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inviolability of the sacramental seal apostolic penitentiary canon penitentiary complicit absolution sacramentum poenitentiae eucharist eucharistic discipline canon 915 celebret mass stipend sacramentals indulgence indulgentiarum doctrina sacred places altars major basilica minor basilica oratory chapel sacred times feast days fast days and abstinence paenitemini holy day of obligation matrimonial law canonical form latin church tametsi ne temere banns of marriage declaration of nullity dignitas connubii matrimonial nullity trial reforms of pope francis vetitum defender of the bond impediments to marriage affinity clandestinity impediment of crime disparity of cult ligamen public propriety matrimonial dispensation ratum sed non consummatum sanatio in radice natural marriage pauline privilege petrine privilege supreme authority particular churches and canonical structures supreme authority of the church roman pontiff papal conclave college of bishops supra diocesan eparchal structures college of cardinals conference of bishops synod of bishops particular churches churches sui juris latin church eastern catholic churches local particular churches appointment of bishops abbacy nullius apostolic vicariate apostolic vicar apostolic administration apostolic administrator diocese archdiocese aeque principaliter cathedraticum in persona episcopi diocesan curia moderator of the curia chancery deanery vicar forane eparchy eparchal curia military ordinariate mission sui juris personal ordinariate anglicanorum coetibus juridic persons parish team of priests in solidum collegiate church parish register lay trusteeism roman curia dicastery congregation pontifical council personal prelature types of membership of opus dei association of the christian faithful vicar general quinquennial visit ad limina jurisprudence canonical coronation canonically crowned images computation of time custom delegata potestas non potest delegari derogation dispensation taxa innocentiana faculty indult impediment donation interpretation pontifical council for legislative texts jurisdiction peritus obreption subreption obrogation promulgation resignation of the roman pontiff sede vacante simony vacatio legis validity and liceity visitation apostolic visitor philosophy theology and fundamental theory of catholic canon law theology ecclesiology treatise on law determinatio temporal goods property benefice cathedraticum contract law mass stipend stole fee temporalities law of persons person catholic canon law formal act of defection from the catholic church canonical age emancipation exemption heresy clerics secular clergy regular clergy obligation of celibacy clerics and public office incardination and excardination laicization dispensation canonical faculties office canonical provision canonical election juridic and physical persons jus patronatus associations of the faithful consecrated life canonical documents acta apostolicae sedis acta sanctae sedis censor librorum imprimatur imprimi potest notary protonotary apostolic apostolic constitution canon concordat decree decretal encyclical motu proprio ordinance papal brief papal bull penitential positive law rescript parish register ecclesiastical latin penal law canon 1324 canon 1397 2 censure de delictis gravioribus complicit absolution crimen sollicitationis excommunication list of excommunicable offences in the catholic church list of people excommunicated by the catholic church list of cardinals excommunicated by the catholic church interdict laicization penal latae sententiae and ferendae sententiae lifetime of prayer and penance canonical admonitions ecclesiastical prison procedural law pars statica tribunals ministers parties tribunals supreme tribunal of the apostolic signatura tribunal of the roman rota apostolic penitentiary congregation for the doctrine of the faith ministers of justice judicial vicar officialis auditor parties defender of the bond procurator pars dynamica trial procedure dignitas connubii matrimonial causes appeal as from an abuse presumption penal procedure vos estis lux mundi canonization congregation for the causes of saints maiorem hac dilectionem advocatus diaboli oblatio vitae positio beatification and canonization process in 1914 election of the roman pontiff current law universi dominici gregis papal renunciation reforms of pope benedict xvi historical cum proxime jus exclusivae papal appointment aeterni patris filius romano pontifici eligendo ingravescentem aetatem ubi periculum quia propter legal practice and scholarship list of legal abbreviations academic degrees licentiate of canon law doctor of canon law doctor of both laws journals and professional societies canon law society of america the jurist faculties of canon law catholic university of america school of canon law canonists medieval gratian hostiensis jean lemoine raymond of peñafort rufinus johannes teutonicus geoffrey of trani burchard of worms brocard modern contemporary eugenio corecco john d faris pietro gasparri ladislas orsy edward n peters law of consecrated life solemn vow exclaustration manifestation of conscience canonical erection of a house of religious pontifical right diocesan right congregation for institutes of consecrated life and societies of apostolic life institute of consecrated life religious institute congregation order monasticism canons regular mendicant orders clerics regular secular institute cum sanctissimus primo feliciter provida mater ecclesia society of apostolic life decretum laudis catholic church portal law portal v t e the canon law of the catholic church latin jus canonicum 10 is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the hierarchical authorities of the church to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of catholics toward the mission of the church 11 it was the first modern western legal system 12 and is the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the west 13 predating the european common law and civil law traditions what began with rules canons adopted by the apostles at the council of jerusalem in the 1st century has blossomed into a highly complex and original legal system encapsulating not just norms of the new testament but some elements of the hebrew old testament roman visigothic saxon and celtic legal traditions spanning thousands of years of human experience while the unique traditions of eastern catholic canon law govern the 23 eastern catholic particular churches sui iuris positive ecclesiastical laws derive formal authority in the case of universal laws from promulgation by the supreme legislator the supreme pontiff who possesses the totality of legislative executive and judicial power in his person 14 while particular laws derive formal authority from promulgation by a legislator inferior to the supreme legislator whether an ordinary or a delegated legislator the actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature but all encompassing of the human condition it has all the ordinary elements of a mature legal system 15 laws courts lawyers judges 15 a fully articulated legal code for the latin church as well as a code for the eastern catholic churches 16 principles of legal interpretation 17 and coercive penalties 18 it lacks civilly binding force in most secular jurisdictions those who are versed and skilled in canon law and professors of canon law are called canonists 19 or colloquially canon lawyers 20 canon law as a sacred science is called canonistics the jurisprudence of catholic canon law is the complex of legal principles and traditions within which canon law operates while the philosophy theology and fundamental theory of catholic canon law are the areas of philosophical theological and legal scholarship dedicated to providing a theoretical basis for canon law as a legal system and as true law in the early church the first canons were decreed by bishops united in ecumenical councils the emperor summoning all of the known world s bishops to attend with at least the acknowledgement of the bishop of rome or local councils bishops of a region or territory over time these canons were supplemented with decretals of the bishops of rome which were responses to doubts or problems according to the maxim roma locuta est causa finita est rome has spoken case is closed later they were gathered together into collections both unofficial and official the first truly systematic collection was assembled by the camaldolese monk gratian in the 11th century commonly known as the decretum gratiani gratian s decree pope gregory ix is credited with promulgating the first official collection of canons called the decretalia gregorii noni or liber extra 1234 this was followed by the liber sextus 1298 of boniface viii the clementines 1317 of clement v the extravagantes joannis xxii and the extravagantes communes all of which followed the same structure as the liber extra all these collections with the decretum gratiani are together referred to as the corpus juris canonici after the completion of the corpus juris canonici subsequent papal legislation was published in periodic volumes called bullaria by the 19th century this body of legislation included some 10 000 norms many difficult to reconcile with one another due to changes in circumstances and practice this situation impelled pope pius x to order the creation of the first code of canon law a single volume of clearly stated laws under the aegis of cardinal pietro gasparri the commission for the codification of canon law was completed under benedict xv who promulgated the code effective in 1918 the work having been begun by pius x it was sometimes called the pio benedictine code but more often the 1917 code in its preparation centuries of material was examined scrutinized for authenticity by leading experts and harmonized as much as possible with opposing canons and even other codes from the codex of justinian to the napoleonic code pope john xxiii initially called for a synod of the diocese of rome an ecumenical council and an updating to the 1917 code after the second ecumenical council of the vatican vatican ii closed in 1965 it became apparent that the code would need to be revised in light of the documents and theology of vatican ii after multiple drafts and many years of discussion pope john paul ii promulgated the revised code of canon law cic in 1983 containing 1752 canons it is the law currently binding on the latin western roman church the canon law of the eastern catholic churches which had developed some different disciplines and practices underwent its own process of codification resulting in the code of canons of the eastern churches promulgated in 1990 by pope john paul ii the institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of europe and consequently both modern civil law and common law bear the influences of canon law edson luiz sampel a brazilian expert in canon law says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law such as the law in continental europe and latin american countries sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society currently all latin catholic seminary students are expected to take a course in canon law c 252 3 some ecclesiastical officials are required to have the doctorate jcd or at least the licentiate jcl in canon law in order to fulfill their functions judicial vicars c 1419 1 judges c 1421 3 promoters of justice c 1435 defenders of the bond c 1435 in addition vicars general and episcopal vicars are to be doctors or at least licensed in canon law or theology c 478 1 and canonical advocates must either have the doctorate or be truly expert in canon law c 1483 ordinarily bishops are to have advanced degrees in sacred scripture theology or canon law c 378 1 5 st raymond of penyafort 1175 1275 a spanish dominican priest is the patron saint of canonists due to his important contributions to the science of canon law orthodox churches edit the greek speaking orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the pēdálion greek πηδάλιον rudder so named because it is meant to steer the church the orthodox christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances some orthodox canon scholars point out that had the ecumenical councils which deliberated in greek meant for the canons to be used as laws they would have called them nómoi νόμοι laws rather than kanónes κανόνες rules but almost all orthodox conform to them the dogmatic decisions of the councils though are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines since they are essential for the church s unity anglican communion edit main article canon law anglican communion in the church of england the ecclesiastical courts that formerly decided many matters such as disputes relating to marriage divorce wills and defamation still have jurisdiction of certain church related matters e g discipline of clergy alteration of church property and issues related to churchyards their separate status dates back to the 11th century when the normans split them off from the mixed secular religious county and local courts used by the saxons in contrast to the other courts of england the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a civil law system not common law although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes since the reformation ecclesiastical courts in england have been royal courts the teaching of canon law at the universities of oxford and cambridge was abrogated by henry viii thereafter practitioners in the ecclesiastical courts were trained in civil law receiving a doctor of civil law d c l degree from oxford or an ll d from cambridge such lawyers called doctors and civilians were centred at doctors commons a few streets south of st paul s cathedral in london where they monopolized probate matrimonial and admiralty cases until their jurisdiction was removed to the common law courts in the mid 19th century admiralty law was also based on civil law instead of common law thus was handled by the civilians too charles i repealed canon law in scotland in 1638 after uprisings of covenanters confronting the bishops of aberdeen following the convention at muchalls castle and other revolts across scotland earlier that year other churches in the anglican communion around the world e g the episcopal church in the united states and the anglican church of canada still function under their own private systems of canon law presbyterian and reformed churches edit main article presbyterian polity in presbyterian and reformed churches canon law is known as practice and procedure or church order and includes the church s laws respecting its government discipline legal practice and worship lutheranism edit the book of concord is the...