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retals of gregory ix decretalist regulæ juris extravagantes liber septimus jus novissimum c 1563 1918 council of trent benedictus deus tametsi apostolicae sedis moderationi jus codicis 1918 present 1917 code of canon law ecclesiae sanctae 1983 code of canon law other contractum trinius papal judge delegate right of option eastern law code of canons of the eastern churches eastern canonical reforms of pius xii nomocanon eparchy exarchate ordinariate for eastern catholic faithful protosyncellus liturgical law latin church general roman calendar ranking of liturgical days in the roman rite general instruction of the roman missal code of rubrics sacrosanctum concilium mysterii paschalis musicam sacram scripturarum thesaurus liturgiam authenticam quattuor abhinc annos ecclesia dei summorum pontificum magnum principium traditionis custodes red mass holy day of obligation sacramental law communicatio in sacris ex opere operato omnium in mentem validity and liceity sacraments holy orders impediment catholic canon law abstemius defect of birth obligation of celibacy nullity of sacred ordination apostolicae curae dimissorial letters episcopal consecrators approbation catholic canon law confession penitential canons paenitentiale theodori seal of the confessional internal and external forum note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the sacramental seal apostolic penitentiary canon penitentiary complicit absolution sacramentum poenitentiae eucharist eucharistic discipline canon 915 celebret mass stipend sacramentals indulgence indulgentiarum doctrina sacred places altars major basilica minor basilica oratory chapel sacred times feast days fast days and abstinence paenitemini holy day of obligation matrimonial law canonical form latin church tametsi ne temere banns of marriage declaration of nullity dignitas connubii matrimonial nullity trial reforms of pope francis vetitum defender of the bond impediments to marriage affinity clandestinity impediment of crime disparity of cult ligamen public propriety matrimonial dispensation ratum sed non consummatum sanatio in radice natural marriage pauline privilege petrine privilege supreme authority particular churches and canonical structures supreme authority of the church roman pontiff papal conclave college of bishops supra diocesan eparchal structures college of cardinals conference of bishops synod of bishops particular churches churches sui juris latin church eastern catholic churches local particular churches appointment of bishops abbacy nullius apostolic vicariate apostolic vicar apostolic administration apostolic administrator diocese archdiocese aeque principaliter cathedraticum in persona episcopi diocesan curia moderator of the curia chancery deanery vicar forane eparchy eparchal curia military ordinariate mission sui juris personal ordinariate anglicanorum coetibus juridic persons parish team of priests in solidum collegiate church parish register lay trusteeism roman curia dicastery congregation pontifical council personal prelature types of membership of opus dei association of the christian faithful vicar general quinquennial visit ad limina jurisprudence canonical coronation canonically crowned images computation of time custom delegata potestas non potest delegari derogation dispensation taxa innocentiana faculty indult impediment donation interpretation pontifical council for legislative texts jurisdiction peritus obreption subreption obrogation promulgation resignation of the roman pontiff sede vacante simony vacatio legis validity and liceity visitation apostolic visitor philosophy theology and fundamental theory of catholic canon law theology ecclesiology treatise on law determinatio temporal goods property benefice cathedraticum contract law mass stipend stole fee temporalities law of persons person catholic canon law formal act of defection from the catholic church canonical age emancipation exemption heresy clerics secular clergy regular clergy obligation of celibacy clerics and public office incardination and excardination laicization dispensation canonical faculties office canonical provision canonical election juridic and physical persons jus patronatus associations of the faithful consecrated life canonical documents acta apostolicae sedis acta sanctae sedis censor librorum imprimatur imprimi potest notary protonotary apostolic apostolic constitution canon concordat decree decretal encyclical motu proprio ordinance papal brief papal bull penitential positive law rescript parish register ecclesiastical latin penal law canon 1324 canon 1397 2 censure de delictis gravioribus complicit absolution crimen sollicitationis excommunication list of excommunicable offences in the catholic church list of people excommunicated by the catholic church list of cardinals excommunicated by the catholic church interdict laicization penal latae sententiae and ferendae sententiae lifetime of prayer and penance canonical admonitions ecclesiastical prison procedural law pars statica tribunals ministers parties tribunals supreme tribunal of the apostolic signatura tribunal of the roman rota apostolic penitentiary congregation for the doctrine of the faith ministers of justice judicial vicar officialis auditor parties defender of the bond procurator pars dynamica trial procedure dignitas connubii matrimonial causes appeal as from an abuse presumption penal procedure vos estis lux mundi canonization congregation for the causes of saints maiorem hac dilectionem advocatus diaboli oblatio vitae positio beatification and canonization process in 1914 election of the roman pontiff current law universi dominici gregis papal renunciation reforms of pope benedict xvi historical cum proxime jus exclusivae papal appointment aeterni patris filius romano pontifici eligendo ingravescentem aetatem ubi periculum quia propter legal practice and scholarship list of legal abbreviations academic degrees licentiate of canon law doctor of canon law doctor of both laws journals and professional societies canon law society of america the jurist faculties of canon law catholic university of america school of canon law canonists medieval gratian hostiensis jean lemoine raymond of peñafort rufinus johannes teutonicus geoffrey of trani burchard of worms brocard modern contemporary eugenio corecco john d faris pietro gasparri ladislas orsy edward n peters law of consecrated life solemn vow exclaustration manifestation of conscience canonical erection of a house of religious pontifical right diocesan right congregation for institutes of consecrated life and societies of apostolic life institute of consecrated life religious institute congregation order monasticism canons regular mendicant orders clerics regular secular institute cum sanctissimus primo feliciter provida mater ecclesia society of apostolic life decretum laudis catholic church portal law portal v t e in the catholic church a religious order is a community of consecrated life with members who profess solemn vows they are classed as a type of religious institute 1 subcategories of religious orders are canons regular canons and canonesses regular who recite the divine office and serve a church and perhaps a parish clerics regular priests who take religious vows and have an active apostolic life mendicants friars and religious sisters possibly living and working in a friary or a convent who live from alms recite the divine office and in the case of the men participate in apostolic activities and monastics monks and nuns living and working in a monastery or a nunnery and reciting the divine office catholic religious orders began as early as the 500s with the order of saint benedict being formed in 529 the earliest orders include the cistercians 1098 the premonstratensians 1120 the poor clares founded by francis of assisi 1212 and the benedictine reform movements of cluny 1216 these orders were confederations of independent abbeys and priories who were unified through a loose structure of leadership and oversight later the mendicant orders such as the carmelites the order of friars minor the order of preachers the order of the most holy trinity and the order of saint augustine formed these mendicant orders did not hold property for their religious communities instead begging for alms and going where they were needed their leadership structure included each member as opposed to each abbey or house as subject to their direct superior in the past what distinguished religious orders from other institutes was the classification of the vows that the members took as solemn vows according to this criterion the last religious order founded was that of the bethlehemite brothers in 1673 2 nevertheless in the course of the 20th century some religious institutes outside the category of orders obtained permission to make solemn vows at least of poverty thus blurring the distinction 3 essential distinguishing mark edit solemn vows were originally considered indissoluble as noted below dispensations began to be granted in later times but originally not even the pope could dispense from them 4 if for a just cause a member of a religious order was expelled the vow of chastity remained unchanged and so rendered invalid any attempt at marriage the vow of obedience obliged in relation generally to the bishop rather than to the religious superior and the vow of poverty was modified to meet the new situation but the expelled religious could not for example will any goods to another and goods which came to him reverted at his death to his institute or to the holy see 5 weakening of the distinction in 1917 edit the former 1917 code of canon law reserved the term religious order for institutes in which the vows were solemn and used the term religious congregation or simply congregation for institutes with simple vows the members of a religious order for men were called regulars those belonging to a religious congregation were simply religious a term that applied also to regulars for women those with simple vows were called religious sisters with the term nun reserved in canon law for those who belonged to an institute of solemn vows even if in some localities they were allowed to take simple vows instead 6 the hieronymite monks however it abolished the distinction according to which solemn vows unlike simple vows were indissoluble it recognized no totally indispensable religious vows and thereby abrogated for the latin church the special consecration that distinguished orders from congregations while keeping some juridical distinctions 5 in practice even before 1917 dispensations from solemn religious vows were being obtained by grant of the pope himself while departments of the holy see and superiors specially delegated by it could dispense from simple religious vows 7 the 1917 code maintained a juridical distinction by declaring invalid any marriage attempted by solemnly professed religious or by those with simple vows to which the holy see had attached the effect of invalidating marriage 8 while stating that no simple vow rendered a marriage invalid except in the cases in which the holy see directed otherwise 9 thus members of orders were barred absolutely from marriage and any marriage they attempted was invalid those who made simple vows were obliged not to marry but if they did break their vow the marriage was considered valid another difference was that a professed religious of solemn vows lost the right to own property and the capacity to acquire temporal goods for themselves but a professed religious of simple vows while being prohibited by the vow of poverty from using and administering property kept ownership and the right to acquire more unless the constitutions of the religious institute explicitly stated the contrary 10 after publication of the 1917 code many institutes with simple vows appealed to the holy see for permission to make solemn vows the apostolic constitution sponsa christi of 21 november 1950 made access to that permission easier for nuns in the strict sense though not for religious institutes dedicated to apostolic activity many of these latter institutes of women then petitioned for the solemn vow of poverty alone 3 towards the end of the second vatican council superiors general of clerical institutes and abbots president of monastic congregations were authorized to permit for a just cause their subjects of simple vows who made a reasonable request to renounce their property except for what would be required for their sustenance if they were to depart these changes resulted in a further blurring of the previously clear distinction between orders and congregations since institutes that were founded as congregations began to have some members who had all three solemn vows or had members that took a solemn vow of poverty and simple vows of chastity and obedience 3 further changes in 1983 edit the current 1983 code of canon law maintains the distinction between solemn and simple vows 11 but no longer makes any distinction between their juridical effects including the distinction between orders and congregations instead it uses the single term religious institute to designate all such institutes 12 13 while solemn vows once meant those taken in what was called a religious order today in order to know when a vow is solemn it will be necessary to refer to the proper law of the institutes of consecrated life 14 the annuario pontificio continues to distinguish between ordini orders and congregazioni religiose clericali clerical religious congregations some other authors use the terms religious order and religious institute as synonyms canon lawyer nicholas cafardi commenting on the fact that the canonical term is religious institute write that religious order is a colloquialism 15 authority structure edit abbot thomas schoen ocist a religious order is characterized by an authority structure where a superior general has jurisdiction over the order s dependent communities an exception is the order of saint benedict which is not a religious order in this technical sense because it has a system of independent houses meaning that each abbey is autonomous however the constitutions governing the order s global independent houses and its distinct benedictine congregations of which there are twenty were approved by the pope likewise according to rank and authority the abbot primate s position with regard to the other abbots throughout the world is to be understood rather from the analogy of a primate in a hierarchy than from that of the general of an order like the dominicans and the jesuits 16 the canons regular of saint augustine are in a situation similar to that of the benedictines they are organized in eight congregations each headed by an abbot general but also have an abbot primate of the confederated canons regular of saint augustine and the cistercians are in thirteen congregations each headed by an abbot general or an abbot pr...