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non bennett bezmenov bozell cohn conway dobson falwell feulner flynn gabriel gaines hegseth horowitz kirk charlie krikorian kristol lahaye lindell lindbergh leo longwell mcentee mercer rebekah mercer robert miller murdoch musk political views o keefe peale park phillips posobiec powell raichik reed regnery roberts kevin rove rufo scaife schlafly andrew schlafly phyllis stone thiel thomas ginni weyrich wiles literature the federalist papers 1788 democracy in america 1835 1840 i ll take my stand 1930 the managerial revolution 1941 ideas have consequences 1948 god and man at yale 1951 witness 1952 the conservative mind 1953 the conscience of a conservative 1960 a choice not an echo 1964 a conflict of visions 1987 the closing of the american mind 1987 the death of the west 2001 hillbilly elegy 2016 the benedict option 2017 why liberalism failed 2018 parties active american party conservative party ny state constitution party republican party defunct anti masonic party constitutional union 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miscellaneous the 85 fund ahi acu afpac bradley foundation tcc cnp cpac hillsdale college iff jbs john m olin foundation defunct liberty fund the lincoln project lu nas philadelphia society regent university russell kirk center for cultural renewal tppf other afl atlas network bradley impact fund cn conservamerica donors trust fedsoc ncpac pji tpaction sacr yrnf ziklag movements asian and pacific islander black christian right female green hispanic and latino lgbtq maga trumpism never trump militia movement monarchism parental rights movement fathers rights patriot movement radical right reaganism right libertarianism paleolibertarianism secessionism neo confederates texas related barstool conservatism bibliography of us conservatism conservative talk radio list of american conservatives timeline of modern american conservatism conservatism portal united states portal v t e republican as party name edit in 1792 93 jefferson and madison created a new republican party in order to promote their version of the doctrine they wanted to suggest that hamilton s version was illegitimate 39 according to federalist noah webster a political activist bitter at the defeat of the federalist party in the white house and congress the choice of the name republican was a powerful instrument in the process of making proselytes to the party the influence of names on the mass of mankind was never more distinctly exhibited than in the increase of the democratic party in the united states the popularity of the denomination of the republican party was more than a match for the popularity of washington s character and services and contributed to overthrow his administration 40 the party which political scientists later called the democratic republican party split into separate factions in the 1820s one of which became the democratic party after 1832 the democrats were opposed by another faction that named themselves whigs after the patriots of the 1770s both of these parties proclaimed their devotion to republicanism in the era of the second party system republican motherhood edit under the new government after the revolution republican motherhood became an ideal as exemplified by abigail adams and mercy otis warren the first duty of the republican woman was to instill republican values in her children and to avoid luxury and ostentation 41 two generations later the daughters and granddaughters of these republican mothers appropriated republican values into their lives as they sought independence and equality in the workforce during the 1830s thousands of female mill workers went on strike to battle for their right to fair wages and independence as there had been major pay cuts many of these women were daughters of independent land owners and descendants of men who had fought in the revolutionary war they identified as daughters of freemen in their fight for independence at the mills women would incorporate rhetoric from the revolution to convey the importance and strength of their purpose to their corporate employers as well as to other women if the revolutionary war was fought to secure independence from great britain then these daughters of freemen could fight for the same republican values that through striking would give them fair pay and independence just as the men had 42 property rights edit supreme court justice joseph story 1779 1845 made the protection of property rights by the courts a major component of american republicanism a precocious legal scholar story was appointed to the court by james madison in 1811 he and chief justice john marshall made the court a bastion of nationalism along the lines of marshall s federalist party and a protector of the rights of property against runaway democracy story opposed jacksonian democracy because it was inclined to repudiate lawful debts and was too often guilty of what he called oppression of property rights by republican governments 43 story held that the right of the citizens to the free enjoyment of their property legally acquired was a great and fundamental principle of a republican government 44 newmyer 1985 presents story as a statesman of the old republic who tried to rise above democratic politics and to shape the law in accordance with the republicanism of story s heroes alexander hamilton and john marshall as well as the new england whigs of the 1820s and 1830s such as daniel webster 45 historians agree that justice story as much or more than marshall or anyone else did indeed reshape american law in a conservative direction that protected property rights 46 equitable distribution of wealth edit according to journalist jamelle bouie among the oldest and most potent strains of american thinking about self government is the belief that it cannot coexist with mass immiseration and gross disparities of wealth and status 47 he quotes john adams in a 1776 letter the balance of power in a society accompanies the balance of property in land the only possible way then of preserving the balance of power on the side of equal liberty and public virtue is to make the acquisition of land easy to every member of society to make a division of land into small quantities so that the multitude may be possessed of landed estates if the multitude is possessed of the balance of real estate the multitude will take care of the liberty virtue and interest of the multitude in all acts of government 47 kentucky settlers petitioning the confederation congress for statehood in 1784 it is a well known truth that the riches and strength of a free country does not consist in property being vested in a few individuals but the more general it is distributed the more it promotes industry population and frugality and even morality 48 47 historians joseph fishkin and william e forbath the republican conception of liberty was not noninterference but nondomination freedom from both private and public overlords 47 49 political scientists jacob s hacker and paul pierson quote a warning by greek roman historian plutarch an imbalance between rich and poor is the oldest and most fatal ailment of all republics 50 some academic researchers allege that the us political system risks drifting towards oligarchy through the influence of corporations the wealthy and other special interest groups 51 52 a study by political scientists martin gilens princeton university and benjamin page northwestern university released in april 2014 concluded that the u s government doesn t represent the interests of the majority of its citizens but instead is ruled by those of the rich and powerful the researchers after analyzing nearly 1 800 u s policies between 1981 and 2002 stated that government policies tend to favor special interests and lobbying organizations and that whenever a majority of citizens disagrees with the economic elites the elites tend to prevail in getting their way 53 while not characterizing the united states as an oligarchy or plutocracy outright gilens and page give weight to the idea of a civil oligarchy as used by jeffrey a winters saying winters has posited a comparative theory of oligarchy in which the wealthiest citizens even in a civil oligarchy like the united states dominate policy concerning crucial issues of wealth and income protection in their study gilens and page reached these conclusions when a majority of citizens disagrees with economic elites and or with organized interests they generally lose moreover because of the strong status quo bias built into the us political system even when fairly large majorities of americans favor policy change they generally do not get it t he preferences of the average american appear to have only a minuscule near zero statistically non significant impact upon public policy 54 national debt edit jefferson and albert gallatin focused on the danger that the public debt unless it was paid off would be a threat to republican values they were appalled that hamilton was increasing the national debt and using it to solidify his federalist base gallatin was the republican party s chief expert on fiscal issues and as treasury secretary under jefferson and madison worked hard to lower taxes and lower the debt while at the same time paying cash for the louisiana purchase and funding the war of 1812 burrows says of gallatin his own fears of personal dependency and his small shopkeeper s sense of integrity both reinforced by a strain of radical republican thought that originated in england a century earlier convinced him that public debts were a nursery of multiple public evils corruption legislative impotence executive tyranny social inequality financial speculation and personal indolence not only was it necessary to extinguish the existing debt as rapidly as possible he argued but congress would have to ensure against the accumulation of future debts by more diligently supervising government expenditures 55 andrew jackson believed the national debt was a national curse and he took special pride in paying off the entire national debt in 1835 56 politicians ever since have used the issue of a high national debt to denounce the other party for profligacy and a threat to fiscal soundness and the nation s future 57 military service edit civic virtue required men to put civic goals ahead of their personal desires and to volunteer to fight for their country military service thus was an integral duty of the citizen as john randolph of roanoke put it when citizen and soldier shall be synonymous terms then you will be safe 58 scott 1984 notes that in both the american and french revolutions distrust of foreign mercenaries led to the concept of a national citizen army and the definition of military service was changed from a choice of careers to a civic duty 59 herrera 2001 explains that an appreciation of self governance is essential to any understanding of the american military character before the civil war military service was considered an important demonstration of patriotism and an essential component of citizenship to soldiers military service was a voluntary negotiated and temporary abeyance of self governance by which they signaled their responsibility as citizens in practice self governance in military affairs came to include personal independence enlistment negotiations petitions to superior officials militia constitutions and negotiations regarding discipline together these affected all aspects of military order discipline and life 60 61 united states constitution edit the founding fathers wanted republicanism because its principles guaranteed liberty with opposing limited powers offsetting one another they thought change should occur slowly as many were afraid that a democracy by which they meant a direct democracy would allow a majority of voters at any time to trample rights and liberties they believed the most formidable of these potential majorities was that of the poor against the rich 62 they thought democracy could take the form of mob rule that could be shaped on...