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rankfurt old town dom römer quarter in frankfurt am main an example of mixed reconstruction eilean donan castle scotland an example of a modelled reconstruction there are different approaches to reconstruction which differ in the degree of fidelity to the original and in the sensitivity to implementation in architecture georg mörsch describes reconstruction as a scientific method of extracting sources to rebuild things that have gone under regardless of the time that has passed since then 4 true to the original reconstruction is a reconstruction carried out using the same materials and the same methods as possible after extensive source research often existing original components are used this type of reconstruction can be found above all in culturally and historically significant buildings which then serve as objects for viewing and are used as museums an example of this is the completion of cologne cathedral which was finally completed in the late 19th century when the original construction plans were discovered and these were followed modelled reconstruction does not meet the requirements for fidelity to the original due to a lack of sources typical examples are for example when only façade plans or image documentation of buildings are preserved the rest of the necessary information is reinvented as much as possible by comparing it with similar contemporary objects this type of new creative reconstruction combined with a lot of imagination had its heyday especially in historicism with neo romanesque neo gothic neo renaissance and neo baroque many neo gothic castles have been created from the remains of medieval castles such as hohenschwangau castle eilean donan castle scotland hohenzollern castle and numerous others in the first third of the 20th century replicative reconstruction is a form of reconstruction which for functionalist reasons serves to imitate not interpret preserve or produce a historicized style but with a different use and no longer has anything to do with the original or old building example nikolaiviertel built in berlin during the gdr era interpretive reconstruction creates a new design based on historical sources buildings or parts of buildings are created that correspond to the character and overall impression of the original without attempting a one to one copy examples are the prinzipalmarkt in münster or the additions to the frankfurt römerberg the facades and gables of the houses were partly redesigned but the overall impression of the market was to be retained this method is derived from the neutral retouching as a modern restoration this fulfils the desire for reconstruction by restoring the overall impression of a place without the concerns over authenticity around replicas didactic reconstructions in connection with the development of archaeological excavation sites into didactic theme parks reconstructions of striking ancient structures such as city walls city gates temples villas or forts experimental reconstructions are part of experimental archaeology an example of this is the guédelon castle which has been under construction since 1997 using only the techniques and materials of the 13th century to research the construction method and duration the campus galli is another construction project to build a medieval monastery town based on the st gallen monastery plan these are previously non existent buildings the focus is on the research aspect challenges with reconstructions edit regardless of what type of reconstruction is done there are some recurring challenges and questions original structures are often incompletely documented so the missing parts have to be imagined inferred or made in a different way from the original building materials or construction techniques used to build the original are barely or not at all available or not financially affordable the same applies to craftspeople who still or again master the historical techniques and materials the original would not correspond to the space requirements that the new use of the building will make the inside of the building will be restructured and subdivided the replica would not meet today s static safety requirements so you have to change the structure the original or replica with the same interior structure would not comply with the statutory safety regulations such as in fire protection or escape routes the original or replica would not meet today s legal requirements if implemented exactly the original would no longer meet today s comfort requirements air conditioning electrical engineering sanitary installations so the original design is adapted accordingly reasons for and against reconstructions edit since the end of the second world war the reconstruction of buildings has been controversial especially in cities destroyed by the war in the public debate around reconstruction it is mostly assumed that historical or historicising architecture is perceived by the average citizen as more appealing than contemporary architecture the loss of the beautiful old is seen as an aesthetic diminution and historically created and poorly closed building gaps are experienced as a permanent flaw in the cityscape 5 the reconstruction of buildings is often controversial among architects and preservationists there are different motives and values overall the question of the reconstruction of prominent urban locations in the context of the cityscape proves to be significantly more conflict prone than is the case with remote buildings or in the open for example with experimental or didactic reconstructions many reconstructions are new buildings with a historical façade design but modern construction technology and with completely new uses the original building fabric is often hardly preserved and architects in particular argue against this approach saying that it merely creates a historical impression to appeal to a certain group of buyers 6 however there are also prominent examples of reconstructions with missing original substance the reconstruction of destroyed warsaw s old town is a reconstruction even in the unesco list of world heritage reconstructed buildings are generally not perceived as such by those who are unfamiliar with them which makes the cityscape more attractive in the eyes of the beholder even in the awareness of the residents the fact of the reconstruction of a building is mostly forgotten after a while the buildings are perceived again as an organic part of their environment the desire for the original substance which is usually put forward by monument conservationists cannot be met in many old buildings either one speaks of the theseus paradox a crucial question in monument protection today is that of whether the value and originality are in the materials or the design this does not only refer to the material erected at the time of construction but also to the various later layers that are evidence of their times the practice of both architectural and art history does not regard a certain version of an object as the original neither the first version nor the most splendid or most popular at the time nor the last one that has been remembered the venice charter of 1964 was an international guideline for dealing with the original building fabric for the preservation of monuments it is the most important monument conservation text of the 20th century and defines central values and procedures for the conservation and restoration of monuments opponents of reconstruction often point out that rebuilding could contribute to the transfiguration of the past reconstruction critics from the architectural profession and related professions assume that modern urban design and contemporary architecture are an expression of social identity that is continuously developing according to this society needs to maintain its architecture which meets its living conditions and needs and whose expression it is through building projects and not on the other hand to recreate old architecture this consensus on what is contemporary is questioned by those in favor of reconstruction from cultural and historical critics see reconstruction as a phenomenon of the 19th and 20th centuries that had hardly any role models in history and is now outdated reconstruction can thus only be historically legitimized to a limited extent on the other hand the term cityscape as an architectural unit extending beyond the individual building only came into the field of vision of architecture in the course of modernity proponents of the reconstruction on the other hand have little fear of contact with the harmonistic architectural conceptions of the 19th century and also point to the lasting popularity of the domes that were then completed according to the principles that are not permitted today however it is precisely the free access to the formal language of all earlier epochs that is considered one of the essential features of historicism as seen in postmodernism in a different sense the reconstruction fulfils the demand for an answer to the needs of the time and in this sense is an expression of contemporary building activity how later historical epochs will judge the contemporary phase of architecture and its peculiarities cannot be said for architects it is often not desirable to create replicas instead of creating something new in this sense every new building is more historically accurate because the destroyed objects were an expression of their own time on the one hand the idea of a building is the actual work of an architect and a reconstruction would represent an appreciation in this sense on the other hand every architect works in some way with the history of the building site this reference to the previous buildings is to be seen as an appreciation even if it is in explicit contrast building solutions by the architects of the historical compete with a new project the fundamental question that remains is why something should be created again instead of a new building prominent individual examples of reconstruction projects and executions show that architecture is a factor in the public that can still polarize just as much as that from the history of architecture known all time from a global perspective the entire discussion about the pros and cons of reconstruction is a problem rooted in eurocentric sensitivities other cultures both the anglo american region and asia deal with the topic differently the regular complete rebuilding of a buddhist temple is part of the centuries old tradition in asian architecture and the european concept of true to the original plays in this culture which has everything in the philosophical core material regarded as worthless shell until today a subordinate role the 2000 year old ise jingū shrines in japan are ritually rebuilt every 20 years according to the same plans made of wood in china for example while entire historic cities and city centers are being sacrificed to major urban and economic planning projects shanghai 3 gorges dam conversely historicizing projects are also being implemented such as the old town project of datong a city in the ming style or the restoration of the one in the cultural revolution destroyed sacred buildings in the usa too the monument concept plays only a subordinate role today and relates much more to historic monuments that are significant in terms of time and culture than to those of architectural history acceptance of reconstructions edit in a representative survey by the forsa institute on behalf of the german federal building culture foundation 80 of all participants were in favor of the reconstruction of historic buildings and 15 were against it the approval of reconstructions was particularly high among women 83 and 18 to 29 year olds 86 when asked whether historical buildings should also be rebuilt for other uses 80 of all participants answered with yes and 16 with no 7 examples of reconstructions edit prominent examples with worldwide attention that illuminate the diversity of reconstructive intentions and methods armenia edit garni temple 1975 australia edit st kilda pavilion 2006 belgium edit ypres cloth hall destroyed in world war i reconstructed by 1967 unesco world heritage since 1999 ypres cloth hall destroyed in 1918 reconstructed until 1967 unesco world heritage site since 1999 bosnia and herzegovina edit stari most in mostar destroyed during the croat bosniak war in 1993 reconstructed by 2004 unesco world heritage since 2005 stari most mostar rebuilt with original materials 2004 canada edit montreal biosphère burned in 1976 reconstructed by 1995 see also category rebuilt buildings and structures in canada cathedral basilica of notre dame de québec quebec city 1923 montreal biosphère 1995 ontario legislative building toronto 1912 saint joachim de pointe claire church 1885 china edit pavilion of prince teng 1989 yellow crane tower 1981 yongdingmen gate beijing 2005 porcelain tower of nanjing 2015 croatia edit church of pentecost vinkovci czech republic edit bethlehem chapel prague czech republic 1953 france edit vendôme column in paris dismantled during the paris commune in 1871 reconstructed in 1874 soissons cathedral after 1918 vendôme column paris spire of notre dame de paris georgia edit bagrati cathedral germany edit berlin palace demolished by the east german authorities in 1950 reconstructed by 2020 see also category rebuilt buildings and structures in germany category rebuilt buildings and structures in berlin category rebuilt buildings and structures in dresden and category building reconstruction projects in germany berlin palace leibnizhaus hannover 1981 falkenhaus würzburg town hall osnabrück st michael s church hamburg semperoper dresden schloss johannisburg aschaffenburg roman limes heilig geist spital nuremberg hildesheim cathedral buddenbrookhaus lübeck city palace potsdam münster cathedral butchers guild hall hildesheim 1989 old castle stuttgart dresden castle dresden cathedral dresden frauenkirche munich residence munich frauenkirche saarbrücken ludwigskirche new frankfurt old town greece edit stoa of attalos in athens burned in 267 ad reconstructed by 1956 stoa of attalos athens 1956 hungary edit matthias church budapest 1896 buda castle budapest 1952 1985 not true to the original reconstruction of the building destroyed in 1944 since 2019 true to the original reconstruction of some parts of the building royal palace gödöllő since 1994 india edit see also category rebuilt buildings and structures in india daksheswara mahadev temple 1963 tabo monastery 1983 iraq edit babylon 1983 israel edit church of the flagellation jerusalem duke max joseph in bavaria financed the purchase of the long dilapidated chapel by the custody of the holy land and its restoration for worship in 1838 the building which still exists today was built in 1927 1929 in the medieval style under the architect antonio barluzzi 8 hurva synagogue jerusalem 2010 italy edit basilica of sai...