliver cromwell john endecott jonathan edwards anne hutchinson cotton mather increase mather james noyes thomas parker roger williams john winthrop robert woodford works the godly man s picture the pilgrim s progress paradise lost foxe s book of martyrs continuing movements congregationalists u s baptists english presbyterians reconstructionism united reformed church v t e the puritans were english protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to rid the church of england of what they considered to be roman catholic practices maintaining that the church of england had not been fully reformed and should become more protestant 1 puritanism played a significant role in english and early american history especially in the protectorate in great britain and the earlier european settlement of new england puritans were dissatisfied with the limited extent of the english reformation and with the church of england s toleration of certain practices associated with the catholic church they formed and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine as well as personal and corporate piety puritans adopted a covenant theology and in that sense they were calvinists as were many of their earlier opponents in church polity puritans were divided between supporters of episcopal presbyterian and congregational types some believed a uniform reform of the established church was called for to create a godly nation while others advocated separation from or the end of any established state church entirely in favour of autonomous gathered churches these separatist and independents became more prominent in the 1640s when the supporters of a presbyterian polity in the westminster assembly were unable to forge a new english national church by the late 1630s puritans were in alliance with the growing commercial world with the parliamentary opposition to the royal prerogative and with the scottish presbyterians with whom they had much in common consequently they became a major political force in england and came to power as a result of the first english civil war 1642 1646 almost all puritan clergy left the church of england after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the act of uniformity 1662 many continued to practice their faith in nonconformist denominations especially in congregationalist and presbyterian churches 2 the nature of the puritan movement in england changed radically in new england it retained its character for a longer period puritanism was never a formally defined religious division within protestantism and the term puritan itself was rarely used after the turn of the 18th century congregationalist churches widely considered to be a part of the reformed tradition of christianity are descended from the puritans 3 4 moreover puritan beliefs are enshrined in the savoy declaration the confession of faith held by the congregationalist churches 5 some puritan ideals including the formal rejection of roman catholicism were incorporated into the doctrines of the church of england the mother church of the worldwide anglican communion terminology edit main article definitions of puritanism gallery of famous 17th century puritan theologians thomas gouge william bridge thomas manton john flavel richard sibbes stephen charnock william bates john owen john howe and richard baxter in the 17th century the word puritan was a term applied not to just one group but to many historians still debate a precise definition of puritanism 6 originally puritan was a pejorative term characterizing certain protestant groups as extremist thomas fuller in his church history dates the first use of the word to 1564 archbishop matthew parker of that time used it and precisian with a sense similar to the modern stickler 7 puritans then were distinguished for being more intensely protestant than their protestant neighbors or even the church of england 8 as a term of abuse puritan was not used by puritans themselves those referred to as puritan called themselves terms such as the godly saints professors or god s children they had a passion for their truth which was according to matthew arnold a sort of cast iron product rigid definite and complete 9 10 11 non separating puritans were dissatisfied with the reformation of the church of england but remained within it advocating for further reform they disagreed among themselves about how much further reformation was possible or even necessary others who were later termed nonconformists separatists or separating puritans thought the church of england was so corrupt that true christians should separate from it altogether in its widest historical sense the term puritan includes both groups 12 13 puritans should not be confused with other radical protestant groups of the 16th and 17th centuries such as quakers seekers and familists who believed that individuals could be directly guided by the holy spirit the latter denominations give precedence to direct revelation over the bible 14 in current english puritan often means against pleasure in such usage hedonism and puritanism are antonyms 15 william shakespeare described the vain pompous killjoy malvolio in twelfth night as a kind of puritan 16 h l mencken archly defined puritanism as the haunting fear that someone somewhere may be happy 17 puritans embraced sexuality but placed it in the context of marriage peter gay writes that the puritans standard reputation for dour prudery was a misreading that went unquestioned in the nineteenth century he said they were in favour of married sexuality and opposed the catholic veneration of virginity associated with the virgin mary citing edward taylor and john cotton 18 one puritan settlement in western massachusetts banished a husband because he refused to fulfill his sexual duties to his wife 19 history edit main article history of the puritans puritanism had a historical importance over a period of a century followed by fifty years of development in new england it changed character and emphasis nearly decade by decade over that time elizabethan puritanism edit further information history of the puritans under elizabeth i the elizabethan religious settlement of 1559 established the church of england as a protestant church and brought the english reformation to a close during the reign of elizabeth i r 1558 1603 the church of england was widely considered a reformed church and calvinists held the best bishoprics and deaneries nevertheless it preserved certain characteristics of medieval catholicism such as cathedrals church choirs a formal liturgy contained in the book of common prayer traditional clerical vestments and episcopal polity 20 many english protestants especially those former marian exiles returning to england to work as clergy and bishops considered the settlement merely the first step in reforming england s church 21 the years of exile during the marian restoration had exposed them to the practices of the continental reformed churches the most impatient clergy began introducing reforms within their local parishes the initial conflict between puritans and the authorities included instances of nonconformity such as omitting parts of the liturgy to allow more time for the sermon and singing of metrical psalms some puritans refused to bow on hearing the name of jesus or to make the sign of the cross in baptism or to use wedding rings or the organ yet the main complaint puritans had was the requirement that clergy wear the white surplice and clerical cap 22 puritan clergymen preferred to wear black academic attire during the vestments controversy church authorities attempted and failed to enforce the use of clerical vestments while never a mass movement the puritans had the support and protection of powerful patrons in the aristocracy 23 in the 1570s the primary dispute between puritans and the authorities was over the appropriate form of church government many puritans believed that the church of england should follow the example of reformed churches in other parts of europe and adopt presbyterian polity under which government by bishops would be replaced with government by elders 24 but all attempts to enact further reforms through parliament were blocked by the queen despite such setbacks puritan leaders such as john field and james lynch continued to promote presbyterianism through the formation of unofficial clerical conferences that allowed puritan clergymen to organise and network this covert puritan network was discovered and dismantled during the marprelate controversy of the 1580s for the remainder of elizabeth s reign puritans ceased to agitate for further reform 25 jacobean puritanism edit further information history of the puritans under james i the accession of james i to the english throne brought the millenary petition a puritan manifesto of 1603 for reform of the english church but james wanted a religious settlement along different lines he called the hampton court conference in 1604 and heard the teachings of four prominent puritan leaders including laurence chaderton but largely sided with his bishops he was well informed on theological matters by his education and scottish upbringing and he dealt shortly with the peevish legacy of elizabethan puritanism pursuing an irenic religious policy in which he was arbiter many of james s episcopal appointments were calvinists notably james montague who was an influential courtier puritans still opposed much of the roman catholic summation in the church of england notably the book of common prayer but also the use of non secular vestments cap and gown during services the sign of the cross in baptism and kneeling to receive holy communion 26 some of the bishops under both elizabeth and james tried to suppress puritanism though other bishops were more tolerant in many places individual ministers were able to omit disliked portions of the revised book of common prayer citation needed the puritan movement of jacobean times became distinctive by adaptation and compromise with the emergence of semi separatism moderate puritanism the writings of william bradshaw who adopted the term puritan for himself and the beginnings of congregationalism 27 most puritans of this period were non separating and remained within the church of england separatists who left the church of england altogether were numerically much fewer caroline puritanism edit further information history of the puritans under charles i under charles i the puritans became a political force as well as a religious tendency in the country opponents of the royal prerogative became allies of puritan reformers who saw the church of england moving in a direction opposite to what they wanted and objected to increased catholic influence both at court and as they saw it within the church after the first english civil war political power was held by various factions of puritans the trials and executions of william laud and then king charles were decisive moves shaping british history while in the short term puritan power was consolidated by the parliamentary armed forces and oliver cromwell in the same years the argument for theocracy failed to convince enough of the various groupings and there was no puritan religious settlement to match cromwell s gradual assumption of dictatorial powers the distinctive formulation of reformed theology in the westminster assembly would prove to be its lasting legacy in new england immigration of what were puritan family groups and congregations was at its peak for the middle years of king charles s reign fragmentation and political failure edit further information history of the puritans from 1649 the westminster assembly which saw disputes on church polity ...