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Text of the page (random words):
itial handshake process when a client opens a connection the response packet includes the data needed for future packets to use encryption this eliminates the need to set up an unencrypted pipe and then negotiate the security protocol as separate steps other protocols can be serviced in the same way combining multiple steps into a single request response pair this data can then be used both for following requests in the initial setup and future requests that would otherwise be negotiated as separate connections 20 the second change is to use udp rather than tcp as its basis which does not include loss recovery instead each quic stream is separately flow controlled and lost data is retransmitted at the level of quic not udp this means that if an error occurs in one stream like the favicon example above the protocol stack can continue servicing other streams independently this can be very useful in improving performance on error prone links as in most cases considerable additional data may be received before tcp notices a packet is missing or broken and all of this data is blocked or even flushed while the error is corrected in quic this data is free to be processed while the single multiplexed stream is repaired 27 quic includes a number of other changes that improve overall latency and throughput for instance the packets are encrypted individually so that they do not result in the encrypted data waiting for partial packets this is not generally possible under tcp where the encryption records are in a bytestream and the protocol stack is unaware of higher layer boundaries within this stream these can be negotiated by the layers running on top but quic aims to do all of this in a single handshake process 8 another goal of the quic system was to improve performance during network switching events like what happens when a user of a mobile device moves from a local wi fi hotspot to a mobile network when this occurs on tcp a lengthy process starts where every existing connection times out one by one and is then re established on demand to solve this problem quic includes a connection identifier to uniquely identify the connection to the server regardless of source this allows the connection to be re established simply by sending a packet which always contains this id as the original connection id will still be valid even if the user s ip address changes 28 protocol stack of http 3 compared to http 1 1 and http 2 quic can be implemented in the application space as opposed to being in the operating system kernel this generally invokes additional overhead due to context switches as data is moved between applications however in the case of quic the protocol stack is intended to be used by a single application with each application using quic having its own connections hosted on udp ultimately the difference could be very small because much of the overall http 2 stack is already in the applications or their libraries more commonly placing the remaining parts in those libraries essentially the error correction has little effect on the http 2 stack s size or overall complexity 8 this organization allows future changes to be made more easily as it does not require changes to the kernel for updates one of quic s longer term goals is to add new systems for forward error correction fec and improved congestion control 28 one concern about the move from tcp to udp is that tcp is widely adopted and many of the middleboxes in the internet infrastructure are tuned for tcp and rate limit or even block udp google carried out a number of exploratory experiments to characterize this and found that only a small number of connections were blocked in this manner 3 this led to the use of a system for rapid fallback to tcp chromium s network stack starts both a quic and a conventional tcp connection at the same time which allows it to fall back with negligible latency 29 quic has been specifically designed to be deployable and evolvable and to have anti ossification properties 30 it is the first ietf transport protocol to deliberately minimise its wire image for these ends 31 beyond encrypted headers it is greased 32 and it has protocol invariants explicitly specified 33 the security layer of quic is based on tls 1 2 or tls 1 3 34 earlier insecure protocols such as tls 1 0 are not allowed in a quic stack google quic gquic edit the protocol originally developed by google known as gquic was first deployed around 2012 and later brought to the ietf however the version of quic standardized by the ietf is significantly different from the earlier google implementation 35 google s quic was initially designed as a general purpose web protocol and was deployed mainly to support http and https in chromium using its own encryption and transport mechanisms 36 in contrast the ietf quic protocol has been redeveloped as a general purpose transport protocol that uses standard tls 1 3 for its cryptographic handshake and incorporates a modular packet and connection design intended for broader interoperability 37 chromium developers have continued to follow the progress of ietf quic standardization and have worked to adopt and comply with the evolving internet standards for quic within chromium the transition to ietf quic in chrome began progressing publicly around 2020 38 applications edit quic was developed with http in mind and http 3 was its first application 39 40 dns over quic is an application of quic to name resolution providing security for data transferred between resolvers similar to dns over tls 41 the ietf is developing applications of quic for secure network tunnelling 40 and streaming media delivery 42 xmpp has experimentally been adapted to use quic 43 another application is smb over quic which according to microsoft can offer an smb vpn without affecting the user experience 44 smb clients use tcp by default and will attempt quic if the tcp attempt fails or if intentionally requiring quic extensions edit quic version 2 was published in may 2023 as rfc 9369 it is functionally identical to the original quic version 1 but uses different wire format values with the stated purpose of combating protocol ossification and exercising the version negotiation framework it is not intended to replace version 1 45 a multipath extension for quic allowing a single connection to use multiple network paths simultaneously for example both wi fi and a cellular connection at once has been under standards track development by the ietf quic working group as of mid 2026 it remained an internet draft that had not yet been published as an rfc 46 webtransport is a browser api framework layered on quic typically via http 3 that provides web applications with bidirectional streams and unreliable datagrams as an alternative to websockets it reached the w3c s candidate recommendation snapshot stage in 2026 47 and after safari added support in version 26 4 in march 2026 webtransport reached baseline status meaning it is supported without a polyfill across current versions of chromium based browsers firefox and safari 48 the underlying ietf specification webtransport over http 3 remained an internet draft as of july 2026 49 adoption edit quic underlies http 3 which is the third major version of the hypertext transfer protocol as of 2025 2026 http 3 adoption has grown substantially with all major browsers supporting it and most major content delivery networks cdns serving it by default adoption figures vary depending on measurement methodology as of 2026 approximately 39 of websites advertise http 3 support according to w3techs while actual page load measurements show 20 21 of web requests served over http 3 with the higher website support figure reflecting configuration rather than actual traffic volume 50 major platforms carry substantially higher quic traffic shares than the global average meta reported over 75 of its internet traffic transmitted over quic as early as october 2020 51 google youtube instagram and tiktok similarly generate large quic traffic volumes with major cdns including cloudflare and akamai serving http 3 across their networks quic s performance advantages are most pronounced on lossy or high latency networks akamai s 2025 state of the internet report measured approximately 30 latency reduction for mobile users on http 3 compared to http 2 driven by quic s elimination of head of line blocking at the transport layer and its built in connection migration support for mobile devices switching between networks 52 on high bandwidth fixed broadband connections however studies have found that http 3 can underperform http 2 due to cpu overhead and udp processing costs at high throughput 53 smb over quic introduced in windows server 2022 and extended to mainstream editions in windows server 2025 allows remote file access over quic without requiring a vpn encrypting file sharing traffic end to end over the public internet 54 browser support edit the quic code was experimentally developed in google chrome starting in 2012 4 and was announced as part of chromium version 29 released on august 20 2013 18 it is currently enabled by default in chromium and chrome 55 support in firefox arrived in may 2021 56 12 apple added experimental support in the webkit engine through the safari technology preview 104 in april 2020 57 official support was added in safari 14 included in macos big sur and ios 14 58 but the feature needed to be turned on manually 59 it was later enabled by default in safari 16 13 client support edit the cronet library for quic and other protocols is available to android applications as a module loadable via google play services 60 curl 7 66 released 11 september 2019 supports http 3 and thus quic 61 62 in october 2020 facebook announced 63 that it has successfully migrated its apps including instagram and server infrastructure to quic with already 75 of its internet traffic using quic all mobile apps from google support quic including youtube and gmail 64 65 uber s mobile app also uses quic 65 server support edit as of 2017 update there are several actively maintained implementations google servers support quic and google has published a prototype server 66 akamai technologies has supported quic since july 2016 67 68 a go implementation called quic go 69 is also available and powers experimental quic support in the caddy server 70 on july 11 2017 litespeed technologies officially began supporting quic in their load balancer webadc 71 and litespeed web server products 72 as of october 2019 update 88 6 of quic websites used litespeed and 10 8 used nginx 73 although at first only google servers supported http over quic connections facebook also launched the technology in 2018 18 and cloudflare has been offering quic support on a beta basis since 2018 74 the haproxy load balancer added experimental support for quic in march 2022 75 and declared it production ready in march 2023 76 as of april 2023 update 8 9 of all websites use quic 77 up from 5 in march 2021 microsoft windows server 2022 supports both http 3 78 and smb over quic 79 10 protocols via msquic the application delivery controller of citrix citrix adc netscaler can function as a quic proxy since version 13 80 81 in addition there are several stale community projects libquic 82 was created by extracting the chromium implementation of quic and modifying it to minimize dependency requirements and goquic 83 provides go bindings of libquic finally quic reverse proxy 84 is a docker image that acts as a reverse proxy server translating quic requests into plain http that can be understood by the origin server net 5 introduces experimental support for quic using the msquic library 85 source code edit quic or gquic implementations available in source form implementation license language description chromium bsd 3 clause license c this is the source code of the chrome web browser and the reference gquic implementation it contains a standalone gquic and quic client and server programs that can be used for testing browsable source code this version is also the basis of line s stellite and google s cronet msquic mit license c a cross platform quic implementation from microsoft designed to be a general purpose quic library used in windows and cross platform by net rust and c interop layers available are available as well as convenience c wrapper classes quic library mvfst mit license c mvfst pronounced move fast is a client and server implementation of ietf quic protocol in c by facebook litespeed quic library lsquic mit license c this is the quic and http 3 implementation used by litespeed web server and openlitespeed ngtcp2 mit license c this is a quic library that s crypto library agnostic and works with openssl or gnutls for http 3 it needs a separate library like nghttp3 quiche bsd 2 clause license rust socket agnostic and exposes a c api for use in c c applications quicly mit license c this library is the quic implementation for the h2o web server quic go mit license go this library provides quic support for go quinn apache license 2 0 mit license rust an async friendly quic implementation in rust neqo apache license 2 0 mit license rust this implementation from mozilla is planned to be integrated in necko a network library used in the firefox web browser aioquic bsd 3 clause license python this library features an i o free api suitable for embedding in both clients and servers picoquic mit license c a minimal implementation of quic aligned with the ietf specifications pquic mit license c an extensible quic implementation that includes an ebpf virtual machine that is able to dynamically load extensions as plugins quic bsd 3 clause license haskell this package implements quic based on haskell lightweight threads netty incubator codec quic apache license 2 0 java this package implements quic in netty based on the quiche implementation nodejs quic mit license nodejs this experimental package implements quic for nodejs s2n quic apache license 2 0 rust open source rust implementation from amazon web services swift quic apache license 2 0 swift swift implementation pitched for incubation at the swift server workgroup tquic apache license 2 0 rust a high performance lightweight and cross platform quic library nginx bsd 2 clause license c open source quic server implementation haproxy gnu general public license version 2 c open source quic server implementation kwik gnu lesser general public license version 3 java client and server implementations of the quic protocol in 100 java supports http3 with flupke add on openssl apache license c openssl has added quic support since version 3 2 86 gnutls gnu lesser general public license version 2 1 c gnutls has added quic support since version 3 7 87 linux quic gnu general public license version 2 c an in kernel quic implementation for linux offering standard posix socket apis to kernel subsystems and userspace applications see also edit constrained application protocol co...