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comes from péguy pascal the scholastics and from husserl his concept of intentionality was neither that of brentano nor that of husserl but an original one with roots in the scholastic philosophy in tentio derived from in aliud tendere is the penetrating act of the spirit which goes beyond the things into their origin which is the unum with his three transcendentals bonum verum and pulchrum thus there are three forms of intentionality moral theoretical and esthetical characterising three types of human attitudes toward the world the unum is not viewed only as an actus purus but rather as a universal potentiality of being as such i e is placed in șora s metaphorical model at the centre of a sphere of null radius which has thus the same topos as the periphery the surface of this sphere represents the pure exteriority composed of terminal actualities the radius is the geometrical locus of the interiority where we find the intermediary potentialities petre țuțea had a phd in administrative law before and during the second world war he worked as a director in the ministry of national economy initially having marxist convictions he developed right wing nationalist sympathies that eventually led lead to his arrest and conviction in prison he rediscovered christianity and after his release he considered himself a christian philosopher although țuțea could not publish very much he wrote a late work projected in five volumes problems systems styles sciences and finally dogmas he completed the first two and a small part of styles and dogmas of which the first two volumes were published posthumously țuțea was influenced by plato greek skepticism leibniz nietzsche bergson simmel and the fictionalism of hans vaihinger the only significant romanian philosophical influences were lucian blaga and nae ionescu theologically he was influenced by st paul augustine and later thomas aquinas while he also knew and admired the major contemporary romanian theologian fr dumitru stăniloae whom he met in prison țuțea also appreciated various thinkers like werner sombart and frequently refers to scientists like heisenberg and poincaré initially țuțea rejected the categories of western idealism replacing the kantian conceptual framework with a spectrum of empirical phenomenological nuances his later philosophy as he declared was an effort of theologal not theological thinking he argued that truth is unique but human reason cannot find it by itself although it can be a receptacle of truth thus in order to really know the truth man needs inspiration and revelation man is never autonomous and all intellectual efforts like science or philosophy are only means of producing fictions at the level of material and cultural comfort țuțea believed that science and philosophy by themselves don t even have a consoling function being essentially irrelevant with respect to the most dramatic issues like death thus only religion specifically christianity possesses the truth and bears relevance to the destiny of humankind without it he says man is just a rational animal that comes from nowhere and doesn t go anywhere anthropologically țuțea analyzed what he calls christian man the anthropological model to be pursued is that of the saint after his release from prison țuțea elaborated at least three original literary philosophical styles the philosophy of nuances theatre as seminar and religious theologal reflections several of his close friends and companions such as mircea eliade emil cioran petre pandrea later marcel petrișor aurel dragoș munteanu and from the younger generation radu preda and alexandru popescu alexandru dragomir a former doctoral student of heidegger was a reticent man who wrote secretly and never intended to publish anything in his old days he began giving private seminaries which he carried on until his death only a very narrow group of intellectuals attended after he died several notebooks were found whose publication is not finished including several with reflections on time which form the most consistent part of his thought studia phaenomenologica dedicated one of its issues to him the school of paltinis edit constantin noica discovered and trained younger philosophers such as gabriel liiceanu b 1942 andrei pleșu b 1948 sorin vieru b 1933 andrei cornea b 1952 vasile dem zamfirescu alexandru surdu b 1938 and corneliu mircea gabriel liiceanu published the păltiniș diary where he described his paideic check spelling adventure under noica s guidance liiceanu s philosophical project initially centered around the idea of limit and he therefore called his hermeneutic inquiry into the nature and history of this concept peratology from the greek peras limit this program initiated with the tragic a phenomenology of limit and overcoming his phd thesis where he lays much accent on nietzsche and accomplished with on limit the final and more general expression of his peratology on limit touches on various topics such as of liberty destiny responsibility encounter with the other in a framework basically heideggerian liiceanu also accomplished the translation of heidegger into romanian andrei pleșu was first known as an art historian he avowed being more interested in the light side of philosophy as he had a respectful antipathy towards aristotle and considered that he had absolutely no use for hegel he oriented himself toward ethics and the philosophy of religion his focal idea is that of the interval the in between of existence as a space of itinerancy plesu wrote one of the very few romanian treatises of ethics minima moralia which is subtitled an ethics of the interval it begins by affirming that only the man in the condition of itinerancy has moral competence needing to make choices at every step of the way thus true ethics is not a major one of the great problems and puzzles but a minor ethics of the quotidian life and of ordinary situations further on he explored the theme of the interval in his on angels a book of angelology arising at the intersection between metaphysics and the philosophy of religion in this book the entities called angels are analysed as a cases of beings of the interval the entire exercise has thus the secondary value of ontology of the interval andrei cornea is a specialist in the ancient greek philosophy and also a political thinker during the communist regime he published little in the domain of philosophy but he translated plato s republic after 1989 he published intensively including plato philosophy and censorship when socrates is not right and from the school of athens to the school of paltinis he also published a critique of contemporary relativism in the khazar tournament he translated aristotle s metaphysics and a great part of plotinus s enneads vasile dem zamfirescu s main interests were in psychoanalysis he wrote a book on the logic of the heart and the logic of the mind and after 1989 he published his philosophy of the unconscious 2 volumes exploring the philosophical potential of the psychoanalytical idea of unconscious alexandru surdu specialised initially in logic publishing books on intuitionism and intuitionist logic he also studied the aristotelian logic thus arriving to his the theory of pre judicative forms a rethinking of the categories with the means of formal logic after 1989 he published on the romanian philosophy and speculative philosophy notable volumes are the pentamorphosis of the art and the speculative philosophy alexandru surdu is like noica an anti hegelian hegelian thus he criticises hegel for his absolutisation of triadic dialectics he criticises also noica for absolutising the tetradic dialectics while proposing his version of a pentadic dialectics he maintains though that diverse experiential realms are to be investigated by diverse dialectics binary triadic tetradic or pentadic the categories of the systematic philosophy as determined by surdu are five transcendence subsistence being existence real existence and reality surdu was one of the translators of wittgenstein s tractatus into romanian and he translated also from kant corneliu mircea is a psychiatrist and also a philosopher during communism he gave among other publications the book of being being and consciousness discourse on being and after 1989 he published among other things the originary being and ek stasis the making a treatise on being influenced by hegel and by sartre his philosophy is an inquiry into the meaning of being commencing with nothingness in an attempt of rethinking both hegel s logic and sartre s being and nothingness the epistemological school of bucharest edit following the examples of anton dumitriu grigore moisil or octav onicescu several teachers at the university of bucharest oriented themselves toward epistemology and the philosophy of science which due to its technical nature lacked ideological control and interference after the demise of the communism they continued their preoccupations but also wrote on many other subjects members of this school included mircea flonta b 1932 ilie parvu b 1941 vasile tonoiu 1941 2023 and marin turlea b 1940 mircea flonta wrote a monograph on the theme of the analytic synthetic distinction in contemporary philosophy and a study on the philosophical presuppositions of the exact sciences his activity continued after 1989 and diversified as he approached such themes as the perception of philosophy in the romanian culture among his perennial interests are the philosophy of kant he translated from kant and wrote a book on him and that of wittgenstein likewise he translated several of his books and published a book on his philosophy ilie parvu is an epistemologist philosopher of science metaphysician and interpreter of kant his studies in the philosophy of science the scientific theory the semantics and the logic of science emphasized the contemporary formal instruments of analysis of the scientific theories parvu can be considered as belonging to the structuralist current in the philosophy of science following j sneed w stegmüller c u moulines w balzer etc the structuralist analysis of theories was applied by ilie parvu in the domain of the reconstruction of some crucial philosophical works like the tractatus of wittgenstein or the critique of pure reason as a metaphysician parvu published the two volume the architecture of existence in the first volume he analyses the structural generative paradigm in ontology he conceives of an ontological theory as having an abstract structural core which generates its applications not by direct instantiation but by restrictions and specialisations of this core which evolves at the same time with the application professor parvu analysed also the theories capable of furnishing decisive mediations between the structural abstraction of the nucleus and the world of empirical evidence in the second volume he analysed the contemporary analytic metaphysics the ontological contemporary constructive programs as that of carnap or quine as well as local metaphysics like that of dispositions powers the ontologies of events and different theories of the individual he presented also discussions concerning the metaontology constructional apparatus style and techniques in recent metaphysics vasile tonoiu was interested mostly in the continental philosophy of science translating poincaré gonseth bachelard and writing monographs on gonseth and bachelard he also published a book on morin s epistemological vision of complexity another chief interest of tonoiu s is the dialogic philosophy or the philosophy of dialogue he wrote also an book on mircea eliade archaic ontologies in actuality marin turlea dedicated his career to the philosophy of mathematics his work on the philosophy and the foundations of mathematics traces a distinction between the foundational and the foundationist research in mathematics i e between mathematicians own research on its foundations and the philosophical research of the foundations of the mathematics in this book he establishes the possibilities sphere of action and relevance of the philosophical study of mathematics following the lines of the program indicated in this first work turlea will elaborate a philosophy of mathematics more like a history of the philosophical problems connected with systems of mathematics from plato and proclus to principia mathematica he analyzes the metaphysics of mathematical entities in his existence and truth in mathematics and he studies wittgenstein s philosophy or rather anti philosophy of mathematics marxism edit athanase joja 1904 1972 was a logician and interpreter of the ancient philosophy with contributions to marxist dialectical logic he founded the romanian academy s institute of logic where many interbellic philosophers including noica were reinserted professionally 28 another marxist figure was henri wald 1920 2002 whose thinking was a mixture of french structuralism and marxism and who wrote also an introduction to the dialectical logic ion ianoși b 1928 is a marxist philosopher from a different class closer to literature was for many years the secretary of the literary critique section of the union of the writers from romania he published a trilogy on the aesthetical category of the sublime a volume on hegel and the art and others including a study of the romanian philosophy in its relation with literature philosophy and literature democratic period edit after the revolution of 1989 philosophy in romania began to synchronize with western contemporary philosophy works banned by the communist regime began to be published phenomenology is represented by two groups one from cluj including virgil ciomoș and ion copoeru and the other from bucharest developed as a consequence of liiceanu s influence this later group includes the editors of studia phaenomenologica cristian ciocan and gabriel cercel and the heideggerians like catalin cioaba or bogdan minca virgil ciomoș published phenomenological interpretations of aristotle and kant while copoeru is a husserlian scholar exponents of post modernism in romanian philosophy include ciprian mihali and bogdan ghiu although mihali is more interested in the phenomenological analysis of the quotidian his thinking is deeply rooted in french post structuralism ghiu through his translations on deleuze and various essays spread the influence of postmodern and poststructuralist french philosophy in romania analytic philosophy developed mostly at the university of bucharest by people including mircea dumitru adrian paul iliescu adrian miroiu valentin mureșan mihail radu solcan mircea dumitru wrote on philosophical logic the philosophy of language and the philosophy of mind iliescu is a political philosopher liberalism and conservatism but also has interests in the philosophy of language publishing a book on wittgenstein adrian miroiu published works in the fields of modal logic philosophy of science and political philosophy more recently after joining...