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table version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia war fought over resources part of a series on war outline index history prehistoric ancient post classical early modern industrial modern military organization command and control defense ministry reserves ranks branches army navy air force marines coast guard border guard special forces cyber force space force specialties staff engineers intel recon medical police diving pilot land units infantry armor cavalry artillery special forces signal corps naval units warships submarines aircraft carriers landing craft auxiliary ships air units fighters bombers command close air support electronic warfare reconnaissance combat systems fire control system fire control radar director military combat information center sonar radar historical ship gun fire control gun data computer torpedo data computer development basic training military maneuvers combat training battlespace aerospace aerial airborne space land cold region desert fortification jungle mountain urban subterranean tunnel sea amphibious blue brown green surface underwater seabed cyber information night technology air defense armor artillery barrage biological camouflage cavalry horses air cavalry chemical combined arms conventional cyber denial disinformation drone robot electromagnetic firearms infantry loitering missile music nuclear psychological radiological space submarine unconventional tactics list of military tactics aerial airlift air assault airbridge airdrop anti aircraft anti sub anti tank battle cavalry charge cqc counterattack counterinsurgency convoy defeat in detail foxhole drone envelopment formation guerrilla naval shock rapid dominance encirclement investment siege swarm screen tactical objective target saturation trench withdrawal operational military operation special operations research blitzkrieg expeditionary deep operation maneuver operational maneuver group raid covert stay behind strategy list of military strategies and concepts military campaign anti access attrition commerce raiding counter offensive culminating defense in depth fabian empty fort kinetic mosaic deception defensive depth goal nuclear naval offensive scorched earth grand strategy asymmetric blockade broken backed class cold war colonial conquest containment divide and conquer economic endemic fleet in being irregular liberation limited network centric new generation perpetual political princely proxy religious resource strategic succession technology theater total war world war administrative branch policy staff training service sociology organization area of responsibility chain of command command and control doctrine order of battle principles of war economy of force medicine engineers intelligence ranks personnel recruitment conscription draft evasion mobilization training specialism soldier morale volunteer women children transgender harassment conscientious objector conscription and sexism counter recruitment logistics history war economy arms industry materiel train supply chain management defense industrial base base mob fob outpost science power projection loss of strength gradient lanchester s laws force multiplication morale law belligerent occupation armistice ceasefire court martial desertion geneva conventions geneva protocol islamic justice lawful unlawful combatant perfidy regular irregular jewish right of conquest right of self defense rules of engagement self determination martial law war crime war and genocide war treason warlord theory air supremacy appeasement command of the sea deterrence theory full spectrum dominance overmatch just war theory principles of war philosophy of war security dilemma tripwire force wargaming simulation exercises combat effectiveness center of gravity non warfare arms control counterinsurgency deterrence disaster response gray zone gunboat diplomacy humanitarian aid law enforcement low intensity conflict military engineering peacekeeping peacebuilding peace through strength show of force culture awards and decorations battle cry warrior war film military science fiction war novel anti war movement foot drill war song psychology uniform wargame militarization militarism antimilitarism camp follower related women in war war resister war studies horses in warfare wartime sexual violence fifth column mercenary pacifism privateer private military company soldiers are murderers category v t e a resource war is a type of war caused by conflict over resources in a resource war there is typically a nation or group that controls the resource and an aggressor that wishes to seize control over said resource this power dynamic between nations has been a significant underlying factor in conflicts since the late 19th century 1 following the rise of industrialization the amount of raw materials an industrialized nation uses to sustain its activities is heightened 2 history edit chincha islands war edit illustration of the chincha islands of peru c 1859 one of the most prolific examples of resource war in history is the conflict over chincha island guano in the late 19th century the chincha islands of peru are situated off of the southern coast of peru where many seabirds were known to roost and prey on fish brought there by the currents of the pacific ocean 3 the guano of these seabirds is incredibly dense in nutrients and became a sought after resource as a fertilizer 4 soil that was nutrient rich allowed for higher crop yields which subsequently translated to better sustenance of the population and overall improved economic performance known colloquially as white gold guano from the chincha islands began to catch the interest of spain the united kingdom the united states and other industrial powers at the time 5 the international interest for that resource resulting in a number of conflicts including the chincha islands war between spain and peru and the war of the pacific between chile bolivia and peru 6 although the primary inciting force of the conflict originated over possession of the nutrient rich guano spain also attempted to exercise prior colonial control over peru during its aggressions during this conflict the chincha islands guano became a resource of imperialism with foreign nations inciting conflict and establishing dominion over it in 1856 united states president franklin pierce passed the guano islands act with the exclusive purpose of addressing american scarcity over guano 7 under the guano islands act any piece of uninhabited land that harbors a guano deposit could be claimed as a territory of the united states to extract the resource 8 the legislation acted as a workaround for the united states to access peruvian seabird guano since direct trade was not an option because of a treaty between peru and the united kingdom 6 perspectives edit geopolitical edit under the geopolitical lens for interpreting resource wars the main rationale behind resource conflict is strategic it assumes that control over the resource provides a particular advantage to that nation and interprets hostile attempts to take over the resource as a means to acquire that advantage for themselves resources that are deemed strategic shift over time and pertain to what is required for economic expansion or success at the time examples of this include timber during the seventeenth century for naval development or oil during the twentieth century onward for enabling military technology and transportation 9 environmental security edit dr thomas homer dixon at an ndp convention in british columbia c 2007 also known as the environmental scarcity or political economy the environmental security perspective interprets resource conflict as a response to resource scarcity a notable proponent of the environmental security perspective is dr thomas homer dixon a canadian political scientist and professor at the university of waterloo the work of homer dixon focuses on two different phenomena regarding the effect of resources on violent conflict resource scarcity and resource abundance under the environmental security perspective resource scarcity perpetuates conflict by inciting pressures on a society that is dealing with resource deprivation according to homer dixon populations struggling with resource scarcity are also impacted by overpopulation and inequitable resource allocation 10 overpopulation and inequitable resource allocation can make resource scarcity even more pronounced creating a cyclical instability in the society 10 conversely countries with natural resource abundance are impacted in a different way countries that are wealthy in resources have been shown to have disproportionate economic growth less democracy and overall insufficient development outcomes 11 this permeates from an overdependence on their resource from an economic standpoint where authoritarian traits may begin to take effect 10 this creates pressure on the citizens as a whole due to undermined governance of the nation and volatile economic state if the resource fluctuates heavily in price 12 this phenomenon is known as the resource curse conflict resources edit conflict resources are natural resources extracted in a conflict zone and sold to perpetuate the fighting 13 there is both statistical and anecdotal evidence that the presence of precious commodities can prolong conflicts a resource curse 14 15 16 an unfortunate irony is that many countries rich in minerals are impoverished in terms of their capacity for governance conflict corruption and bribery may be seen as the typical costs of doing business 17 the extraction and sale of blood diamonds also known as conflict diamonds is a better known phenomenon which occurs under virtually identical conditions petroleum can also be a conflict resource other commodities are also involved in financing conflict history edit the concept of conflict resource or conflict commodity emerged in the late 1990s initially in relation to the blood diamonds that were financing rebellions in angola and sierra leone 18 then conflict timber financed hostilities in cambodia and liberia 19 conventions edit the concept was first officially discussed by the un general assembly in the context of conflict diamonds 20 the un security council has since referred to conflict resources in several resolutions particularly resolutions 1533 and i698 97 21 since 1996 the bonn international center for conversion has tracked resource governance and conflict intensity by country 22 aside from fossil fuels metals diamonds and timber it tracks the governance of other primary goods that might fund conflicts including poppy seeds and talc afghanistan rubber ivory coast cotton zambia and cocoa indonesia legal frameworks edit main article conflict minerals law several countries and organizations including the united states european union and oecd have designated tantalum tin tungsten and gold connected to conflict in the drc as conflict minerals and legally require companies to report trade or use of conflict minerals as a way to reduce incentives for armed groups to extract and fight over the minerals supporting external conflicts edit in the 2020s the concept of conflict minerals was extended to those mined to support conflicts in parts of the world other than where the mining takes place the wagner group has been granted mining rights in the central african republic in return for securing the continuity of the government this blood gold is then sold to support russia in the russo ukrainian war 23 wagner also has gold related operations in mali and sudan 24 see also edit oil war petro aggression booty futures contract resource curse territorial disputes in the south china sea water conflict references edit acemoglu d golosov m tsyvinski a yared p 2012 01 06 a dynamic theory of resource wars the quarterly journal of economics 127 1 283 331 doi 10 1093 qje qjr048 hdl 1721 1 70960 issn 0033 5533 bakeless john 1921 the economic causes of modern war a study of the period 1878 1918 new york moffat yard and company the hard workers of the peruvian guano the chincha islands 2014 agence vu retrieved 2022 07 02 durfee nell 2018 04 27 holy crap a trip to the world s largest guano producing islands audubon retrieved 2022 07 02 mancini mark 2015 08 12 how an old bird poop law can help you claim an island mental floss retrieved 2022 07 02 1 2 brazeau mark 2018 04 04 remember the guano wars the breakthrough institute retrieved 2022 07 02 underhill kevin 2014 07 08 the guano islands act washington post issn 0190 8286 archived from the original on 2019 12 07 retrieved 2022 07 02 cornell law school 48 u s code chapter 8 guano islands legal information institute le billon philippe 2007 geographies of war perspectives on resource wars geography compass 1 2 163 182 bibcode 2007gcomp 1 163l doi 10 1111 j 1749 8198 2007 00010 x via wiley 1 2 3 homer dixon thomas 1994 environmental scarcities and violent conflict evidence from cases international security 19 1 5 40 doi 10 2307 2539147 hdl 10535 2855 jstor 2539147 s2cid 154212598 smith benjamin waldner david 2021 04 30 rethinking the resource curse 1 ed cambridge university press doi 10 1017 9781108776837 isbn 978 1 108 77683 7 s2cid 233539488 norman catherine s 2009 rule of law and the resource curse abundance versus intensity environmental and resource economics 43 2 183 207 bibcode 2009enrec 43 183n doi 10 1007 s10640 008 9231 y issn 0924 6460 s2cid 59417490 p 8 conflict and development peacebuilding and post conflict resolution sixth report of session 2005 06 great britain parliament house of commons international development committee the stationery office 2006 philippe le billon fuelling war natural resources and armed conflicts adelphi paper 373 iiss routledge 2006 michael ross how do natural resources influence civil war evidence from thirteen cases international organization 2004 james fearon and david lotinakin ethnicity insurgency and civil war american political science review 2003 agbiboa daniel egiegba 2011 11 03 between corruption and development the political economy of state robbery in nigeria journal of business ethics 108 3 325 345 doi 10 1007 s10551 011 1093 5 issn 0167 4544 s2cid 154968679 blood diamonds crackdown deal bbc news 28 june 2000 archived from the original on 12 november 2020 retrieved 8 october 2020 peter hain without blood diamonds the war in sierra leone could not be financed in the face of enormous suffering caused by the diamond fuelled wars in sierra leone angola and the democratic republic of congo we have a duty to ensure that we are doing as much as we can liberian conflict timber faces trade ban greenpeace uk 7 may 2003 archived from the original on 20 may 2011 retrieved 8 october 2020 unga resolution 55 56 2001 archived 2006 11 08 at the wayback machine cassill deby l 2014 what can ants tell us about corporate social responsibility handbook of research on marketing and corporate social re...