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rist s resurrection there was no ancient greek belief in a general resurrection of the dead indeed the greeks held that once a body had been destroyed there was no possibility of returning to life as not even the gods could recreate the flesh citation needed 36 several early church fathers like pseudo justin justin martyr tatian irenaeus and athenagoras of athens argue about the christian resurrection beliefs in ways that answer to this traditional greek scepticism to post mortal physical continuity the human body could not be annihilated only dissolved it could not even be integrated in the bodies of those who devoured it thus god only had to reassemble the minute parts of the dissolved bodies in the resurrection citation needed traditional christian churches i e ones that adhere to the creeds continue to uphold the belief that there will be a general and universal resurrection of the dead at the end of time as described by paul when he said he hath appointed a day in which he will judge the world acts 17 31 kjv and there shall be a resurrection of the dead both of the just and unjust acts 24 15 kjv the resurrection of the flesh is mentioned in the aquileian creed before the 4th century 37 38 as the aquileian creed affirms this faith was shared by the christian churches of rome alexandria of egypt and jerusalem modern era edit detail from a north mississippi christian cemetery headstone with the inscription may the resurrection find thee on the bosom of thy god early christian church fathers defended the resurrection of the dead against the pagan belief that the immortal soul went to the underworld immediately after death and afterwards it would be reincarnated into another body metempsychosis it is a christian belief that the souls of the righteous go to heaven 39 40 full citation needed at the close of the medieval period the modern era brought a shift in christian thinking from an emphasis on the resurrection of the body back to the immortality of the soul 41 this shift was a result of a change in the zeitgeist as a reaction to the renaissance and later to the enlightenment andré dartigues has observed that especially from the 17th to the 19th century the language of popular piety no longer evoked the resurrection of the soul but everlasting life although theological textbooks still mentioned resurrection they dealt with it as a speculative question more than as an existential problem 41 this shift was supported not by any scripture but largely by the popular religion of the enlightenment deism deism allowed for a supreme being such as the philosophical first cause but denied any significant personal or relational interaction with this figure deism which was largely led by rationality and reason could allow a belief in the immortality of the soul but not necessarily in the resurrection of the dead american deist ethan allen demonstrates this thinking in his work reason the only oracle of man 1784 where he argues in the preface that nearly every philosophical problem is beyond humanity s understanding including the miracles of christianity although he does allow for the immortality of an immaterial soul 42 influence on civil law and custom edit in christian theology it was once widely believed that to rise on judgment day the body had to be whole and preferably buried with the feet to the east so that the person would rise facing god 43 44 45 an act of parliament from the reign of king henry viii stipulated that only the corpses of executed murderers could be used for dissection 46 user generated source restricting the supply to the cadavers of murderers was seen as an extra punishment for the crime if one believes dismemberment stopped the possibility of resurrection of an intact body on judgment day then a posthumous execution is an effective way of punishing a criminal 47 48 49 50 attitudes towards this issue changed very slowly in the united kingdom and were not manifested in law until the passing of the anatomy act 1832 cremation was accepted more slowly the first uk cremation did not take place till october 1882 on private land and cremation was not declared lawful until 1884 when dr william price a druid high priest was tried and acquitted at south glamorgan assizes for the attempted cremation of the body of his baby son 51 denominational views edit most christians believe in the resurrection of the dead though some progressive and liberal christians regard resurrection as a symbolic immaterial or non universal event 52 53 54 rather than as the literal reunion of the body and soul of every good and evil person 55 self published source 56 title missing web 1 need quotation to verify the near unanimous consensus among christians is based on the bible 57 58 note 1 59 60 1 john 3 2 and philippians 3 21 discussing the second coming of christ state 61 62 beloved we are god s children now what we shall be has not yet been revealed we do know that when it is revealed we shall be like him for we shall see him as he is 1 john 3 2 he will change our lowly body to conform with his glorified body by the power that enables him also to bring all things into subjection to himself philippians 3 21 some progressive and liberal christians believe that only righteous people will be resurrected 63 64 full citation needed or that people will be reincarnated instead of resurrected 65 or that the body will not be physical and immortal like jesus own glorified body 25 or that there is no afterlife whatsoever 66 catholicism edit in catholicism augustine of hippo believed in a universal resurrection of bodies for all immortal souls 67 according to the catholic encyclopedia no doctrine of the christian faith says st augustine is so vehemently and so obstinately opposed as the doctrine of the resurrection of the flesh this opposition had begun long before the days of st augustine 68 according to the summa theologica spiritual beings that have been restored to glorified bodies will have four qualities which are the result of deification and the beatific vision impassibility incorruptible painless immunity from death and pain subtility permeability freedom from restraint by matter agility obedience to spirit with relation to movement and space the ability to move through space and time with the speed of thought clarity resplendent beauty of the spirit manifested in the body as when jesus was transfigured on mount tabor 69 according to the catholic encyclopedia 1911 article on general resurrection 70 the fourth lateran council 1215 teaches that all men whether elect or reprobate will rise again with their own bodies which they now bear about with them chapter firmiter in the language of the creeds and professions of faith this return to life is called resurrection of the body resurrectio carnis resurrectio mortuorum anastasis ton nekron for a double reason first since the soul cannot die it cannot be said to return to life second the heretical contention of hymeneus and philitus that the scriptures denote by resurrection not the return to life of the body but the rising of the soul from the death of sin to the life of grace must be excluded the catechism of the catholic church says 997 what is rising in death the separation of the soul from the body the human body decays and the soul goes to meet god while awaiting its reunion with its glorified body god in his almighty power will definitively grant incorruptible life to our bodies by reuniting them with our souls through the power of jesus resurrection 998 who will rise all the dead will rise those who have done good to the resurrection of life and those who have done evil to the resurrection of judgment 999 how christ is raised with his own body see my hands and my feet that it is i myself but he did not return to an earthly life so in him all of them will rise again with their own bodies which they now bear but christ will change our lowly body to be like his glorious body into a spiritual body but someone will ask how are the dead raised with what kind of body do they come you foolish man what you sow does not come to life unless it dies and what you sow is not the body which is to be but a bare kernel what is sown is perishable what is raised is imperishable the dead will be raised imperishable for this perishable nature must put on the imperishable and this mortal nature must put on immortality 1 cor 15 35 37 42 53 1001 when definitively at the last day at the end of the world indeed the resurrection of the dead is closely associated with christ s parousia for the lord himself will descend from heaven with a cry of command with the archangel s call and with the sound of the trumpet of god and the dead in christ will rise first 1 thess 4 16 71 1038 the resurrection of all the dead of both the just and the unjust acts 24 15 will precede the last judgment this will be the hour when all who are in the tombs will hear the son of man s voice and come forth those who have done good to the resurrection of life and those who have done evil to the resurrection of judgment jn 5 28 29 72 concerning the glorified body the resurrection of the flesh is not in the mere reanimation of a body but takes place through a transformation of matter and corporeality of its laws and forms in such a way that the body though earthly is made fit for eternal life in heaven 73 pope john paul ii in his work theology of the body taught that the resurrected saint will be deified beyond any understanding of deification since the saint will experience the beatific vision not just by contemplation but with the whole self all of one s senses abilities virtues etc when one s whole self will rise as perfect as jesus risen humanity this type of deification john paul ii taught cannot be obtained experienced or foretasted before the general resurrection because it will be given by jesus at his second coming 74 in her dairy saint faustina taught that resurrected saints happiness will forever grow in quantity and quality because the saints will forever contemplate god more and more 75 self published source lutheranism edit in lutheranism martin luther personally believed and taught the resurrection of the dead perhaps in combination with soul sleep though other scholars hold that his view was more nuanced or even that he held to the immortality of the soul 76 77 the mainstream teaching of lutheranism and what lutherans traditionally believe is in resurrection of the body in combination with the immortal soul 78 according to the lutheran church missouri synod lcms on the last day all the dead will be resurrected their souls will then be reunited with the same bodies they had before dying the bodies will then be changed those of the wicked to a state of everlasting shame and torment those of the righteous to an everlasting state of celestial glory 79 anglicanism edit in anglicanism scholars such as the former bishop of durham n t wright 80 have defended the primacy of the resurrection in christian faith interviewed by time in 2008 wright spoke of the idea of bodily resurrection that people deny when they talk about their souls going to heaven adding i ve often heard people say i m going to heaven soon and i won t need this stupid body there thank goodness that s a very damaging distortion all the more so for being unintentional instead wright explains in the bible we are told that you die and enter an intermediate state this is conscious but compared to being bodily alive it will be like being asleep this will be followed by resurrection into new bodies he says our culture is very interested in life after death but the new testament is much more interested in what i ve called the life after life after death among the original forty two articles 1553 of the church of england article 39 the resurrection of the dead is not yeat brought to passe reads in modernised english orthography the resurrection of the dead is not as yet brought to pass as though it only belonged to the soul which by the grace of christ is raised from the death of sin but it is to be looked for at the last day for then as scripture doth most manifestly testify to all that be dead their own bodies flesh and bone shall be restored that the whole man may according to his works have either reward or punishment as he hath lived virtuously or wickedly 81 self published source methodism edit in methodism m douglas meeks professor of theology and wesleyan studies at vanderbilt divinity school states that it is very important for christians to hold to the resurrection of the body 82 john wesley the founder of the methodist church in his sermon on the resurrection of the dead defended the doctrine stating there are many places of scripture that plainly declare it st paul in the 53d verse of this chapter tells us that this corruptible must put on incorruption and this mortal must put on immortality 1 corinthians 15 53 83 in addition notable methodist hymns such as those by charles wesley link our resurrection and christ s resurrection 82 f belton joyner in united methodist answers states that the new testament does not speak of a natural immortality of the soul as if we never actually die it speaks of resurrection of the body the claim that is made each time we state the historic apostles creed and classic nicene creed given in the united methodist hymnal 84 in paragraph 128 of the book of discipline of the free methodist church it is written there will be a bodily resurrection from the dead of both the just and the unjust they that have done good unto the resurrection of life they that have done evil unto the resurrection of the damnation the resurrected body will be a spiritual body but the person will be whole identifiable the resurrection of christ is the guarantee of resurrection unto life to those who are in him 85 baptists edit with regard to baptists james leo garrett jr e glenn hinson and james e tull write that baptists traditionally have held firmly to the belief that christ rose triumphant over death sin and hell in a bodily resurrection from the dead 86 plymouth brethren edit many dispensationalist evangelicals believe in a universal resurrection but divided into two separate resurrections at the second coming and then again at the great white throne 87 the doctrinal basis of the evangelical alliance affirms belief in the resurrection of the body the judgment of the world by our lord jesus christ with the eternal blessedness of the righteous and the eternal punishment of the wicked 88 some millennialists interpret the book of revelation as requiring two physical resurrections of the dead one before the millennium the other after it 89 restorationists edit mortalists those christians who do not believe that humans have immortal souls may believe in a universal resurrection such as thomas hobbes in leviathan 90 edition needed some mortalist denominations may believe in a universal resurrection of all the dead but in two resurrection events one at either ...