Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

radio, europe, free, liberty, and, of, czechoslovakia, contents, early, history, cold, war, years, 1980s, glasnost, the, iron, curtain, fall, after, 1991, programs, see, also, notes, references, bibliography, external, links, list, languages, jamming, united, states, velvet, revolution, beyond, 2010s, 2020s, 49, minutes, jazz, hungary, romania, 1981, rfe, rl, munich, bombing, chernobyl, disaster, poland, funding, 2025, grant, suspension,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (491), radio (267), and (228), rfe (152), war (114), free (110), liberty (99), #europe (98), retrieved (83), soviet (79), from (76), service (75), for (74), 1953 (66), russian (63), march (60), was (57), 2025 (56), states (55), with (54), united (52), present (52), that (40), 1991 (39), january (38), union (36), media (36), revolution (36), 2021 (34), july (34), american (33), government (32), edit (32), covered (32), republic (31), russia (30), operation (30), its (30), may (29), cold (29), december (29), 2009 (29), 2004 (29), crisis (28), broadcasting (27), puddington (27), august (26), czech (26), 1950 (26), 2020 (25), broadcasts (25), coup (25), november (25), 2003 (25), 2023 (24), cia (24), september (23), october (23), communist (23), 1990 (23), 1993 (23), moscow (22), america (22), february (22), april (21), international (21), new (21), between (21), état (21), 1975 (21), 1970s (21), broadcast (21), archived (21), prague (20), 1989 (20), north (20), 1954 (20), 2010 (20), original (20), 2002 (20), ssr (20), language (19), propaganda (19), incident (19), czechoslovak (19), press (19), afghanistan (19), other (18), 2022 (18), organization (17), during (17), summit (17), also (17), voice (17), civil (17), years (17), 2019 (17), news (17), were (17), under (16), foreign (16), conference (16), doctrine (16), state (16), 2008 (16), project (15), freedom (15), polish (15), isbn (15), funding (15), belarus (15), station (15), 2018 (15), this (14), stations (14), munich (14), poland (14), european (14), trump (14), after (14), their (14), jamming (14), central (13), people (13), agreement (13), berlin (13), former (13), asia (13), romanian (13), 1956 (13), would (13), journalists (13), languages (12), ukrainian (12), funded (12), committee (12), 1983 (12), against (12), 1960 (12), western (12), czechoslovakia (12), 1960s (12), time (12), mickelson (12), president (12), programs (12), information (12), slovak (12), 2026 (11), articles (11), june (11), not (11), relations (11), agency (11), who (11), 1972 (11), center (11), university (11), first (11), conflict (11), iraqi (11), hungarian (11), over (11), headquarters (11), according (11), including (11), caucasus (11), 1994 (11), policy (10), organizations (10), intelligence (10), world (10), 1992 (10), down (10), eastern (10), johnson (10), has (10), history (10), most (10), 2016 (10), which (10), romania (10), had (10), 1998 (10), 1995 (10), assr (10), wikipedia (9), 1949 (9), agents (9), democracy (9), anti (9), national (9), commission (9), flight (9), nuclear (9), authorities (9), john (9), iran (9), 1985 (9), 1979 (9), law (9), south (9), fall (9), afghan (9), global (9), staff (9), 2024 (9), than (9), began (9), usagm (9), islamic (9), tatar (9), about (8), inc (8), bulgarian (8), kazakh (8), latvia (8), black (8), washington (8), administration (8), treaty (8), four (8), 1957 (8), archive (8), espionage (8), 1987 (8), 1973 (8), program (8), security (8), border (8), albanian (8), split (8), 1971 (8), through (8), 978 (8), doi (8), cummings (8), department (8), azerbaijan (8), operations (8), agent (8), more (8), services (8), two (8), into (8), following (8), early (8), local (8), been (8), until (8), balkan (8), uzbek (8), toggle (7), available (7), short (7), diplomacy (7), east (7), order (7), nations (7), council (7), arms (7), power (7), persian (7), 1988 (7), bombing (7), case (7), activities (7), 1948 (7), 1947 (7), geneva (7), kosmos (7), general (7), list (7), kgb (7), oleg (7), protests (7), uprising (7), rebellion (7), political (7), richard (7), 1966 (7), curtain (7), europa (7), story (7), 2015 (7), 2017 (7), audience (7), journalism (7), independent (7), hungary (7), his (7), 2001 (7), 2000 (7), such (7), kyrgyz (7), georgian (7), ekho (7), kavkaza (7), when (7), desk (7), latvian (7), all (6), links (6), public (6), york (6), film (6), space (6), glasnost (6), 1976 (6), armenian (6), liberation (6), missile (6), race (6), military (6), 1984 (6), air (6), cuban (6), turkish (6), bureau (6), see (6), bloc (6), communism (6), sino (6), ossetia (6), abkhazia (6), german (6), massacre (6), invasion (6), insurgency (6), independence (6), syrian (6), 1969 (6), iron (6), pakistan (6), current (6), 1999 (6), online (6), crackdown (6), coverage (6), kyrgyzstan (6), bulgaria (6), 2011 (6), радио (6), свободна (6), европа (6), grant (6), support (6), provide (6), million (6), received (6), azerbaijani (6), belarusian (6), launched (6), merged (6), bashkir (6), oblast (6), inhabited (6), lands (6), you (5), non (5), page (5), undesirable (5), based (5), city (5), org (5), croatia (5), control (5), interview (5), life (5), article (5), white (5), ussr (5), 1945 (5), ukraine (5), friendship (5), institute (5), are (5), ban (5), sea (5), act (5), eisenhower (5), wall (5), korean (5), 1958 (5), 1959 (5), plan (5), 1955 (5), affairs (5), permanent (5), pact (5), kosovo (5), dissolution (5), velvet (5), iraq (5), 1980s (5), 1950s (5), hoover (5), resources (5), 2007 (5), 1997 (5), sosin (5), arch (5), review (5), mikkonen (5), says (5), cuts (5), voa (5), shut (5), rights (5), content (5), lithuania (5), critical (5), broadcaster (5), voices (5), chief (5), petr (5), major (5), tumanov (5), свобода (5), federal (5), have (5), countries (5), officials (5), needed (5), attacks (5), pashto (5), often (5), move (5), late (5), serbian (5), since (5), later (5), them (5), year (5), disaster (5), serbs (5), autonomous (5), tajik (5), turkmen (5), 1951 (5), subsection (5), contents (4), search (4), legal (4), using (4), use (4), commons (4), link (4), wikidata (4), expanded (4), clarification (4), unsourced (4), statements (4), established (4), mass (4), broadcasters (4), france (4), red (4), west (4), series (4), baltic (4), day (4), army (4), school (4), peace (4), relief (4), movement (4), germany (4), reagan (4), warsaw (4), allied (4), 1986 (4), able (4), seven (4), affair (4), 130 (4), days (4), active (4), group (4), nato (4), mission (4), second (4), involvement (4), regime (4), michael (4), timothy (4), robert (4), thomas (4), english (4), democratic (4), taiwan (4), 1990s (4), solidarity (4), attempt (4), vietnam (4), 1968 (4), 1965 (4), mashaal (4), farda (4), download (4), made (4), wilson (4), official (4), website (4), liberă (4), director (4), 1996 (4), ross (4), journal (4), massive (4), politico (4), doge (4), human (4), office (4), report (4), court (4), reuters (4), block (4), access (4), country (4), com (4), being (4), info (4), post (4), one (4), could (4), issn (4), spy (4), 1981 (4), programming (4), jstor (4), published (4), said (4), management (4), role (4), known (4), song (4), outlets (4), making (4), region (4), number (4), serve (4), three (4), montenegro (4), macedonia (4), building (4), account (4), came (4), funds (4), changes (4), included (4), while (4), nechiporenko (4), karachay (4), evropa (4), activated (4), rse (4), bosnia (4), herzegovina (4), then (4), estonian (4), lithuanian (4), crimean (4), ingush (4), ossetian (4), base (4), ncfe (4), 07889 (4), 47861 (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), table (3), view (3), statement (3), contacts (3), contact (3), text (3), wikimedia (3), foundation (3), category (3), wayback (3), pages (3), description (3), listed (3), spain (3), wave (3), best (3), usa (3), politics (3), bush (3), visit (3), boris (3), yeltsin (3), embassy (3), empire (3), related (3), corporation (3), canadian (3), studies (3), system (3), speech (3), forces (3), means (3), strategic (3), incidents (3), cooperation (3), outer (3), peaceful (3), accords (3), executive (3), force (3), tupolev (3), truman (3), gulf (3), gap (3), begin (3), five (3), minutes (3), summer (3), lines (3), 1980 (3), 1964 (3), shootdown (3), 1961 (3), martin (3), mark (3), wars (3), will (3), declaration (3), documents (3), gene (3), working (3), federation (3), timeline (3), 1962 (3), stalin (3), house (3), conflicts (3), change (3), cultural (3), william (3), stephen (3), david (3), crusade (3), pro (3), izvestia (3), nationalism (3), nixon (3), ping (3), somali (3), 1982 (3), eritrean (3), libyan (3), cambodian (3), indochina (3), indonesian (3), cyprus (3), kurdish (3), yemen (3), 1970 (3), closure (3), suez (3), 1967 (3), riots (3), indonesia (3), emergency (3), 1952 (3), azadi (3), networks (3), internet (3), viewing (3), institution (3), inside (3), library (3), 2006 (3), urban (3), s2cid (3), stanford (3), eugene (3), parta (3), beyond (3), ether (3), 1080 (3), amid (3), times (3), donald (3), gift (3), enemies (3), due (3), grants (3), called (3), provides (3), ministry (3), police (3), sues (3), raids (3), tajikistan (3), reports (3), polygraph (3), network (3), launches (3), real (3), 2014 (3), pashtun (3), event (3), head (3), attack (3), street (3), books (3), šmíd (3), did (3), how (3), machine (3), still (3), svoboda (3), part (3), end (3), special (3), balloons (3), americans (3), monitor (3), audiences (3), 103 (3), controlled (3), became (3), meyer (3), cord (3), 127 (3), termination (3), outlet (3), satellite (3), capus (3), newsroom (3), reporting (3), pdf (3), notes (3), jazz (3), help (3), among (3), journalist (3), connection (3), where (3), significant (3), interviews (3), addition (3), listeners (3), across (3), citation (3), bureaus (3), stopped (3), slovakia (3), estonia (3), macedonian (3), bosnian (3), many (3), reduced (3), reported (3), however (3), turned (3), out (3), gorbachev (3), regimes (3), bib (3), congress (3), both (3), initially (3), full (3), several (3), ceased (3), reception (3), greater (3), transmissions (3), czechowicz (3), chernobyl (3), ceaușescu (3), transmitter (3), kabardino (3), dagestan (3), slobodna (3), moldovan (3), rwe (3), operated (3), uyghur (3), disputed (3), chechen (3), socialist (3), lampertheim (3), messages (3), 000 (3), leaflets (3), germans (3), tools (3), main (3), safety (2), privacy (2), additional (2), terms (2), site (2), hidden (2), categories (2), needing (2), sources (2), containing (2), coordinates (2), front (2), yale (2), georgia (2), smith (2), bobby (2), award (2), feature (2), chess (2), track (2), field (2), bridge (2), captive (2), philadelphia (2), olympic (2), final (2), famine (2), technical (2), student (2), struggle (2), fund (2), airlines (2), social (2), kennan (2), publishers (2), citizen (2), apollo (2), soyuz (2), anglo (2), amerika (2), magazine (2), kitchen (2), debate (2), peoples (2), armed (2), range (2), limitation (2), talks (2), test (2), prevention (2), potsdam (2), threat (2), amendment (2), siberian (2), intervention (2), expeditionary (2), uss (2), naval (2), route (2), technological (2), bumping (2), karl (2), submarine (2), 219 (2), arthur (2), olympics (2), boycott (2), autumn (2), archer (2), false (2), 007 (2), 129 (2), azorian (2), defection (2), harvey (2), sputnik (2), bury (2), capture (2), tuapse (2), blockade (2), 1946 (2), baruch (2), spies (2), straits (2), safe (2), ryan (2), monopoly (2), denver (2), river (2), rhine (2), rules (2), scare (2), rollback (2), containment (2), measures (2), origins (2), export (2), reykjavík (2), 1974 (2), mutual (2), balanced (2), deal (2), détente (2), resolution (2), 135 (2), note (2), lend (2), lease (2), eurasian (2), point (2), consulate (2), san (2), henry (2), ambassadors (2), stasi (2), young (2), alex (2), von (2), patrick (2), andrew (2), ronald (2), walter (2), gabriel (2), garton (2), ash (2), lewis (2), herbert (2), brown (2), pravda (2), asean (2), aligned (2), comecon (2), meto (2), seato (2), third (2), zionism (2), imperialism (2), economics (2), capitalism (2), conservatism (2), kennedy (2), domino (2), theory (2), dispute (2), indian (2), korea (2), china (2), frozen (2), yugoslavia (2), yemeni (2), min (2), inner (2), revolutions (2), strikes (2), jvp (2), insurrection (2), ethiopian (2), assassination (2), peruvian (2), iranian (2), mosque (2), yemenite (2), egyptian (2), argentine (2), dirty (2), vietnamese (2), sahara (2), mozambican (2), angolan (2), transition (2), paris (2), bangladesh (2), sudanese (2), riot (2), goulash (2), revolutionary (2), malaysia (2), spring (2), six (2), canal (2), greek (2), colombian (2), guatemalan (2), 1963 (2), annexation (2), strait (2), poznań (2), paraguayan (2), mau (2), arab (2), palestine (2), india (2), election (2), chinese (2), division (2), televisión (2), martí (2), open (2), sawa (2), alhurra (2), middle (2), compiled (2), digital (2), woodrow (2), radiofreeeurope (2), radioliberty (2), external (2), editura (2), omnium (2), 606 (2), 95197 (2), 101 (2), tofan (2), liviu (2), szabad (2), európa (2), george (2), sparks (2), memoir (2), sig (2), 349 (2), rawnsley (2), budapest (2), directed (2), community (2), bibliography (2), warns (2), dmitri (2), savitski (2), folkenflik (2), npr (2), proceeds (2), brian (2), activists (2), freezes (2), freeze (2), next (2), usc (2), elon (2), musk (2), efficiency (2), watch (2), critics (2), meydan (2), novaya (2), gazeta (2), named (2), tom (2), relocation (2), credible (2), bishkek (2), request (2), awards (2), resident (2), deutsche (2), welle (2), bank (2), accounts (2), pressure (2), added (2), extremist (2), walking (2), raided (2), detained (2), nieman (2), editor (2), настоящее (2), время (2), show (2), heartland (2), plot (2), www (2), jeffrey (2), gedmin (2), brod (2), dangerous (2), národní (2), syracuse (2), death (2), publishing (2), economist (2), mouthpiece (2), 209 (2), 153 (2), 126 (2), 313 (2), 29605 (2), 115 (2), lipien (2), ted (2), россию (2), around (2), chechnya (2), centers (2), caucasian (2), mole (2), kalugin (2), iii (2), 2013 (2), hope (2), 117 (2), kasprzak (2), 341 (2), 00085006 (2), 11092362 (2), 315 (2), slavonic (2), papers (2), catholic (2), church (2), nečas (2), mediapool (2), 110 (2), legacy (2), statemediamonitor (2), should (2), sponsored (2), extent (2), interests (2), 43134017 (2), georgetown (2), ralph (2), uttaro (2), contemporary (2), problems (2), 2012 (2), 122 (2), 1191297 (2), designated (2), off (2), despite (2), judge (2), ordered (2), restore (2), limited (2), soft (2), writer (2), rferl (2), blocking (2), source (2), references (2), радіо (2), women (2), theme (2), cancelled (2), expansion (2), pledged (2), version (2), stated (2), signed (2), imposed (2), total (2), terminated (2), directive (2), reporters (2), employees (2), they (2), longer (2), allowed (2), offices (2), response (2), sued (2), proposed (2), saving (2), close (2), suspension (2), prison (2), effectively (2), revealed (2), censored (2), passed (2), parliament (2), opened (2), presidential (2), 2020s (2), register (2), 121 (2), 124 (2), justice (2), announced (2), growing (2), led (2), become (2), 2010s (2), tribal (2), created (2), counter (2), leaders (2), policymakers (2), regular (2), month (2), introduced (2), daily (2), regions (2), focused (2), echo (2), urged (2), listening (2), popular (2), each (2), planned (2), 108 (2), uzbekistan (2), turkmenistan (2), terrorist (2), less (2), surrogate (2), governments (2), extensive (2), croatian (2), these (2), correspondent (2), worked (2), there (2), significantly (2), credited (2), citizens (2), demonstrations (2), eventually (2), domestic (2), period (2), allowing (2), era (2), dissident (2), politicians (2), fearing (2), listened (2), increased (2), fervent (2), receive (2), oversee (2), form (2), board (2), manager (2), autonomy (2), minimal (2), directly (2), editorial (2), budget (2), fiscal (2), although (2), again (2), secretary (2), sum (2), spent (2), location (2), highly (2), seen (2), efforts (2), parts (2), back (2), failed (2), well (2), analysis (2), aimed (2), sent (2), gathering (2), infiltrated (2), any (2), accurate (2), hours (2), exposure (2), but (2), tool (2), carlos (2), paid (2), nicolae (2), determined (2), publicized (2), movements (2), served (2), راډیو (2), balkaria (2), cherkessia (2), رادیو (2), montenegrin (2), moldova (2), brčko (2), district (2), emirate (2), transitional (2), dari (2), uyghurs (2), kazakhstan (2), kirghiz (2), crimea (2), karakalpak (2), byelorussian (2), checheno (2), radiosy (2), adyghe (2), moldavian (2), shortwave (2), pals (2), portugal (2), glória (2), formed (2), rather (2), 300 (2), publicity (2), exiles (2), provided (2), material (2), hagibor (2), sector (2), projects (2), dulles (2), covertly (2), 501 (2), headquartered (2), here (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), read (2), bahasa (2), беларуская (2), log (2), create (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statistics, developers, code, conduct, disclaimers, apply, agree, registered, trademark, profit, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, edited, utc, cs1, webarchive, template, infobox, deprecated, parameters, gadget, wikiminiatlas, dmy, dates, different, promotion, companies, establishments, https, index, php, title, radio_free_europe, radio_liberty, oldid, 1371810144, lux, idref, trove, cinii, academics, israel, greece, norway, japan, bnf, data, gnd, viaf, isni, authority, databases, ordinary, family, stalingrad, extraordinary, adventures, land, bolsheviks, deep, admiral, daughter, eagles, suzanne, massie, roswell, garst, samantha, georgi, bolshakov, fischer, comparison, m16, submissions, academy, yardymly, championship, coke, uzel, dual, meet, match, triangular, sovfoto, sovereignty, puerto, rico, super, shvetsov, self, propelled, barge, sage, refusenik, pushinka, miracle, ice, little, joe, bowl, goodwill, games, gaz, week, legs, flyers, game, men, basketball, purchasing, society, aid, jewry, industrial, jewish, colonization, alaska, gennady, alferenko, inventions, friends, sunday, jews, kersten, cospas, sarsat, programme, laser, applications, dewey, party, initiatives, cigarette, ansonia, clock, company, petersburg, androgynous, peripheral, attach, lynching, negroes, amtorg, trading, walks, mobilization, exhibition, ark, conventional, start, settlement, respect, maritime, boundary, chemical, weapons, accord, intermediate, verification, threshold, ballistic, concerning, exploration, purposes, mccloy, zorin, wanfried, declarations, treaties, demilitarization, reduction, jackson, vanik, 8484, legislation, siberia, uscgc, southwind, iowan, indigirka, dakotan, belorussia, class, cargo, ship, bell, kingcobra, stimson, tripartite, airlift, command, corridor, pacific, northwest, staging, liaison, missions, line, giuk, policemen, elbe, victory, parade, arctic, convoys, alsib, kommandatura, chicken, kiev, yeniseysk, tear, linnas, anthony, walker, nicholson, forge, alarm, evil, urengoy, pomary, uzhhorod, pipeline, yellow, rain, grain, embargo, feodor, fedorenko, gambell, aeroflot, 244, dymshits, kuznetsov, hijacking, seaboard, 253a, pan, 708, ich, bin, ein, berliner, metallurg, anosov, crateology, thunderstreak, shoe, banging, mitchell, arrest, kaminsky, bennett, transfermium, kuzma, mother, signal, hollow, nickel, shostakovich, twentieth, century, fox, corp, kasenkina, niš, atomic, gorin, welles, sisson, hula, mogul, moby, dick, homerun, grab, bag, genetrix, dark, coldfeet, 7th, escadrille, sunrise, haven, lincoln, keelhaul, ivy, bells, gold, giant, lance, dropshot, cyclone, chrome, dome, cedar, breakthrough, anadyr, venona, nitrophenyl, pentadienal, totality, shocker, smolensk, nsc, bomber, aerial, reconnaissance, defense, initiative, sheldon, names, combat, losses, manual, 31b, plans, tensions, polio, vaccine, ministers, trade, coordinating, multilateral, controls, advisory, helsinki, malta, joint, uniform, acceptance, governing, innocent, passage, governors, island, zero, option, double, decision, vladivostok, meeting, reductions, wheat, topaz, reactor, 2044, 1887, 1667, 1514, 1129, 936, 782, bion, linkage, glassboro, partial, hotline, eighteen, nation, disarmament, vienna, dartmouth, nikita, khrushchev, restitution, lacy, zarubin, tehran, yalta, 1944, 1943, 1942, 1941, sherman, tanks, killenworth, pioneer, lothrop, mansion, elmcroft, estate, francisco, hammond, spaso, ambassador, residence, diplomatic, posts, pax, atomica, brinkmanship, terror, summits, mvd, mi6, mi5, vladislav, zubok, ken, rudolph, winnacker, jonathan, reed, winkler, appleman, williams, odd, arne, westad, tunzelmann, vaughan, vladimir, tismăneanu, thorpe, athan, theoharis, fyodor, tertitskiy, szonyi, frances, saunders, snyder, shen, zhihua, giles, scott, ellen, schrecker, schlesinger, sarotte, sergey, radchenko, yakov, rabkin, rabe, powaski, pickett, painter, marius, oprea, naftali, mcmahon, mccormick, jack, matlock, vojtech, mastny, geir, lundestad, fredrik, logevall, melvyn, leffler, laqueur, lafeber, bruce, kuniholm, kolko, klehr, khlevniuk, tony, judt, tvrtko, jakovina, james, hershberg, hearden, earl, haynes, jamil, hasanli, jussi, hanhimäki, fred, halliday, greg, grandin, gorodetsky, lloyd, gardner, gaddis, anneli, ute, gabanyi, andré, fontaine, sheila, fitzpatrick, hugh, ferrell, feis, willem, drees, norman, davies, nick, cullather, nicholas, cull, cox, costello, adrian, cioroianu, chen, jian, warren, carroll, archie, borstelmann, manu, bhagavan, beschloss, bailey, gar, alperovitz, historians, competition, paix, liberté, tass, trybuna, ludu, rudé, právo, neues, deutschland, safari, club, saarc, eec, finlandization, apartheid, separatism, supremacy, worldism, guided, illiberal, liberal, autocracy, authoritarianism, totalitarianism, islamism, neo, nazism, fascism, racism, ethnic, chauvinism, ultranationalism, trotskyism, titoism, stalinism, maoism, chi, minh, thought, juche, hoxhaism, guevarism, eurocommunism, fidelismo, marxism, leninism, socialism, supply, side, reaganomics, neoclassical, monetarism, libertarianism, liberalism, keynesianism, chicago, ideologies, kinmen, paasikivi, kekkonen, carter, ulbricht, brezhnev, ostpolitik, coexistence, hallstein, borneo, transnistria, breakup, albania, unification, reunification, 5202, 5540, mongolian, tiananmen, square, round, panama, nagorno, karabakh, bougainville, perestroika, contras, reaction, 8888, lord, resistance, lieyu, toyota, star, grenada, ndogboyosoi, falklands, casamance, martial, sidra, ugandan, jerzy, popiełuszko, agreements, gera, demands, boycotts, salvadoran, abuse, psychiatry, herat, jewel, saur, grand, seizure, chadian, ndf, uganda, tanzania, nicaraguan, 902, argentina, condor, khmer, rouge, lebanese, 1978, ogaden, oromo, genocide, timor, sipahi, janata, siege, dhaka, bangladeshi, metapolitefsi, spanish, carnation, oil, yom, kippur, chilean, uruguayan, bolivian, memorandum, corrective, egypt, pong, realpolitik, koza, thailand, etat, alcora, exercise, proliferation, pueblo, nigerian, wadiah, dhofar, attrition, lead, italy

Text of the page (random words):
y radio free afghanistan between 1985 and 1993 tatar bashkir bashkir bashkortostan early 1990s present idel реалии as radio liberty covered by russian service 1953 early 1990s czech czech czech republic 1 january 1993 31 january 2004 activated as czech desk of the czechoslovak service between 1950 and 1993 operated as rse inc 1995 2002 slovak slovak slovakia 4 january 1993 31 january 2004 activated as slovak desk of the czechoslovak service between 1950 and 1993 balkan croatian croatia federation of bosnia and herzegovina brčko district 31 january 1994 september 2018 croats of bosnia and herzegovina balkan serbian serbia republika srpska brčko district montenegro kosovo north macedonia croatia 31 january 1994 present radio slobodna evropa serbs of bosnia and herzegovina serbs of montenegro kosovo serbs serbs in north macedonia serbs of croatia balkan bosnian bosnia and herzegovina 31 january 1994 present radio slobodna evropa rwe inc polish poland 1 january 1995 1997 as radio wolna europa rwe inc activated as polish service 1950 1994 rse inc czech czech republic 1 january 1995 30 september 2002 as radio svobodna europa rse inc activated as part of czechoslovak service 1950 1992 and as czech service 1993 1995 moldovan romanian republic of moldova 1998 present radio europa liberă covered by the romanian service between 1950 1953 and 1990 1998 covered by the russian service between 1953 and 1990 romanian service merged into it in 2008 romanian service split from it in 2019 radio free iraq arabic iraqi republic 1998 2003 iraqi republic provisional 2003 2004 republic of iraq 2004 2015 30 october 1998 31 july 2015 إذاعة العراق الحر merged into radio sawa balkan albanian kosovo 8 march 1999 present radio evropa e lirë covered by the serbian desk of balkan service between 1994 and 1999 persian persian iran 30 october 1998 1 december 2002 merged into radio farda latvian russian latvia february 2001 31 january 2004 as radio liberty covered by russian service 1953 1975 and by latvian service 1975 2001 russians in latvia balkan montenegrin montenegro 1 june 2000 present radio slobodna evropa covered by the serbian desk of balkan service between 1994 and 2000 balkan macedonian north macedonia 1 september 2001 present радио слободна европа north caucasus kabardian kabardino balkaria karachay cherkessia 3 april 2002 31 may 2016 as radio liberty covered by russian service 1953 2002 and ekho kavkaza service 2016 present radio farda persian iran 19 december 2002 present فردا رادیو covered by persian service between 1998 and 2002 russian abkhazia south ossetia 2 november 2009 present эхо кавказа as echo of the caucasus covered by georgian service between 1953 and 2009 also covers adygea dagestan ingushetia karachay cherkessia kabardino balkaria and north ossetia alania radio mashaal pashto khyber pakhtunkhwa 15 january 2010 present مشال راډیو as radio liberty cold war years edit radio free europe radio liberty transmitter site biblis germany 2007 radio free europe edit according to certain european politicians such as petr nečas rfe played a significant role in the collapse of communism and the development of democracy in eastern europe 48 49 50 unlike government censored programs rfe publicized anti soviet protests and nationalist movements its audience increased substantially following the failed berlin riots of 1953 and the highly publicized defection of józef światło 51 arch puddington argues that its hungarian service s coverage of poland s poznań riots in 1956 served as an inspiration for the hungarian revolution that year 52 hungary edit during the hungarian revolution of 1956 rfe broadcasts encouraged rebels to fight and suggested that western support was imminent b 54 these rfe broadcasts violated eisenhower s policy which had determined that the united states would not provide military support for the revolution 55 a number of changes were implemented at rfe in the wake of this scandal including the establishment of the broadcast analysis division to ensure that broadcasts were accurate and professional while maintaining the journalists autonomy 56 romania edit rfe was seen as a serious threat by romanian president nicolae ceaușescu from the mid 1970s to his overthrow and execution in december 1989 ceaușescu waged a vengeful war against the rfe rl under the program ether ether operations included physical attacks on romanian journalists working for rfe rl including the controversial circumstances surrounding the deaths of three directors of rfe rl s romanian service 57 1981 rfe rl munich bombing edit on 21 february 1981 rfe rl s headquarters in munich was struck by a massive bomb causing 2 million in damage 58 several employees were injured but there were no fatalities stasi files opened after 1989 indicated that the bombing was carried out by a group under the direction of ilich ramírez sánchez known as carlos the jackal and paid for by nicolae ceaușescu president of romania 59 but according to the former head of the kgb counterintelligence department k general oleg kalugin the bombing operation was planned over two years by department k with the active involvement of a kgb mole inside the radio station oleg tumanov this revelation directly implicates kgb colonel oleg nechiporenko who recruited tumanov in the early 1960s and was his moscow curator 60 61 nechiporenko has never denied his involvement in an interview with radio liberty in 2003 he justified the bombing on the grounds that rfe rl was an american propaganda tool against the soviet union 62 tumanov was exfiltrated back to the ussr in 1986 63 nechiporenko contacts with carlos in the 1970s were confirmed by nechiporenko himself in an article published by segodnya in 2000 64 and by an article in izvestia in 2001 65 chernobyl disaster edit for the first two days following the chernobyl disaster on 26 april 1986 the official eastern bloc media did not report any news about the disaster nor any full account for another four months according to the hoover institute the people of the soviet union became frustrated with inconsistent and contradictory reports and 36 of them turned to western radio to provide accurate and pertinent information 66 listenership at rfe rl shot up dramatically as a great many hours of broadcast time were devoted to the dissemination of life saving news and information following the disaster 67 broadcast topics included precautions for exposure to radioactive fallout and reporting on the plight of the estonians who were tasked with providing the clean up operations in ukraine 67 poland and czechoslovakia edit communist governments also sent agents to infiltrate rfe s headquarters although some remained on staff for extended periods of time government authorities discouraged their agents from interfering with broadcast activity fearing that this could arouse suspicions and detract from their original purpose of gathering information on the radio station s activities from 1965 to 1971 an agent of the sb służba bezpieczeństwa communist poland s security service successfully infiltrated the station with an operative captain andrzej czechowicz according to former voice of america polish service director ted lipien czechowicz is perhaps the most well known communist era polish spy who was still an active agent while working at rfe in the late 1960s technically he was not a journalist as a historian by training he worked in the rfe s media analysis service in munich after more than five years czechowicz returned to poland in 1971 and participated in programs aimed at embarrassing radio free europe and the united states government 68 according to richard cummings former security chief of radio free europe other espionage incidents included a failed attempt by a czechoslovak intelligence service stb agent in 1959 to poison the salt shakers in the organization s cafeteria 69 in late 1960 an upheaval in the czechoslovak service led to a number of dramatic changes in the organization s structure rfe s new york headquarters could no longer effectively manage their munich subsidiary as a result major management responsibilities were transferred to munich making rfe a european based organization 70 according to puddington polish solidarity leader lech wałęsa and russian reformer grigory yavlinsky would later recall secretly listening to the broadcasts despite the heavy jamming 71 jamming edit the soviet government turned its efforts towards blocking reception of western programs to limit access to foreign broadcasts the central committee decreed that factories should remove all components allowing short wave reception from ussr made radio receivers however consumers easily learned that the necessary spare parts were available on the black market and electronics engineers opposing the idea would gladly convert radios back to being able to receive short wave transmissions 72 the most extensive form of reception obstruction was radio jamming 73 this was controlled by the kgb which in turn reported to the central committee jamming was an expensive and arduous procedure and its efficacy is still debated in 1958 the central committee mentioned that the sum spent on jamming was greater than the sum spent on domestic and international broadcasting combined 74 the central committee has admitted that circumventing jamming was both possible and practised in the soviet union due to limited resources authorities prioritized jamming based on the location language time and theme of western transmissions 75 highly political programs in russian broadcast at prime time to urban centers were perceived as the most dangerous seen as less politically threatening western music such as jazz was often transmitted unjammed 76 during and after the cuban missile crisis in late 1962 jamming was intensified the cuban missile crisis however was followed by a five year period when the jamming of most foreign broadcasters ceased only to intensify again with the prague spring in 1968 it ceased again in 1973 when henry kissinger became the u s secretary of state the end to jamming came abruptly on 21 november 1988 when soviet and eastern european jamming of virtually all foreign broadcasts including rfe rl services ceased at 21 00 cet 77 united states edit during the cold war rfe was often criticized in the united states as not being sufficiently anti communist although its non governmental status spared it from full scale mccarthyist investigations several rfe journalists including the director of the czech service ferdinand peroutka were accused of being soft on communism 78 fulton lewis a u s radio commentator and fervent anti communist was one of rfe s sharpest critics throughout the 1950s his critical broadcasts inspired other journalists to investigate the inner workings of the organization including its connection to the cia when its cia ties were exposed in the 1960s direct funding responsibility shifted to congress 79 funding edit rfe rl received funds from the cia until 1972 80 81 the cia s relationship with the radio stations began to break down in 1967 when ramparts magazine published an exposé claiming that the cia was channeling funds to civilian organizations further investigation into the cia s funding activities revealed its connection to both rfe and rl sparking significant media outrage 82 in 1971 the radio stations came under public spotlight once more when u s senator clifford case introduced senate bill 18 which would have removed funding for rfe and rl from the cia s budget appropriated 30 million to pay for fiscal year 1972 activities and required the state department to temporarily oversee the radio stations 81 in may 1972 president richard nixon appointed a special commission to deliberate rfe rl s future 83 the commission proposed that funding come directly from the united states congress and that a new organization the board for international broadcasting bib would simultaneously link the stations and the federal government and serve as an editorial buffer between them 84 according to arch puddington a former bureau manager for rfe rl though both radio stations initially received most of their funding from the cia rfe maintained a strong sense of autonomy under cord meyer the cia officer in charge of overseeing broadcast services from 1954 to 1971 the cia took a position of minimal government interference in radio affairs and programming 85 in 1974 they came under the control of an organization called the board for international broadcasting bib the bib was designed to receive appropriations from congress give them to radio managements and oversee the appropriation of funds 86 on 1 october 1976 the two radio stations merged to form radio free europe radio liberty rfe rl and added the three baltic language services to their repertoire citation needed 1980s glasnost and the iron curtain s fall edit funding for rfe rl increased during the reagan administration president ronald reagan a fervent anticommunist urged the stations to be more critical of the communist regimes this presented a challenge to rfe rl s broadcast strategy which had been very cautious since the controversy over its alleged role in the hungarian revolution 87 during the mikhail gorbachev era in the soviet union under glasnost rfe rl benefited significantly from the soviet union s new openness gorbachev stopped the practice of jamming the broadcasts in addition dissident politicians and officials could be freely interviewed by rfe rl for the first time without fearing persecution or imprisonment 88 by 1990 radio liberty had become the most listened to western radio station broadcasting to the soviet union 89 its coverage of the 1991 august coup enriched sparse domestic coverage of the event and drew in a wide audience 90 the broadcasts allowed gorbachev and boris yeltsin to stay in touch with the russian people during this turbulent period boris yeltsin later expressed his gratitude through a presidential decree allowing radio liberty to open a permanent bureau in moscow 91 the economist credited rfe rl with the dissolution of the soviet union 92 czechoslovakia s velvet revolution edit following the 17 november demonstrations in 1989 and brutal crackdown by czechoslovak riot police drahomíra dražská cs a porter at a dormitory in prague reported that a student martin šmíd had been killed during the clashes 93 the charter 77 activist petr uhl believed this account and passed it along to major news organizations who broadcast it 94 after reuters and the voice of america reported the story rfe rl decided to run it too 95 however the report later turned out to be false the story is credited by many sources with inspiring czechoslovak citizens to join the subsequent larger demonstrations which eventually brought down the communist government 96 97 98 czech journalist petr brod was stationed in prague as rfe rl s first permanent correspondent in post revolutionary czechoslovakia witnessing firsthand the ...