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Text of the page (random words):
most common vulnerability in java though not the most exploited 8 runtime performance edit runtime reflection systems introduce a non negligible runtime performance overhead for instance in java because reflective operations are resolved dynamically at execution time many compiler and jvm optimizations such as method inlining static binding and aggressive just in time specialization cannot be fully applied as a consequence reflective calls are typically slower than their statically resolved counterparts microbenchmark and application level studies on java have shown that reflective operations can incur substantial runtime overhead especially for method invocation and dynamic object creation with slowdowns ranging from around 20 40 in moderate cases to more than 300 in heavily reflective dispatch scenarios 9 in sequential applications reflection can significantly increase execution time and memory consumption when used in performance critical code paths in multithreaded applications reflective implementations generally preserve scalability but still exhibit noticeably higher absolute execution times commonly between 1 5x and 10 slower than equivalent non reflective code 9 in languages like c and rust reflection is performed at compile time compile time reflection systems are weaker than runtime reflection systems like those of java and c but incur no runtime overhead due to being performed during compilation 10 examples edit the following code snippets create an instance foo of class foo and invoke its method printhello for each programming language normal and reflection based call sequences are shown common lisp edit the example below is in common lisp using the common lisp object system defclass foo defmethod print hello f foo format t hello from s f normal without reflection let foo make instance foo print hello foo with reflection to look up the class named foo and the method named print hello that specializes on foo let foo class find class read from string foo print hello method find method symbol function read from string print hello nil list foo class funcall sb mop method generic function print hello method make instance foo class c edit reflection is not possible in c though parts of reflection can be emulated include stdio h include stdlib h include string h typedef struct foo typedef void method void the method foo printhello void foo_printhello void _ printf hello world n simulated method table typedef struct const char name method fn methodentry const methodentry foo_methods printhello foo_printhello null null sentinel to mark end simulate reflective method lookup method findmethodbyname const char name for size_t i 0 foo_methods i name i if strcmp foo_methods i name name 0 return foo_methods i fn return null int main without reflection foo foo foo_printhello foo with emulated reflection foo reflected foo malloc sizeof foo if reflected fprintf stderr memory allocation failed n return exit_failure const char name printhello method m findmethodbyname name if m m reflected else fprintf stderr method s not found n name free reflected return exit_failure free reflected return exit_success c edit the example below is in c using reflection added in c 26 11 import std using std string_view using std views filter using std meta access_context using std meta exception using std meta info namespace meta std meta consteval bool isnonstaticmethod info mem noexcept return meta is_class_member mem meta is_static_member mem meta is_function mem consteval info findmethod info type string_view name for info member meta members_of type access_context current filter isnonstaticmethod if meta has_identifier member meta identifier_of member name return member note this is std meta exception not std exception throw exception std format failed to retrieve method from type name meta identifier_of type findmethod template info t const char name constexpr auto createinvokerimpl auto static constexpr info m findmethod t name static_assert meta parameters_of m size 0 meta return_type_of m void reflected method must take zero parameters and return void return t instance void instance m consteval info createinvoker info type string_view name return meta substitute createinvokerimpl meta reflect_constant type meta reflect_constant_string name class foo private public foo default void printhello const std println hello world int main int argc char argv foo foo without reflection foo printhello with reflection auto invokeprint createinvoker foo printhello invokeprint foo return 0 c edit the example below is in c namespace wikipedia examples using system using system reflection class foo public void printhello console writeline hello world public class invokefooexample static void main string args without reflection foo foo new foo printhello with reflection object reflectedfoo activator createinstance typeof foo methodinfo method reflectedfoo gettype getmethod printhello method invoke foo null delphi object pascal edit this delphi and object pascal example assumes that a tfoo class has been declared in a unit called unit1 uses rtti unit1 procedure withoutreflection var foo tfoo begin foo tfoo create try foo hello finally foo free end end procedure withreflection var rtticontext trtticontext rttitype trttiinstancetype foo tobject begin rttitype rtticontext findtype unit1 tfoo as trttiinstancetype foo rttitype getmethod create invoke rttitype metaclasstype asobject try rttitype getmethod hello invoke foo finally foo free end end ec edit the example below is in ec without reflection foo foo foo hello with reflection class fooclass esystem_findclass __thismodule foo instance foo einstance_new fooclass method m eclass_findmethod fooclass hello fooclass module void void m function foo go edit the example below is in go import fmt reflect type foo struct func f foo hello fmt println hello world func main without reflection var f foo f hello with reflection var ft reflect type reflect typeof foo var fv reflect value reflect new ft var m reflect value fv methodbyname hello if m isvalid m call nil else fmt println method not found java edit the example below is in java package org wikipedia examples import java lang reflect method class foo public void printhello system out println hello world public class invokefooexample public static void main string args without reflection foo foo new foo foo printhello with reflection try foo reflectedfoo foo class getdeclaredconstructor newinstance method m reflectedfoo getclass getdeclaredmethod printhello new class 0 m invoke reflectedfoo catch reflectiveoperationexception e system err printf an error occurred s n e getmessage java also provides an internal class not officially in the java class library in module jdk unsupported sun reflect reflection which is used by sun misc unsafe it contains one method static class getcallerclass int depth for obtaining the class making a call at a specified depth 12 this is now superseded by using the class java lang stackwalker stackframe and its method class getdeclaringclass julia edit the example below is in julia julia struct point x int y end inspection with reflection julia fieldnames point x y julia fieldtypes point int64 any julia p point 3 4 access with reflection julia getfield p x 3 kotlin edit using java reflection package org wikipedia examples import java lang reflect method class foo constructor fun printhello println hello world fun main args array string without reflection val foo foo foo printhello with reflection try foo class java retrieves a java lang class foo val reflectedfoo foo class java getdeclaredconstructor newinstance val m method reflectedfoo javaclass getdeclaredmethod printhello m invoke reflectedfoo catch e reflectiveoperationexception system err printf an error occurred s n e message using pure kotlin package org wikipedia examples import kotlin reflect full createinstance import kotlin reflect full functions class foo fun printhello println hello world fun main args array string without reflection val foo foo foo printhello with reflection try val kclass foo class val reflectedfoo kclass createinstance val function kclass functions first it name printhello function call reflectedfoo catch e exception system err printf an error occurred s n e message objective c edit the example below is in objective c implying either the openstep or foundation kit framework is used foo class interface foo nsobject void hello end sending hello to a foo instance without reflection foo obj foo alloc init obj hello sending hello to a foo instance with reflection id obj nsclassfromstring foo alloc init obj performselector selector hello perl edit the example below is in perl without reflection my foo foo new foo hello or foo new hello with reflection my class foo my constructor new my method hello my f class constructor f method or class constructor method with eval eval new foo hello php edit the example below is in php 13 without reflection foo new foo foo hello with reflection using reflections api reflector new reflectionclass foo foo reflector newinstance hello reflector getmethod hello hello invoke foo python edit the example below is in python from typing import any class foo def print_hello self none print hello world if __name__ __main__ without reflection obj foo foo obj print_hello with reflection obj foo globals foo _ any getattr obj print_hello with eval eval foo print_hello r edit the example below is in r without reflection assuming foo returns an s3 type object that has method hello obj foo hello obj with reflection class_name foo generic_having_foo_method hello obj do call class_name list do call generic_having_foo_method alist obj ruby edit the example below is in ruby without reflection obj foo new obj hello with reflection obj object const_get foo new obj send hello with eval eval foo new hello rust edit the example below is in rust using procedural macros a basic macro that registers a method name string to an actual method call macro_rules invoke_method instance expr method_name expr match method_name print_hello instance print_hello _ eprintln an error occurred method not found struct foo impl foo fn print_hello self println hello world fn main let foo foo normal call sequence foo print_hello reflection style sequence via compile time mapping let method_to_call print_hello invoke_method foo method_to_call swift edit swift reflection is read only and thus dynamic invocation is only possible through objective c import foundation class foo nsobject objc func printhello print hello world class invokefooexample static func main without reflection let foo foo foo printhello with reflection objective c runtime let reflectedfoo foo let selector selector foo printhello if reflectedfoo responds to selector reflectedfoo perform selector swift s reflection system with swift mirror is much more limited in scope import foundation class foo func printhello print hello world let foo foo let mirror mirror reflecting foo print type of foo foo print mirror children count properties only xojo edit the following is an example using xojo without reflection dim fooinstance as new foo fooinstance printhello with reflection dim classinfo as introspection typeinfo gettypeinfo foo dim constructors as introspection constructorinfo classinfo getconstructors dim fooinstance as foo constructors 0 invoke dim methods as introspection methodinfo classinfo getmethods for each m as introspection methodinfo in methods if m name printhello then m invoke fooinstance end if next see also edit list of reflective programming languages and platforms mirror programming programming paradigms self hosting compilers self modifying code type introspection typeof references edit citations edit a tutorial on behavioral reflection and its implementation by jacques malenfant et al pdf unknown archived from the original pdf on 21 august 2017 retrieved 23 june 2019 brian cantwell smith procedural reflection in programming languages department of electrical engineering and computer science massachusetts institute of technology phd dissertation 1982 brian c smith reflection and semantics in a procedural language archived 2015 12 13 at the wayback machine technical report mit lcs tr 272 massachusetts institute of technology cambridge massachusetts january 1982 clhs function intern www ai mit edu retrieved 2026 03 27 built in functions python documentation retrieved 2026 03 27 eval javascript mdn mdn web docs 2026 01 21 retrieved 2026 03 27 barros paulo just rené millstein suzanne vines paul dietl werner d amorim marcelo ernst michael d august 2015 static analysis of implicit control flow resolving java reflection and android intents pdf report university of washington uw cse 15 08 01 retrieved october 7 2021 eauvidoum ieu disk noise october 5 2021 twenty years of escaping the java sandbox phrack vol 10 no 46 retrieved october 7 2021 1 2 miguel garcia francisco ortin characterizing the usage and performance impact of java reflection an empirical study acm transactions on software engineering and methodology 2026 tristan soliven 1 may 2026 c 26 reflection what it actually changes for large codebases wholetomato com whole tomato cppreference com standard library header meta c 26 cppreference com cppreference com retrieved 17 may 2026 reflection java platform se 9 cr openjdk org openjdk retrieved 10 october 2025 php reflectionclass manual www php net sources edit jonathan m sobel and daniel p friedman an introduction to reflection oriented programming 1996 indiana university anti reflection technique using c and c cli wrapper to prevent code thief further reading edit ira r forman and nate forman java reflection in action 2005 isbn 1 932394 18 4 ira r forman and scott danforth putting metaclasses to work 1999 isbn 0 201 43305 2 external links edit reflection in logic functional and object oriented programming a short comparative study an introduction to reflection oriented programming brian foote s pages on reflection in smalltalk java reflection api tutorial from oracle v t e programming paradigms imperative structured jackson structures block structured modular non structured procedural programming in the large and in the small design by contract invariant based nested function object oriented class based prototype based object based agent immutable object persistent uniform function call syntax declarative functional recursive anonymous function partial application higher order higher order function purely functional total strict gadts dependent types functional logic point free style expression oriented applicative concatenative function level value level monad dataflow flow based reactive functional reactive signals streams synchronous logic abductive logic answer set constraint constraint logic inductive logic nondeterministic ontology probabilistic logic query domain specific language dsl algebraic modeling array automata based action command spacecraft 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