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in menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 historical background 2 martin v 1417 1431 3 eugene iv 1431 1447 4 nicholas v 1447 1455 5 sixtus iv 1471 1484 6 alexander vi 1492 1503 7 julius ii 1503 1513 8 leo x 1513 1521 9 after the sack of 1527 10 references toggle the table of contents roman renaissance 5 languages العربية français italiano slovenščina tagalog edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia renaissance in rome a period from the mid 15th to the mid 16th centuries idealized depiction of rome from the 1493 nuremberg chronicle the renaissance in rome occupied a period from the mid 15th to the mid 16th centuries a period which spawned masters such as michelangelo and raphael who left an indelible mark on western figurative art the city had been a magnet for artists wishing to study its classical ruins since the early 15th century a revived interest in the classics brought about the first archaeological study of roman remains by the architect filippo brunelleschi and the sculptor donatello both florentines this inspired a corresponding classicism in painting and sculpture which manifested itself in the paintings of masaccio and uccello pisanello and his assistants also frequently took inspiration from ancient remains but their approach was essentially cataloguing acquiring a repertoire of models to be exploited later 1 in the year 1420 pope martin v moved the papal seat back to rome ending its long avignon papacy or babylonian captivity and the papal schism when several popes simultaneously claimed the office he at once set to work establishing order and restoring the dilapidated churches palaces bridges and other public structures for this reconstruction he engaged some famous masters of the tuscan school and thus laid the foundation for the roman renaissance 2 3 roman renaissance art remained largely dependent on artists from further north above all florence until at least the start of the 16th century spending by the popes and cardinals considerably increased tempting many artists to the city historical background edit the 14th century in rome with the absence of popes during the avignon papacy was a century of neglect and misery rome dropped to its lowest level of population and those that remained were starving and wretched before the return of the papacy which was repeatedly postponed because of the bad conditions of the city and the lack of control and security it was first necessary to strengthen the political and doctrinal aspects of the pontiff when in 1377 gregory xi did return to rome he found his power more formal than real it was a city in anarchy because of the struggles between the nobility and the popular faction there followed four decades of instability characterized locally by power struggles between the commune and the papacy and internationally by the great western schism it was finally martin v of the colonna family who managed to bring order to the city laying the foundations of its rebirth 4 martin v 1417 1431 edit the head of a princess attributed in a cycle of archbasilica of saint john lateran of pisanello e gentile museo di palazzo venezia rome pope martin v was born at genazzano in 1368 he studied at the university of perugia became prothonotary apostolic under pope urban vi and papal auditor and nuncio at various italian courts under pope boniface ix on 12 june 1402 he was made cardinal deacon of san giorgio in velabro at the council of constance he was unanimously elected pope on 11 november 1417 and took the name martin v in honour of martin of tours whose feast fell on the day of his election king sigismund of germany tried to induce martin v to stay in germany while france begged him to come to avignon but rejecting all offers he set out for rome on 16 may 1418 after many detours primarily to cement relations with the queen of naples bracco di montone and others he arrived on 28 september 1420 5 the first work began on the archbasilica of saint john lateran which has been badly damaged in 1413 in 1421 the church was enriched by a new cosmatesque floor and the ceiling was repaired while gentile da fabriano received a commission to create a new cycle of frescoes in the right aisle these were completed by pisanello after his death in 1427 the basilica also received a new monastery assigned to the benedictines the pavement of the basilica and the columns were designed as signature pieces of the colonna family 3 6 when cosimo de medici was exiled from florence donatello returned to rome remaining until 1433 the two works that testify to his presence in this city the tomb of giovanni crivelli at santa maria in aracoeli and the ciborium at st peter s basilica bear a strong stamp of classical influence brunelleschi also returned several times to find inspiration for what was the renaissance art 7 while in florence masaccio first great italian painter of the quattrocento became friends with brunelleschi and donatello and at their prompting in 1423 travelled to rome along with his mentor masolino from that point he was freed of all gothic and byzantine influence as may be seen in his altarpiece for the carmelite church in pisa the traces of influences from ancient roman and greek art that are present in some of masaccio s works must also have originated from this trip unfortunately any further innovation was curtailed by masaccio s premature death at the age of 27 3 8 eugene iv 1431 1447 edit eugenius iv gabriello condulmaro or condulmerio was born in venice in 1388 of a wealthy family he was nephew to pope gregory xii his service to pope martin v was such that he was elected to the papacy on the first scrutiny however his papacy was destined to be a stormy one in 1434 a revolution fomented by the pope s enemies broke out in rome eugene escaped down the tiber to ostia where the friendly florentines were only too happy to receive him he took up his residence in the dominican convent of santa maria novella and sent vitelleschi the militant bishop of recanati to restore order in the papal states florence at that time was the centre of literary activity and clearly influenced the humanist movement during his stay in the tuscan capital eugene consecrated the florence cathedral just then finished by brunelleschi 9 martyrdom of saint peter filarete bronze door for the old st peter s basilica in rome pope eugene iv continued in this vein in rome commissioning the florentine antonio di pietro averlino known as filarete 1400 1469 to make two bronze doors imposts for the old st peter s basilica completed in 1445 10 11 in 1443 1445 leon battista alberti whose many talents truly epitomised the renaissance man wrote the descriptio urbis romae where he proposed a system for a geometric arrangement of the city centred on the capitoline hill he later became the architectural advisor to pope nicholas v and was involved in a number of projects at the vatican shortly after they arrived in town beato angelico and french jean fouquet began a series of frescoes in the old st peter s basilica which testifies to the presence of the nascent interest in flemish painting and the nordic generally 12 although the duration of the pontificate of eugene iv did not allow for the full implementation of his plans rome became a fruitful meeting ground for artists of different schools this would soon spawn a common style which for the first time be defined as roman 13 nicholas v 1447 1455 edit the collaboration between alberti and pope nicholas v gave rise to the first grandiose building projects of renaissance rome the plan for the city focused primarily on five main points 13 restore the walls restoration or reconstruction of the forty churches in the city reset the borgo district expansion of the old st peter s basilica restoration of the apostolic palace the intent was to gain a citadel of religion that had its focal point on the capitoline hill the project s aim was to exalt the power of the church clearly demonstrating the continuity between the imperial and christian rome 13 it was to nicholas v that alberti dedicated in 1452 the monumental theoretical result of his long study of vitruvius this was his de re aedificatoria on the art of building not a restored text of vitruvius but a wholly new work it became a bible of renaissance architecture for it incorporated and made advances upon the engineering knowledge of antiquity and grounded the stylistic principles of classical art into a fully developed aesthetic theory 14 due to the brevity of the pontificate of pope nicholas v all the ambitious projects could not be completed however it made artists who shared an interest in the antiquity and charm of the classic ruins converge especially the tuscan and lombard ones this led to a certain homogeneity of their work 13 palazzo venezia the courtyard of the palazzetto a paradigmatic example of the style that developed in that period in architecture is palazzo venezia started in 1455 that incorporating existing buildings the courtyard of the annexed palazzetto is taken from roman elements combined but without philological rigor it incorporates the model of the viridarium and is inspired by the colosseum in the overlapped architectural orders and in the cornice with ornament in brackets the width of the arches however is reduced and simplified so they will not look too impressive compared to the spaces they enclose in the building itself built from 1466 there was a more faithful revival of ancient models which shows a gradually deeper understanding for example the hall was once a lacunar in concrete taken from pantheon or the basilica of maxentius with overlapping orders and partially leaning on the pillars as in the colosseum or in the theatre of marcellus 13 the renewal of the constantinian old st peter s basilica was assigned to bernardo rossellino the body was expanded with five aisles and longitudinal cross vaults on pillars that were to incorporate the old columns the apse was rebuilt with the expansion of the transept a choir was added which was the logical continuation of the nave and also a domed room at the intersection of the transept and choir this configuration influenced the next plan by bramante for a total overhaul of the building which retained what was already built 15 work began around 1450 but with the death of the pope had no further development and stagnated until julius ii decided for a complete reconstruction 16 the renewal of the apostolic palace was a first step in the decoration of the private chapel of the pope the niccoline chapel by fra angelico and his assistant benozzo gozzoli the decoration includes stories of st lawrence and st stephen which were interpreted by fra angelico in a style rich in details erudite and where his christian humanism is expressed in its vertices the scenes are set in majestic architecture born from the suggestions of ancient rome and early christian times but not slavish perhaps mindful of the projects that then circulated in the papal court for the restoration of st peter the figures are solid calm and solemn the tone was generally more stately exemplifying the meditative artist 17 the jubilee celebration of 1475 injected revenue that inspired a number of projects and allowed the pope to draw a large number of artists together there were various collaborations between artists such as vivarini bartolomeo di tommaso benedetto bonfigli andrea del castagno piero della francesca and perhaps rogier van der weyden this wealth of ideas prepared the ground for the synthesis towards the end of the century and led to the creation of a language properly roman 17 sixtus iv 1471 1484 edit melozzo da forlì sixtus iv appointing platina as prefect of the vatican library 1477 pope sixtus iv created the vatican library and entrusted it to the humanist melozzo da forlì the papal painter he frescoed one of the emblems of the roman humanist culture of the time pope sixtus iv appoints platina as prefect of the vatican library 1477 in which the pope is portrayed among his relatives in opulent classical architecture a few years later under giuliano della rovere melozzo painted the apse of the basilica dei santi apostoli with ascension of the apostles between playing angels considered the first example of the view from down to top the sistine chapel takes its name from pope sixtus iv who had the old cappella magna restored between 1477 and 1480 it was originally to be decorated by artists from umbria and marche 3 but through the intercession of lorenzo de medici the commission of the wall decoration was instead entrusted to the best florentine artists of the time sandro botticelli pietro perugino pinturicchio domenico ghirlandaio and cosimo roselli they created a series of frescos depicting the life of moses and the life of christ offset by papal portraits above and trompe l œil drapery below the work on the frescoes began in 1481 and was concluded in 1482 this is also the date of the works in marble the screen the choir stalls and the pontifical coat of arms over the entrance door 18 on 15 august 1483 sixtus iv celebrated the first mass when the chapel was consecrated and dedicated to the virgin mary the sistine chapel now the seat of the most important ceremonies of the papacy became a point of reference for renaissance art setting a milestone for the character developments of the late 15th century 3 alexander vi 1492 1503 edit the last part of this century was dominated by the figure of pope alexander vi from the spanish family borgia he first turned his attention to the defence of the eternal city he changed the mausoleum of hadrian into a fortress likewise torre di nona to secure the city from naval attacks his via alessandrina now called via della conciliazione remains to the present day the grand approach to st peter s though a scandalous pope he was a patron of the arts and sciences and in his days a new architectural era was initiated in rome with the coming of bramante raphael michelangelo and pinturicchio he commissioned pinturicchio to lavishly paint a suite of rooms in the apostolic palace in the vatican which are today known as the borgia apartments 3 the tempietto at san pietro in montorio by donato bramante in addition to the structures erected by himself his memory is associated with the many others built by monarchs and ca...