Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

and, of, the, shah, life, ministers, honours, with, reza, contents, page, version, status, early, rise, to, power, rule, as, death, accomplishments, family, personal, list, prime, titles, styles, notes, references, external, links, 1921, coup, overthrow, qajar, dynasty, modernization, parliament, replacement, persia, iran, support, opposition, clash, clergy, foreign, affairs, influence, later, years, reign, world, war, ii, forced, abdication, critics, defenders, books,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (868), and (378), reza (237), shah (233), iran (206), was (117), his (111), from (88), pahlavi (76), with (75), iranian (70), for (57), persian (56), khan (55), tehran (55), isbn (49), had (43), that (42), 1941 (38), british (38), qajar (37), mohammad (36), 1925 (34), university (34), retrieved (33), new (33), were (33), this (31), 1921 (31), minister (31), who (30), ahmad (29), government (29), edit (28), war (26), modern (26), history (26), persia (24), first (24), soviet (24), foreign (23), ali (22), which (22), him (22), after (21), army (21), march (21), october (20), all (20), april (20), press (20), country (20), not (19), military (18), people (18), world (18), two (18), reign (18), prince (18), under (17), prime (17), national (17), 1926 (17), their (17), archived (17), abrahamian (17), years (17), rise (17), also (17), when (17), september (16), power (16), state (16), between (16), during (16), january (15), other (15), dynasty (15), august (15), forces (14), office (14), november (14), 978 (14), original (14), one (14), iranians (14), into (14), 2018 (13), foroughi (13), cossack (13), political (13), london (13), its (13), revolution (13), but (13), later (13), german (13), forced (13), may (12), language (12), order (12), december (12), brigade (12), tauris (12), women (12), nation (12), 2021 (12), name (12), rule (12), where (12), became (12), many (12), more (12), instead (12), succeeded (11), commander (11), died (11), vol (11), princess (11), york (11), anglo (11), revolutions (11), report (11), system (11), creation (11), son (11), western (11), such (11), over (11), general (11), cs1 (10), international (10), 1979 (10), qavam (10), mostowfi (10), saltaneh (10), great (10), family (10), society (10), preceded (10), june (10), 1923 (10), july (10), 2008 (10), 2013 (10), 1982 (10), ervand (10), constitutional (10), while (10), they (10), been (10), would (10), use (9), last (9), french (9), ministers (9), coup (9), chief (9), 1944 (9), united (9), control (9), studies (9), social (9), royal (9), change (9), time (9), mackey (9), 1996 (9), cyrus (9), them (9), life (9), 1935 (9), have (9), bank (9), law (9), union (9), influence (9), 000 (9), wikipedia (8), using (8), articles (8), shrine (8), imperial (8), republic (8), islamic (8), monarchy (8), pirnia (8), hassan (8), books (8), middle (8), east (8), riza (8), cronin (8), stephanie (8), رضاشاه (8), movement (8), islam (8), 86064 (8), ghani (8), doi (8), 1924 (8), collapse (8), main (8), second (8), before (8), left (8), capital (8), majlis (8), then (8), invasion (8), opposition (8), although (8), clergy (8), support (8), zia (8), about (7), page (7), sources (7), 2025 (7), 2023 (7), took (7), 1878 (7), palace (7), february (7), 1932 (7), 2009 (7), education (7), through (7), machine (7), behind (7), abbas (7), article (7), 1017 (7), godard (7), popular (7), cite (7), book (7), sardar (7), since (7), father (7), mother (7), her (7), help (7), term (7), wife (7), exile (7), death (7), school (7), did (7), railway (7), number (7), these (7), parliament (7), south (7), allies (7), city (7), soviets (7), both (7), against (7), provincial (7), toggle (6), policy (6), foundation (6), link (6), changes (6), critics (6), din (6), hekmat (6), tabatabaee (6), coronation (6), corruption (6), egypt (6), crown (6), house (6), archives (6), com (6), 1940 (6), modernization (6), 2006 (6), turkey (6), britain (6), cambridge (6), 2005 (6), could (6), body (6), known (6), russian (6), man (6), sandra (6), english (6), see (6), رضا (6), daughter (6), aryans (6), 1933 (6), 1928 (6), official (6), used (6), traditional (6), than (6), educational (6), public (6), central (6), construction (6), even (6), most (6), land (6), without (6), teymourtash (6), eventually (6), oil (6), view (5), text (5), commons (5), 2026 (5), abolished (5), references (5), wayback (5), links (5), publisher (5), dutch (5), pages (5), mauritius (5), commanders (5), century (5), title (5), states (5), authority (5), armed (5), mansur (5), akbar (5), dowleh (5), farman (5), farma (5), list (5), 1939 (5), 1931 (5), born (5), 2003 (5), 1992 (5), 2012 (5), age (5), homa (5), study (5), 2001 (5), officials (5), 1950 (5), company (5), jews (5), good (5), encyclopedia (5), policies (5), west (5), pdf (5), 2016 (5), hossein (5), dutton (5), soul (5), cultural (5), 371 (5), 1998 (5), reforms (5), gholam (5), honours (5), following (5), assembly (5), removed (5), germany (5), hitler (5), shams (5), king (5), children (5), 1922 (5), until (5), personal (5), old (5), establishment (5), sepah (5), out (5), included (5), empire (5), faced (5), led (5), any (5), mausoleum (5), has (5), refused (5), young (5), abdication (5), because (5), tabriz (5), according (5), large (5), major (5), force (5), much (5), rank (5), davar (5), police (5), meeting (5), create (5), considered (5), troops (5), campaign (5), made (5), tribal (5), account (5), ethnic (5), plans (5), interior (5), move (5), monarch (5), seyyed (5), contents (4), search (4), available (4), organization (4), maint (4), location (4), missing (4), date (4), monarchs (4), white (4), exiled (4), brigadier (4), savadkuh (4), leaders (4), province (4), yale (4), library (4), czech (4), present (4), 1980 (4), acting (4), ala (4), related (4), tadj (4), molouk (4), mamalek (4), titles (4), hamid (4), katouzian (4), qajars (4), men (4), 1942 (4), making (4), 117 (4), town (4), cleric (4), 2010 (4), historical (4), sites (4), what (4), princeton (4), milani (4), 2011 (4), britannica (4), online (4), 161 (4), transit (4), historic (4), 138 (4), down (4), 146 (4), protest (4), disorder (4), riot (4), crowd (4), s002085900500194x (4), review (4), republican (4), 258 (4), ironside (4), persians (4), period (4), role (4), relations (4), names (4), پهلوی (4), alasht (4), served (4), she (4), lived (4), lost (4), early (4), long (4), تهران (4), affairs (4), 1934 (4), 1937 (4), overthrow (4), mahmoud (4), married (4), couple (4), 1911 (4), abolition (4), common (4), formal (4), 1936 (4), 121 (4), ordering (4), only (4), civil (4), students (4), european (4), ancient (4), ferdowsi (4), including (4), museum (4), some (4), 500 (4), remains (4), moved (4), mosque (4), cairo (4), said (4), built (4), like (4), kingdom (4), agreed (4), sent (4), often (4), defenders (4), officers (4), named (4), abdicate (4), favor (4), throne (4), should (4), nationals (4), citizens (4), wanted (4), ordered (4), previously (4), supply (4), upon (4), met (4), prison (4), powers (4), free (4), progress (4), remained (4), own (4), continued (4), projects (4), serving (4), among (4), atatürk (4), concession (4), devout (4), allowed (4), required (4), mashhad (4), head (4), rebellion (4), shia (4), religious (4), tribes (4), came (4), three (4), court (4), strong (4), opening (4), held (4), service (4), pressure (4), removal (4), officer (4), revolt (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), subsection (4), languages (3), additional (3), terms (3), site (3), non (3), wikimedia (3), license (3), wikidata (3), unsourced (3), special (3), abdol (3), descent (3), generals (3), lion (3), anti (3), mazandaran (3), 20th (3), sweden (3), netherlands (3), interim (3), 1989 (3), 1981 (3), mosaddegh (3), 1910 (3), hakimi (3), tonekaboni (3), 1948 (3), shahs (3), red (3), offices (3), amir (3), alirezaijan (3), orders (3), journal (3), pahlavis (3), 1918 (3), area (3), 116 (3), majd (3), gholi (3), institute (3), issn (3), penguin (3), 1945 (3), ایران (3), guard (3), kasravi (3), defense (3), accused (3), 2020 (3), richard (3), rubin (3), paved (3), intentions (3), oxford (3), nationalism (3), russia (3), summary (3), road (3), کشور (3), نقش (3), makki (3), twenty (3), politics (3), 184 (3), 179 (3), 2000 (3), 180 (3), annual (3), academic (3), 105 (3), 1917 (3), 1920 (3), building (3), initiated (3), embassy (3), 2017 (3), around (3), caspian (3), population (3), russo (3), established (3), virtually (3), care (3), times (3), نشر (3), چاپ (3), incompatibility (3), اول (3), لندن (3), بزرگ (3), شاه (3), personalities (3), denmark (3), czechoslovakia (3), class (3), becoming (3), styles (3), adolf (3), 1927 (3), favorite (3), 1905 (3), esmat (3), 1919 (3), ashraf (3), four (3), 1903 (3), maryam (3), cities (3), delegates (3), correspondence (3), issued (3), decree (3), banned (3), chador (3), hijab (3), birth (3), full (3), countries (3), carried (3), 1930 (3), powerful (3), introduced (3), remove (3), there (3), reports (3), buried (3), rifa (3), late (3), ray (3), hand (3), former (3), place (3), quickly (3), africa (3), heart (3), educated (3), whom (3), participation (3), accepted (3), cannot (3), heir (3), position (3), having (3), denied (3), technicians (3), strategic (3), fled (3), announced (3), entered (3), spoke (3), become (3), mirza (3), pro (3), days (3), resistance (3), negotiations (3), towards (3), earlier (3), being (3), leave (3), handed (3), turkish (3), air (3), surrender (3), effort (3), others (3), firouz (3), modarres (3), owned (3), preferred (3), confiscated (3), estates (3), isolated (3), 1938 (3), abdolhossein (3), demanded (3), failed (3), eastern (3), particularly (3), largely (3), axis (3), decision (3), 1930s (3), demands (3), germans (3), various (3), north (3), part (3), decades (3), finance (3), giving (3), based (3), schools (3), provinces (3), treaty (3), president (3), league (3), mustafa (3), kemal (3), medicine (3), heavy (3), day (3), ended (3), qom (3), clerics (3), economic (3), career (3), increased (3), controlled (3), legacy (3), design (3), garden (3), opened (3), despite (3), dissection (3), hall (3), figures (3), similar (3), charges (3), parliamentary (3), along (3), sought (3), issue (3), jewish (3), appointed (3), voted (3), industrial (3), founded (3), outside (3), khuzestan (3), secured (3), qazvin (3), consul (3), cossacks (3), état (3), promoted (3), fire (3), whose (3), himself (3), noush (3), afarin (3), 1894 (3), version (3), tools (3), table (2), contacts (2), contact (2), privacy (2), you (2), agree (2), profit (2), creative (2), attribution (2), categories (2), word (2), swedish (2), danish (2), needing (2), statements (2), imported (2), contains (2), short (2), description (2), georgian (2), poland (2), azerbaijani (2), politicians (2), abdicated (2), communists (2), org (2), open (2), france (2), khamenei (2), 1909 (2), 1907 (2), 1906 (2), post (2), bakhtiar (2), sharif (2), emami (2), amini (2), soheili (2), matin (2), daftari (2), djam (2), hedayat (2), fathollah (2), vosugh (2), samsam (2), eyn (2), moshir (2), 1967 (2), human (2), fawzia (2), 1959 (2), farah (2), 1958 (2), sun (2), positions (2), ghassem (2), vali (2), abdollah (2), tahmasebi (2), masoud (2), kayhan (2), high (2), coins (2), wikiquote (2), external (2), via (2), medals (2), amin (2), democratization (2), challenges (2), url (2), 1987 (2), 2nd (2), eclipse (2), emergence (2), 2004 (2), series (2), congress (2), research (2), division (2), 217 (2), 218 (2), florida (2), plunder (2), 1995 (2), 106 (2), 107 (2), 214 (2), fall (2), toronto (2), veil (2), our (2), muslim (2), dictionary (2), شهر (2), judge (2), adel (2), sadeq (2), khalkhali (2), returned (2), iqbal (2), ahmed (2), express (2), diplomacy (2), lies (2), thaw (2), occupation (2), america (2), skrine (2), clarmont (2), 154 (2), case (2), parcham (2), syracuse (2), veils (2), bloomsbury (2), 300 (2), barry (2), cottam (2), american (2), experience (2), lenczowski (2), 160 (2), کریدور (2), است (2), importance (2), publication (2), 143 (2), 144 (2), ataturk (2), 145 (2), bakhash (2), shaul (2), farhang (2), 181 (2), 137 (2), 136 (2), 629 (2), rich (2), record (2), talash (2), needs (2), source (2), 2024 (2), andre (2), maxime (2), siroux (2), recent (2), entry (2), encyclopaedia (2), jafar (2), elmi (2), 140 (2), loraine (2), percy (2), 1994 (2), 1997 (2), republicanism (2), intelligence (2), 10132 (2), 255 (2), diary (2), events (2), tarikh (2), yahya (2), 203 (2), 200 (2), pre (2), key (2), ullman (2), ghanī (2), sīrūs (2), oclc (2), 1999 (2), 147 (2), maurits (2), wagenvoort (2), barjesteh (2), van (2), safarnevis (2), amanat (2), palani (2), clan (2), village (2), settled (2), still (2), newly (2), six (2), afkhami (2), california (2), brother (2), خسرو (2), معتضد (2), 123 (2), 1387 (2), نوین (2), sincona (2), auction (2), collection (2), hambly (2), gavin (2), 115 (2), notes (2), knight (2), shahanshah (2), commanded (2), spring (2), given (2), consultative (2), nazi (2), winston (2), churchill (2), jam (2), friend (2), fatemeh (2), abdul (2), member (2), accompanied (2), five (2), dowlatshahi (2), third (2), together (2), turan (2), amirsoleimani (2), 1916 (2), hamdam (2), savadkoohi (2), 1895 (2), marriage (2), lasted (2), right (2), 1920s (2), historically (2), asked (2), native (2), cognates (2), banning (2), implemented (2), unveiling (2), kashf (2), wear (2), clothes (2), calendar (2), currency (2), toman (2), airport (2), mehrabad (2), factory (2), form (2), institutions (2), abroad (2), banks (2), melli (2), scientific (2), excavations (2), oriental (2), achaemenid (2), persepolis (2), literature (2), tombs (2), hafez (2), gulf (2), sea (2), trans (2), gendarmerie (2), hospitals (2), across (2), health (2), suppression (2), concepts (2), significant (2), laws (2), depicting (2), section (2), learn (2), material (2), citations (2), improve (2), accomplishments (2), shortly (2), back (2), remain (2), destroyed (2), destruction (2), unable (2), same (2), burial (2), château (2), subsequently (2), boosted (2), suffering (2), ailment (2), plain (2), johannesburg (2), invaded (2), occupied (2), servant (2), posthumously (2), produced (2), half (2), intelligentsia (2), europe (2), landed (2), real (2), historian (2), stated (2), intellectuals (2), too (2), statue (2), face (2), highness (2), opinion (2), ensure (2), response (2), expel (2), total (2), called (2), defiance (2), occupy (2), especially (2), wealthy (2), subject (2), resign (2), within (2), secretly (2), massive (2), naval (2), situation (2), complete (2), repeated (2), itself (2), water (2), killing (2), except (2), spent (2), creating (2), humiliating (2), secret (2), learned (2), actions (2), beat (2), nakhjavan (2), nearly (2), insistence (2), isfahan (2), neutral (2), allied (2), mossadegh (2), suicide (2), ensured (2), bureaucracy (2), fell (2), toward (2), approval (2), dependent (2), return (2), received (2), saadabad (2), periods (2), efforts (2), assisted (2), knew (2), alliance (2), followed (2), thereafter (2), prevented (2), consisted (2), off (2), resulted (2), seeking (2), ally (2), secure (2), defeated (2), already (2), agreement (2), signed (2), started (2), helping (2), cabinet (2), provided (2), speeches (2), line (2), interest (2), principally (2), presence (2), ability (2), transfer (2), believe (2), economically (2), hired (2), implement (2), style (2), hundreds (2), advisors (2), insisted (2), employed (2), europeans (2), judiciary (2), print (2), telegraph (2), customs (2), fired (2), millspaugh (2), foreigners (2), visit (2), allow (2), year (2), granted (2), dispute (2), nations (2), angered (2), set (2), sexes (2), self (2), mosques (2), throughout (2), erupted (2), responding (2), broke (2), final (2), rupture (2), equivalent (2), controversial (2), incident (2), wives (2), coverings (2), 100 (2), imam (2), chadors (2), clashed (2), muslims (2), sanctuary (2), passed (2), teachers (2), reviewed (2), madrasa (2), art (2), college (2), however (2), faculty (2), engineering (2), clash (2), aristocracy (2), qashqai (2), baluchi (2), none (2), pillar (2), budget (2), paid (2), expanded (2), ten (2), million (2), changed (2), successor (2), referred (2), groups (2), replacement (2), project (2), medical (2), deputy (2), discreetly (2), asghar (2), convicted (2), elimination (2), nosrat (2), elections (2), ministry (2), awakening (2), supporters (2), enter (2), contribute (2), are (2), community (2), leader (2), parts (2), clerical (2), dress (2), excavation (2), susa (2), monopoly (2), director (2), archaeological (2), chose (2), architect (2), andré (2), sixteen (2), private (2), etc (2), uprisings (2), home (2), strengthened (2), gained (2), dynastic (2), resist (2), provisional (2), failure (2), attempt (2), constituent (2), republicans (2), rival (2), forcing (2), hostile (2), dominated (2), ruled (2), sheikh (2), kurdish (2), gilan (2), portrait (2), fridolin (2), marinus (2), knobel (2), turned (2), khorasan (2), halt (2), bolsheviks (2), gave (2), command (2), socialist (2), dissolution (2), entire (2), artillery (2), uprising (2), gates (2), mir (2), djalali (2), cannon (2), ultimately (2), noted (2), uncle (2), kazim (2), several (2), mazanderani (2), ayromlu (2), founder (2), separatism (2), simko (2), shikak (2), here (2), disambiguation (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), read (2), bahasa (2), log (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, disclaimers, apply, registered, trademark, inc, sharealike, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, aft, parameter, includes, category, webarchive, template, characters, widely, supported, errors, ipa, infobox, person, embed, hcards, containing, dmy, dates, pending, protected, different, burials, azim, politicide, perpetrators, recipients, eagle, royalty, collars, nationalists, religions, islamism, deaths, births, https, index, php, reza_shah, oldid, 1378787836, lux, i̇slâm, ansiklopedisi, snac, idref, ddb, deutsche, biographie, musicbrainz, artists, israel, norway, bnf, data, worldcat, fast, gnd, viaf, isni, databases, indicate, officeholder, italics, leadership, council, khomeini, banisadr, 1953, 1952, 1914, abolqasem, mozaffar, mousavi, mahdavi, kani, bahonar, rajai, bazargan, azhari, amouzegar, hoveyda, alam, eghbal, zahedi, fahimi, razmara, hazhir, sadr, bayat, nezam, naser, molk, atabak, afkham, niavaran, civilization, rights, tree, titular, yasmine, etemad, princesses, princes, diba, 1951, soraya, esfandiary, bakhtiary, queens, chairman, regnal, zbw, newspaper, clippings, quality, banknotes, irannotes, quotations, media, pipes, brno, 7485, 302, škodovy, závody, teherán, českoslovenští, architekti, říši, perského, šáha, runeberg, sveriges, statskalender, jørgen, pedersen, syddansk, universitetsforlag, 466, 7674, 434, riddere, elefantordenen, 1559, kolana, řádu, bílého, lva, aneb, hlavy, států, řetězech, lbrecht, schnabel, saikal, experiences, struggles, pp9, orlando, sentinel, lewiston, dies, 335, 336, 9781845112721, atabaki, touraj, 9781860644269, authoritarian, modernisation, zürcher, erik, jan, legitimacy, base, 9780415302845, taylor, francis, routledge, curtis, glenn, hooglund, eric, 5th, handbook, washington, 9780844411873, federal, gainesville, 209, 213, 9780813021119, paidar, parvin, 215, 220, 9780521473408, process, twentieth, 1993, resources, feminist, rfr, documentation, sur, recherche, féministe, drf, ontario, oise, 0707, 8412, minds, heads, persistence, colonial, images, hoodfar, dilip, hiro, labyrinth, journeys, theocratic, furies, townson, duncan, 459, 0140514902, 1789, kinzer, stephen, smithsonian, magazine, inside, fury, jmohammad, chaichia, lexington, transition, globalization, bbc, عضو, شورای, پایتخت, جسد, مومیایی, شده, متعلق, بود, دوباره, دفن, hignett, katherine, newsweek, unearths, mummy, belong, daily, sabah, discover, hardline, hanging, darwish, independent, obituary, ayatollah, eugene, register, mail, guardian, burg, rfe, residence, sale, 1962, constable, ltd, tarikhe, mashrothe, 825, 855, calling, holocaust, answer, black, 118804, kapuscinski, ryszard, fouman, farzaneh, 9780815602668, words, emerging, voices, writers, macmillan, 9781403971937, farrokh, kaveh, usa, 9781299584235, 1500, 1988, nikki, keddie, 02606, roots, yann, 5964, epoch, saeed, nafisi, rezun, george, 1949, parstimes, setting, goods, آمار, ترانزیت, کالا, میزان, کالاهاى, عبورى, نشان, دهنده, اهمیت, شمال, جنـوب, درترانزیت, کامل, شدن, زیرساخت, هاى, لازم, این, مراتب, افزایش, خواهد, یافت, ولى, بـا, دقـت, ایـن, آمارها, مشاهده, شود, شرق, غرب, همچنان, کمرنگ, رونق, nasher, 485, 484, preparation, 2019, paradox, rami, yelda, authorhouse, 4772, 0291, odyssey, revisited, 2007, youtube, meets, footage, soundtrack, basic, 1984, ayatollahs, rajaee, 8191, 3578, values, khomeyni, volume, xiii, 182, 174, 173, encarta, yarshater, ehsan, xxii, farsi, mission, 403, transformation, guel, kohan, 169, verification, brief, incorporates, salari, sardari, mohadeseh, 293, 0021, 0862, irn, 265, disentangling, narrative, colonialism, architecture, gholamali, haddad, taromi, rad, 198, 11500, e2635, 2635, amirahmadi, 233, 231, khatirat, nakhustin, sipahbud, 194, martin, vanessa, mudarris, sipah, routledgecurzon, 415, 30284, e4131, 10848, e3401, 3401, havard, concerning, 10145, e3743, 455, e3511, asr, hazir, hayat, dawlatabadi, mukhtasar, ahzab, siyasi, bahar, muhammad, taqi, 178, 177, chs, 216, pittsburgh, 8229, 7420, updated, 1978, 358, 451, preparations, wright, 1977, document, amongst, fine, discussions, 1972, ansari, longman, 582, 35685, dated, 384, accord, shojaeddin, shafa, publishers, 47177045, 1860646298, para, era, chehabi, harvard, 9780674248199, onomastic, chamber, kabir, santpoort, mees, karavaanreis, door, zuid, perzië, martine, gosselink, dirk, tang, gronsveld, rotterdam, waalwijk, doorn, uitgeversmaatschappij, 256, 9789056130985, 254, interwoven, ages, nahai, gina, simon, schuster, 7434, 0337, cry, peacock, niazmand, seyed, 2002, hekayat, ghalam, novin, 9789645925466, tavalod, saltanat, 5040, 9780755612079, آلاشت, سفرنویس, rahim, pour, azghadi, answers, questions, www, alef, پاسخهای, دکتر, رحیم, پور, ازغدی, پرسشهایی, درباره, حکومت, 269, 84511, 272, haven, 419, 1877, soldiering, remote, mountainous, district, grandfather, émigré, mohajer, iravan, exchange, conclusion, 1826, 1828, infant, destitute, brothers, soldier, childhood, youth, filled, forlorn, neglect, 11254, origin, leaving, 9780520253285, zirinsky, michael, 663, 159878744, s2cid, s0020743800022388, 639, dictatorship, 520, 25328, نجفقلی, پسیان, ثالث, ۷۸۶, صفحه, سوم, ۱۳۸۲, ویژه, منابع, کتاب, 964, 6404, سوادکوه, ژوهانسبورگ, زندگی, حسین, مکی, ناشر, ۱۳۶۳, تاریخ, بیست, ساله, steele, robert, 193, 0020, 7438

Text of the page (random words):
present north south transit is considered far more economically vital in comparison to west east transit 107 108 on 21 march 1935 reza shah issued a decree asking foreign delegates to use the term iran in formal correspondence as persia is a term used for a country identified as iran in the persian language it was attributed more to the iranian people than others as iran means land of the aryans this wisdom of this decision continues to be debated tired of the opportunistic policies of both britain and the soviet union the shah circumscribed contacts with foreign embassies relations with the soviet union had already deteriorated because of that country s commercial policies which in the 1920s and 1930s adversely affected iran in 1932 the shah cancelled the agreement under which the anglo persian oil company produced and exported iran s oil although a new and improved agreement was eventually signed it did not satisfy iran s demands and left bad feeling on both sides unlike the british and soviets germany was always on good terms with iran on the eve of world war ii germany was iran s largest ally and trading partner 109 the germans agreed to give the shah the steel factory he coveted and considered a sine qua non of progress and modernity they began to form a stronger alliance as iran started helping the axis forces and adolf hitler s cabinet declared iranians to be immune to the nuremberg laws as they were considered to be the only people besides germans to be pure aryans 110 in 1939 hitler provided iran with their german scientific library which contained over 7 500 books on eugenics to convince the persians of the kinship between germans and the persians the modern aryans and the ancient aryans 111 in various pro nazi publications lectures speeches and ceremonies parallels were drawn between the shah and hitler and praises were given to the charisma and the virtue of the führerprinzip 112 reza shah s foreign policy which had consisted largely of playing the soviet union off against the united kingdom failed when the german invasion of the soviet union in 1941 resulted in those two powers becoming sudden allies in the fight against the axis powers seeking to scold this new axis ally and to guarantee the continued supply for the united kingdom and in order to secure a route of supply to provide soviet forces with war material the two allies jointly launched a surprise invasion in august 1941 caught off guard outgunned and diplomatically isolated reza shah was defeated by the anglo soviet invasion ordering his forces to surrender to prevent the world war from reaching iran and was forced to abdicate the throne in favor of his son reza shah then was banished into exile while iran would remain under allied occupation until 1946 113 later years of reign edit reza shah in his office green palace at saadabad palace complex 1941 the shah s reign is sometimes divided into periods all the efforts of reza shah s reign were either completed or conceived in the 1925 1938 period abdolhossein teymourtash assisted by farman farma ali akbar davar and a large number of modern educated iranians proved adept at masterminding the implementation of many reforms demanded since the failed constitutional revolution of 1905 1911 the preservation and promotion of the country s historic heritage the provision of public education construction of a national railway abolition of capitulation agreements and the establishment of a national bank had all been advocated by intellectuals since the tumult of the constitutional revolution the later years of his reign were dedicated to institutionalizing the educational system of iran and also to the industrialization of the country he knew that the system of the constitutional monarchy in iran after him had to stand on a solid basis of the collective participation of all iranians and that it was indispensable to create educational centers all over iran reza shah attempted to forge a regional alliance with iran s middle eastern neighbors particularly turkey the death of ataturk in 1938 followed by the start of world war ii shortly thereafter prevented these projects from being realized 114 reza shah meeting officials in saadabad palace 1940 the parliament assented to his decrees 115 the free press was suppressed and the swift incarceration of political leaders like mossadegh the murder of others such as teymourtash sardar asad firouz modarres arbab keikhosro and the suicide of davar ensured that any progress towards democratization was stillborn and organized opposition to the shah impossible reza shah treated the urban middle class the managers and technocrats with an iron fist as a result his state owned industries remained underproductive and inefficient 116 the bureaucracy fell apart since officials preferred sycophancy when anyone could be whisked away to prison for even the whiff of disobeying his whims 117 he confiscated land from the qajars and from his rivals and into his own estates the corruption continued under his rule and even became institutionalized progress toward modernization was spotty and isolated as it could only take place with shah s approval 118 eventually the shah became totally dependent on the military and secret police to retain power in return these state organs regularly received funding up to 50 percent of available public revenue to ensure their loyalty 117 world war ii and forced abdication edit main article anglo soviet invasion of iran reza shah and crown prince mohammad reza in a train in august 1941 the allied powers united kingdom and the soviet union invaded and occupied neutral iran by a massive air land and naval assault without a declaration of war by 28 29 august the iranian military situation was in complete chaos the allies had complete control over the skies of iran and large sections of the country were in their hands major iranian cities such as tehran were suffering repeated air raids in tehran itself the casualties had been light but the soviet air force dropped leaflets over city warning the population of an upcoming massive bombing raid and urging them to surrender before they suffered imminent destruction tehran s water and food supply had faced shortages and soldiers fled in fear of the soviets killing them upon capture faced with total collapse the royal family except the shah and the crown prince fled to isfahan 119 the collapse of the army that reza shah had spent so much time and effort creating was humiliating many iranian commanders behaved incompetently others secretly sympathized with the british and sabotaged iranian resistance the army generals met in secret to discuss surrender options when the shah learned of the generals actions he beat armed forces chief general ahmad nakhjavan with a cane and physically stripped him of his rank nakhjavan was nearly shot by the shah on the spot but at the insistence of the crown prince he was sent to prison instead 120 reza shah in exile the shah ordered pro british prime minister ali mansur whom he blamed for demoralising the military to resign 121 replacing him with former prime minister mohammad ali foroughi within days reza shah ordered the military to cease resistance and entered into negotiations with the british and soviets 122 foroughi was disobliged towards reza shah having been previously forced into retirement years earlier for political reasons with his daughter s father in law being executed by firing squad when he entered into negotiations with the british instead of negotiating a favorable settlement foroughi implied that both he and the iranian people wanted to be liberated from the shah s rule 121 the british and foroughi agreed that for the allies to withdraw iran would have to expel the german minister and his staff should leave tehran the german italian hungarian and romanian legations would be closed and all remaining german nationals including all families would be handed over to the british and soviet authorities the last order would mean almost certain imprisonment reza shah stalled on the last demand choosing instead to secretly evacuate german nationals from the country by 18 september most of the german nationals had escaped via the turkish border 123 in response to the shah s defiance the red army on 16 september moved to occupy tehran fearing execution by the communists many people especially the wealthy fled the city reza shah in a letter handwritten by foroughi announced his abdication as the soviets entered the city on 17 september the british wanted to restore the qajar dynasty to power but the heir to ahmad shah qajar since that last qajar shah s death in 1930 hamid hassan mirza was a british subject who spoke no persian instead with the help of foroughi crown prince mohammad reza pahlavi took the oath to become the shah of iran 121 the british left the shah a face saving way out would his highness kindly abdicate in favor of his son the heir to the throne we have a high opinion of him and will ensure his position but his highness should not think there is any other solution 124 the anglo soviet invasion was instigated in response to reza for having denied the request to remove the german residents who could threaten the abadan refinery reza shah further refused the allies requests to expel german nationals residing in iran and denied the use of the railway to the allies according to the british embassy reports from tehran in 1940 the total number of german citizens in iran from technicians to spies was no more than one thousand 125 because of its strategic importance to the allies iran was subsequently called the bridge of victory by winston churchill 126 reza shah was forced by the invading british to abdicate in favor of his son mohammad reza pahlavi who replaced his father as shah on the throne on 16 september 1941 reza shah s legs statue after the original statue was destroyed after the 1979 revolution critics and defenders edit reza shah s main critics were the new intelligentsia often educated in europe for whom the shah was not a state builder 127 but an oriental despot not a reformer but a plutocrat strengthening the landed upper class not a real nationalist but a jack booted cossack trained by the tsarists and brought to power by british imperialists 128 his defenders included ahmad kasravi a contemporary intellectual and historian of constitutional movement who had strongly criticized participation of reza shah in the 1909 siege of tabriz 129 when he accepted the unpleasant responsibility of acting as defense attorney for a group of officers accused of torturing political prisoners he stated our young intellectuals cannot possibly understand and cannot judge the reign of reza shah they cannot because they were too young to remember the chaotic and desperate conditions out of which arose the autocrat named reza shah 130 131 clarmont skrine a british civil servant who accompanied reza shah on his 1941 journey to british mauritius writes in his book world war in iran reza shah pahlavi posthumously entitled the great in the annals of his country was indeed if not the greatest at any rate one of the strongest and ablest men iran has produced in all the two and a half millennia of her history 132 death edit reza shah pahlavi after abdication in south africa in 1942 like his son after him reza shah died in exile after the united kingdom and the soviet union invaded and occupied iran on 25 august 1941 the british offered to keep his family in power if reza shah agreed to a life of exile reza shah abdicated and the british forces quickly took him and his children to mauritius 133 where he lived at château val ory on bois cheri road in the village of moka 134 135 the decrepit château is still an iranian property which the iranian government has refused to sell 136 subsequently he was sent to durban and then to a house at 41 young avenue in the parktown neighborhood of johannesburg south africa 137 where he died at the age of sixty six on 26 july 1944 of a heart ailment about which he had been complaining for many years his personal doctor had boosted the king s morale in exile by telling him that he was suffering from chronic indigestion and not heart ailment he lived on a diet of plain rice and boiled chicken in the last years of his life 138 after his death his body was carried to egypt where it was embalmed and kept at the royal al rifa i mosque in cairo also the future burial place of his son the exiled mohammad reza pahlavi 138 in may 1950 the remains were flown back to iran 139 where the embalming was removed and buried in a mausoleum built in his honor in the town of ray in the southern suburbs of the capital tehran reza shah s funeral in tehran mausoleum of reza shah in ray tehran iran the iranian parliament majlis later designated the title the great to be added to his name there were reports that on 14 january 1979 shortly before the iranian revolution the remains were moved back to egypt and buried in the al rifa i mosque in cairo 138 in a 2015 documentary from tehran to cairo his daughter in law empress farah claimed that the remains of the late reza shah remain in the town of ray after the 1979 revolution and during the period of the interim government of iran iran faced a series of rampages at the hand of an extremist mob led by the cleric sadeq khalkhali during this rampage happening all over the nation any construction depicting or even citing the name of the shah and his family was destroyed this included the destruction of reza shah s mausoleum but were unable to find his dead body 140 in 2018 a mummified body believed to be reza shah s was found in the vicinity of his former mausoleum site in tehran 141 142 an official said that the body belonged to reza shah and was buried in the same area 143 accomplishments edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed september 2018 learn how and when to remove this message 500 rials iranian banknote depicting reza shah under reza shah s reign a number of new concepts were introduced between 1923 and 1941 some of these significant changes achievements concepts and laws included successful suppression of separatist movements and reunification of iran under a powerful central government foundation of the first judicial system of iran foundation of the first national health care system and public hospitals across the country reestablishment of iranian gendarmerie and shahrbani in order to enforce law and order foundation of trans iranian railway which connected caspian sea to persian gulf 144 nationalizing iranian forests and jungles creation of an iranian modern military creation of iran s first radio stations founding of the national museum of iran rebuilding iran s historical sites including the tombs of ferdowsi and hafez organizing the ferdowsi millenary celebrations to commemorate the thousa...