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the united kingdom was automatically recognised as monarch in the colonies following the uk refusing to grant southern rhodesia independence under minority rule on 11 november 1965 the rhodesian front government of prime minister ian smith unilaterally declared independence however smith s government reasserted unswerving loyalty and devotion to elizabeth ii to that end the new rhodesian constitution included as an annex to udi that retained the monarchy and recognised elizabeth as queen of rhodesia 1 smith and his ministers maintained they were only breaking from the british government not the queen they saw the retention of the monarchy as part of a loyal rebellion 2 the declaration of independence ended with god save the queen and all rhodesian oaths were still taken to her majesty queen elizabeth queen of rhodesia her heirs and successors 3 4 in response the british governor of southern rhodesia sir humphrey gibbs dismissed the smith government from office on orders from london declaring udi to be an act of treason however smith and his ministers claimed that under the new constitution gibbs no longer had any executive powers in rhodesia and his reserve power to sack them no longer existed 5 6 the british parliament passed the southern rhodesia act 1965 which de jure affirmed british control of the colony and granted elizabeth ii the power to act in the colony soon after granting royal assent to the bill elizabeth issued an order in council suspending the rhodesian constitution and reaffirming the dismissal of the government 7 these were ignored in rhodesia smith claimed it was an act of the british government and not of the queen the rhodesian theory believed in the divisibility of the crown to show their political autonomy 8 the rhodesians also ceased to recognise gibbs as the representative of the queen and asked him to move out of government house salisbury gibbs refused smith then wrote a letter to elizabeth asking her to appoint a governor general to act on her behalf in rhodesia he recommended his deputy clifford dupont for the new viceregal position elizabeth did not recognise the title and turned down smith s request out of hand she issued a response via gibbs that said her majesty is not able to entertain purported advice of this kind and has therefore been pleased to direct that no action should be taken upon it 7 9 while smith saw the letter as an assertion of his claimed prerogatives as her majesty s rhodesian prime minister elizabeth treated smith s request as if it had come from an ordinary citizen since she and her government no longer recognised smith as prime minister 7 under the provisions of the southern rhodesia act and with the near unanimous support of the international community the british government asserted that gibbs was the queen s sole legitimate representative in southern rhodesia and hence the only lawful authority in the area 10 under the amended 1965 constitution a regent was to be appointed if elizabeth did not designate a governor general within 14 days 11 it was initially suggested by rhodesian officials that due to his stuart ancestry they would appoint the duke of montrose as regent until elizabeth accepted the rhodesian crown the suggestion was rejected as a violation of the regency act 1953 12 however smith still professed loyalty to the royal family for this reason on 16 december smith appointed dupont as officer administering the government in place of any royal appointment 13 on the british side the diplomat michael palliser suggested that elizabeth appoint her husband prince philip as governor general and have him arrive with a detachment of coldstream guards to legally sack smith and the rhodesian front 14 however the plan was not feasible due to bringing the royal family into politics as well as the risk to philip s safety 14 power edit the monarch s powers were the same as prior to the unilateral declaration of independence however they were de facto exercised by the officer administering the government clifford dupont rather than by the governor of southern rhodesia sir humphrey gibbs as queen elizabeth ii s de jure representative every rhodesian bill presented to the officer administering the government had the following words of enactment 15 be it enacted by his excellency the officer administering the government as representative of the queen s most excellent majesty by and with the advice and consent of the parliament of rhodesia in 1968 elizabeth commuted the sentence of three african men sentenced to death 16 the smith government ignored the pardon after the high court of rhodesia ruled that as rhodesian officials had not been consulted the pardon came from the orders of the british government rather than from the queen of rhodesia this cleared the way for the men to be executed 17 18 19 symbols edit the queen s portrait featured on rhodesian banknotes and coins as well as on postage stamps 20 queen elizabeth ii on rhodesian banknotes ten shillings one pound five pounds abolition edit there had been calls for rhodesia to become a republic as early as 1966 21 the whaley commission had been set up by the rhodesian government in 1967 to review the constitution and recommendations for alterations 22 after queen elizabeth ii s pardon was ignored the rhodesian government announced that the queen s official birthday would no longer be a public holiday and they would only fire a 21 gun salute on her actual birthday 23 the rhodesian front published the whaley report s proposals for a referendum to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic with a new constitution a month after the executions 22 24 smith argued for it on the grounds that the british government had denied us the queen of rhodesia 25 in the 1969 rhodesian constitutional referendum the rhodesian electorate voted in favour of the establishment of a republic the move was opposed by the catholic church over fears it would lead to further marginalisation of blacks in rhodesia 26 gibbs also resigned as governor at this time 27 the internationally unrecognised republic was declared on 2 march 1970 in response queen elizabeth ii formally revoked the royal titles of the royal rhodesian air force and royal rhodesia regiment 28 queen elizabeth the queen mother s honorary commissionership of the british south africa police was also suspended 29 dupont replaced elizabeth ii as head of state in rhodesia as the new president 30 contrary to smith s hope that such a move would bring international legitimacy it had the opposite effect all countries that had relations with rhodesia except portugal and south africa withdrew their diplomatic missions from the country this was because originally they maintained relations because of the pre existing royal accreditation but because a republic had been declared that rationale was no longer valid 31 rhodesia remained an unrecognised republic until zimbabwe rhodesia agreed to return to colonial status in 1979 queen elizabeth ii resumed monarchical duties over the colony through her role as queen of the united kingdom and appointed lord soames as her representative as governor of southern rhodesia until its independence as zimbabwe on 18 april 1980 32 references edit as the crown returns watch out for these milestones the guardian 18 august 2019 retrieved 5 july 2021 kenrick david 29 october 2018 settler soul searching and sovereign independence the monarchy in rhodesia 1965 1970 journal of southern african studies 44 6 informa uk limited 1077 1093 doi 10 1080 03057070 2018 1516355 issn 0305 7070 s2cid 149475345 international law reports volume 52 e lauterpacht cambridge university press 1979 page 53 lowry donal 2020 the queen of rhodesia versus the queen of the united kingdom conflicts of allegiance in rhodesia s unilateral declaration of independence in kumarasingham h ed viceregalism cham springer international publishing pp 203 230 doi 10 1007 978 3 030 46283 3_8 isbn 978 3 030 46282 6 s2cid 226736902 retrieved 6 july 2021 bulletin volumes 3 4 africa institute of south africa 1965 pages 12 13 rhodesian independence interim history robert w peterson facts on file 1971 page 34 1 2 3 twomey anne 2018 the veiled sceptre cambridge university press pp 79 80 isbn 978 1107056787 kenrick david 2019 decolonisation identity and nation in rhodesia 1964 1979 springer international publishing p 135 isbn 978 3030326982 the new law journal volume 127 butterworth 1978 page 529 rhodesian government hangs two more despite protests associated press gadsden times 11 march 1968 the constitution of rhodesia 1965 government printer 1965 page 7 stuart duke proposed as regent of rhodesia the guardian 14 october 1965 retrieved 5 july 2021 via newspapers com rhodesia and the united nations un imposition of mandatory sanctions 1966 avrahm g mezerik international review service 1966 pages 39 40 1 2 lancaster house 1979 part ii the witnesses by fcdo historians foreign and commonwealth office 20 december 2019 p 118 retrieved 5 july 2021 via issuu rhodesia southern 1966 act to ratify and confirm the constitution of rhodesia p 22 rhodesia royal prerogative of mercy hansard 4 march 1968 hansard 4 march 1968 retrieved 5 july 2021 retaliation threats made to rhodesia el paso times 7 march 1968 retrieved 5 july 2021 via newspapers com in hanging the three africans the smith regime has been true to its basic nature pdf american committee on africa retrieved 5 july 2021 rhodesia defies queen s reprieve hanging ordered for three africans long doomed the new york times 6 march 1968 retrieved 5 july 2021 marr andrew 2011 the diamond queen elizabeth ii and her people pan macmillan isbn 9780230760943 white rhodesians salute independence anniversary quebec chronicle telegraph press release 11 november 1966 retrieved 5 july 2021 via google news 1 2 harris p b 1969 the failure of a constitution the whaley report rhodesia 1968 international affairs 45 2 wiley royal institute of international affairs 234 245 doi 10 2307 2613004 issn 1468 2346 jstor 2613004 retrieved 11 august 2021 queen the age 20 april 1968 retrieved 5 july 2021 via newspapers com rhodesia proposes to become a republic the vancouver sun 17 july 1968 retrieved 5 july 2021 via newspapers com rhodesia ready to become a republic red deer advocate 18 july 1968 retrieved 5 july 2021 via newspapers com challenge by the church in rhodesia the new york times 3 may 1970 retrieved 5 july 2021 kandiah michael 2001 rhodesia udi pdf institute of contemporary british history retrieved 11 august 2021 that ll show them times colonist 16 march 1970 retrieved 5 july 2021 via newspapers com murphy phillip 2013 monarchy and the end of empire the house of windsor the british government and the postwar commonwealth oxford university press pp 105 106 isbn 978 0199214235 rhodesia becomes independent seen as just another dull occurrence ames daily tribune 2 march 1970 retrieved 5 july 2021 via newspapers com strack harry r 1978 sanctions the case of rhodesia 1st ed syracuse new york syracuse university press pp 51 52 isbn 978 0 8156 2161 4 rhodesia restored to colonial status the new york times 13 december 1979 retrieved 5 july 2021 v t e commonwealth realms and dominions current antigua and barbuda monarchy australia monarchy bahamas monarchy belize monarchy canada monarchy grenada monarchy jamaica monarchy realm of new zealand cook islands new zealand niue papua new guinea monarchy saint kitts and nevis monarchy saint lucia monarchy saint vincent and the grenadines monarchy solomon islands monarchy tuvalu monarchy united kingdom monarchy former barbados monarchy ceylon monarchy fiji monarchy the gambia monarchy ghana monarchy guyana monarchy india ireland monarchy kenya monarchy malawi monarchy malta monarchy mauritius monarchy newfoundland 1 nigeria monarchy pakistan monarchy rhodesia 2 monarchy sierra leone monarchy south africa monarchy tanganyika monarchy trinidad and tobago monarchy uganda monarchy 1 transferred by uk to canada as province in 1949 2 rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 but this was not recognised internationally declared itself a republic in 1970 v t e elizabeth ii queen of the united kingdom and other commonwealth realms 1952 2022 realms antigua and barbuda australia the bahamas barbados belize canada ceylon fiji the gambia ghana grenada guyana jamaica kenya malawi malta mauritius new zealand nigeria pakistan papua new guinea saint kitts and nevis saint lucia saint vincent and the grenadines sierra leone solomon islands south africa tanganyika trinidad and tobago tuvalu uganda united kingdom titles and honours head of the commonwealth defender of the faith supreme governor of the church of england head of the british armed forces commander in chief of the canadian armed forces head of the armed forces new zealand lord of mann duke of normandy royal family order elizabeth cross elizabeth emblem queen s official birthday flags family prince philip duke of edinburgh husband charles iii son anne princess royal daughter andrew mountbatten windsor son prince edward duke of edinburgh son george vi father elizabeth bowes lyon mother princess margaret countess of snowdon sister mountbatten windsor family descendants early life christmas pantomimes 21st birthday speech wedding wedding dress wedding cake accession and coronation proclamation of accession coronation guests participants in the procession coronation chicken gown medal honours award the queen s beasts coronation arches orb and sceptre o taste and see treetops hotel maccormick v lord advocate reign household personality and image prime ministers pillar box war rhodesia s unilateral declaration of independence queen of rhodesia lithgow plot 1975 australian constitutional crisis palace letters marcus sarjeant incident christopher john lewis incident michael fagan incident 1987 fijian coups d état 1992 windsor castle fire annus horribilis handover of hong kong death of diana princess of wales 1999 australian republic referendum perth agreement state opening of parliament 2021 2022 jubilees silver jubilee events medal honours jubilee gardens jubilee line jubilee walkway rosa silver jubilee ruby jubilee queen elizabeth prizes for education golden jubilee prom at the palace party at the palace medal honours the odyssey 2002 royal tour of canada diamond jubilee pageant armed forces parade and muster thames pageant gloriana spirit of chartwell concert gibraltar flotilla medal honours sapphire jubilee sapphire jubilee snowflake brooch platinum jubilee medal beacons elizabeth line platinum party at the palace pageant platinum jubilee celebration a gallop through history trooping the colour national service of thanksgiving platinum pudding the queen s green canopy platinum jubilee civic honours the bahamas platinum jubilee sailing regatta the queen s platinum jubilee concert big jubilee read queenhood queen s platinum jubilee gardens commonwealth tours aden colony antigua and barbuda australia of...