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ned cadres capable of teaching the system it is more likely that as the communists prepared to take power in a much wider territory they had second thoughts about the rhetoric that surrounded the latinization movement in order to obtain the maximum popular support they withdrew support from a movement that deeply offended many supporters of the traditional writing system 22 in 2002 zhou youguang claimed that joseph stalin persuaded mao zedong against the complete romanization of chinese during mao s visit to moscow in december 1949 23 hanyu pinyin edit main article pinyin in october 1949 the association for reforming the chinese written language was established wu yuzhang one of the creators of latinxua sinwenz was appointed chairman all of the members of its initial governing body belonged to either the latinxua sinwenz movement ni haishu 倪海曙 lin handa 林汉达 etc or the gwoyeu romatzyh movement li jinxi 黎锦熙 luo changpei etc for the most part they were also highly trained linguists their first directive 1949 1952 was to take the phonetic project adopting the latin alphabet as the main object of their research 24 linguist zhou youguang was put in charge of this branch of the committee 25 26 in a speech delivered on 10 january 1958 h zhou enlai observed that the committee had spent three years attempting to create a non latin chinese phonetic alphabet they had also attempted to adapt zhuyin fuhao but no satisfactory result could be obtained and the latin alphabet was then adopted 27 he also emphatically stated in future we shall adopt the latin alphabet for the chinese phonetic alphabet being in wide use in scientific and technological fields and in constant day to day usage it will be easily remembered the adoption of such an alphabet will therefore greatly facilitate the popularization of the common speech i e putonghua standard chinese 28 the development of the pinyin chinese 汉语拼音 pinyin hànyǔ pīnyīn lit chinese phonetic writing system was a complex process involving decisions on many difficult issues such as should hanyu pinyin s pronunciation be based on that of beijing was hanyu pinyin going to supersede chinese written characters altogether or would it simply provide a guide to pronunciation i should the traditional chinese writing system be simplified should hanyu pinyin use the latin alphabet j should hanyu pinyin indicate tones in all cases as with gwoyeu romatzyh should hanyu pinyin be mandarin specific or adaptable to other dialects and other chinese varieties was hanyu pinyin to be created solely to facilitate the spread of putonghua throughout china k despite the fact that the draft scheme for a chinese phonetic alphabet published in people s china on 16 march 1956 contained certain unusual and peculiar characters the committee for research into language reform soon reverted to the latin alphabet citing the following reasons the latin alphabet is extensively used by scientists regardless of their native tongue and technical terms are frequently written in latin the latin alphabet is simple to write and easy to read it has been used for centuries all over the world it is easily adaptable to the task of recording chinese pronunciation while the use of the cyrillic alphabet would strengthen ties with the u s s r the latin alphabet is familiar to most russian students and its use would strengthen the ties between china and many of its southeast asian neighbours who are already familiar with the latin alphabet as a response to mao zedong s remark that cultural patriotism should be a weighty factor in the choice of an alphabet despite the fact that the latin alphabet is foreign it will serve as a strong tool for economic and industrial expansion and moreover the fact that two of the most patriotic chinese qu qiubai and lu xun were such strong advocates of the latin alphabet indicates that the choice does not indicate any lack of patriotism on the basis that the british french germans spanish polish and czechoslovaks have all modified the latin alphabet for their own usage and because the latin alphabet is derived from the greek alphabet which in turn came from phoenician and egyptian there is as much shame attached to using the latin alphabet as there is in using arabic numerals and the conventional mathematical symbols regardless of their point of origin 31 the movement for language reform came to a standstill during the cultural revolution and nothing was published on language reform or linguistics from 1966 to 1972 32 the pinyin subtitles that had first appeared on the masthead of the people s daily newspaper and the red flag journal in 1958 did not appear at all between july 1966 and january 1977 33 in its final form hanyu pinyin was used to indicate pronunciation only was exclusively based on the pronunciation of the beijing dialect included tone marks embodied the traditional initial sound final sound and suprasegmental tone model was written in the latin alphabet hanyu pinyin has developed from mao s 1951 directive through the promulgation on 1 november 1957 of a draft version by the state council l to its final form being approved by the state council in september 1978 m to being accepted in 1982 by the international organization for standardization as the standard for transcribing chinese 36 john defrancis has described mao zedong s belief that pinyin would eventually replace chinese characters but this has not come to pass and in fact such a plan had already ceased together with the end of latinxua sinwenz movement 37 jyutping edit this paragraph is an excerpt from jyutping edit the linguistic society of hong kong cantonese romanization scheme n also known as jyutping is a romanisation system for cantonese developed in 1993 by the linguistic society of hong kong lshk tongyong pinyin edit main article tongyong pinyin tongyong pinyin is a system with some usage in taiwan it was introduced by the linguist yu bor chuan in 1998 and was the official romanization of mandarin in taiwan between 2002 and 2008 the system was developed in part to make the taiwanese identity more distinct from china s the latter of which uses hanyu pinyin whether to use this system is considered a political issue in taiwan 38 39 variations in pronunciation edit the chinese and japanese repository stated that romanization would standardize the different pronunciations chinese often had for one word which was common for all mostly unwritten languages contributor rev james summers wrote in 1863 those who know anything of the rude and unwritten languages of the other parts of the world will have no difficulty in imagining the state of the spoken dialects of china the most various shades of pronunciation are common arising from the want of the analytic process of writing by means of an alphabet a chinaman has no conception of the number or character of the sounds which he utters when he says mau ping indeed one man will call it maw mor bing and another mo piang without the first man perceiving the difference by the people themselves these changes are considered to be simple variations which are of no consequence and if we look into the english of chaucer s or of wickliffe s time or the french of marco polo s age we shall find a similar looseness and inattention to correct spelling because these languages were written by few and when the orthography was unsettled times are changed every poor man may now learn to read and write his own language in less than a month and with a little pains he may do it correctly with practice the consequence is that a higher degree of comfort and happiness is reached by many who could never have risen above the level of the serf and the slave without this intellectual lever the poor may read the gospel as well as hear it preached and the cottage library becomes a never failing treasury of profit to the labouring classes 40 see also edit comparison of standard chinese transcription systems transliteration of chinese transcription into chinese characters romanization of japanese notes edit chao 1968 p 172 calls them split reading characters but compare the grand scribe s records by ssu ma chʻien william h nienhauser jr editor tsai fa cheng et al translators bloomington 1994 present indiana university press which uses wade giles for all historic names including the author wade s system introduced in 1859 was used by the british consular service for example it avoids the orthographic alternations between y and i w and u wei and ui o and uo etc that are part of the pinyin and wade giles systems such as for example lin 1972 and simon 1975 seybolt and chiang 1979 believe that a second reason was that subsequent to the promulgation of the gwoyeu romatzyh system in 1928 the increasingly conservative national government led by the kuomintang lost interest in and later suppressed efforts to alter the traditional script 15 norman 1988 in the final analysis gwoyeu romatzy failed not because of defects in the system itself but because it never received the official support it would have required to succeed perhaps more importantly it was viewed by many as the product of a group of elitist enthusiasts and lacked any real popular base of support 16 the soviet experiment with latinized chinese came to an end in 1936 when most of the chinese immigrant workers were repatriated to china norman 1988 p 261 defrancis 1950 reports that despite the end of latinxua in the u s s r it is the opinion of the soviet scholars who worked on the system that it was an unqualified success p 108 two different translations of the speech are at zhou 1958 and zhou 1979 if intended to supersede the chinese written characters then the ease of writing the pronunciation including tones in a cursive script would be critical mao zedong and the red guards were strongly opposed to the use of the latin alphabet 29 for example an american delegation that visited china in 1974 reported that the principal uses of pinyin at present are to facilitate the learning of chinese characters and to facilitate the speed of putonghua popularization primarily for chinese speakers but also for minorities and foreigners 30 it was adopted and promulgated by the fifth session of the first national people s congress on 11 february 1958 34 the 1957 draft was titled first draft of phonetic writing system of chinese in latin alphabet while the 1958 version was titled phonetic scheme of chinese 35 the crucial difference was the removal of the term wenzi writing system this explicitly indicated that the system was no longer intended to eventually replace chinese written characters but only to act as an auxiliary to assist pronunciation as a consequence of this approval pinyin began to be used in all foreign language publications for chinese proper names as well as by foreign affairs and the xinhua news agency from 1 january 1979 33 chinese 香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案 jyutping hoeng1 gong2 jyu5 jin4 hok6 hok6 wui2 jyut6 jyu5 ping3 jam1 fong1 on3 references edit kane daniel 2006 the chinese language its history and usage north clarendon vt tuttle p 22 isbn 978 0 8048 3853 5 1 2 yves camus jesuits journeys in chinese studies archived 24 september 2015 at the wayback machine dicionário português chinês pu han ci dian portuguese chinese dictionary by michele ruggieri matteo ricci edited by john w witek published 2001 biblioteca nacional isbn 972 565 298 3 partial preview available on google books mungello david e 1989 curious land jesuit accommodation and the origins of sinology university of hawaiʻi press p 171 isbn 0 8248 1219 0 the transcription of the nestorian stele can be found in pp 13 28 of china illustrata which is available online on google books the same book also has a catechism in romanized chinese using apparently the same transcription with tone marks pp 121 127 nienhauser william h 1986 the indiana companion to traditional chinese literature indiana university press p 170 isbn 978 0 253 33456 5 varo francisco 2000 coblin w south levi joseph a eds francisco varo s grammar of the mandarin language 1703 an english translation of arte de la lengua mandarina john benjamins p x isbn 978 90 272 4581 6 de francis john 1972 nationalism and language reform in china repr ed new york octagon books isbn 978 0 374 92095 1 chen 1999 p 165 建国前的语文工作 archived 15 october 2010 at the wayback machine 國音與說話 in chinese archived from the original on 4 september 2011 retrieved 21 march 2010 拼音史话 defrancis 1950 p 74 defrancis 1950 pp 72 75 chen 1999 p 183 seybolt and chiang 1979 p 19 norman 1988 pp 259 260 1 2 chen 1999 p 186 hsia 1956 pp 109 110 zhong 2019 pp 67 75 milsky 1973 p 99 chen 1999 p 184 hsia 1956 p 110 milsky 1973 p 103 norman 1988 p 262 zhou minglang sun hongkai 2006 language policy in the people s republic of china boston springer p 39 isbn 978 1 4020 8039 5 milsky 1973 p 102 translated from people s daily of 11 october 1949 father of pinyin china daily 26 march 2009 retrieved 12 july 2009 branigan tania 21 february 2008 sound principles the guardian retrieved 12 july 2009 zhou 1958 p 26 zhou 1958 p 19 milsky 1973 passim lehmann 1975 p 52 all five points paraphrased from hsia 1956 pp 119 121 chappell 1980 p 107 1 2 chappell 1980 p 116 chappell 1980 p 115 chen 1999 pp 188 189 see list of iso standards iso 7098 romanization of chinese defrancis john june 2006 the prospects for chinese writing reform sino platonic papers retrieved 12 april 2009 eryk smith 27 november 2017 opinion hanyu pinyin should not be political kaohsiung retrieved 13 july 2019 liu chien kuo chen ting fei kuan bi ling cheng pao chin 18 january 2017 language a tool for messages or identity taipei times retrieved 29 july 2019 james summers 1863 rev james summers ed the chinese and japanese repository volume 1 issues 1 12 p 114 retrieved 8 december 2011 those who know anything of the rude and unwritten languages of the other parts of the world will have no difficulty in imagining the state of the spoken dialects of china the most various shades of pronunciation are common arising from the want of the analytic process of writing by means of an alphabet a chinaman has no conception of the number or character of the sounds which he utters when he says mau ping indeed one man will call it maw mor bing and another mo piang without the first man perceiving the difference by the people themselves these changes are considered to be simple variations which are of no consequence and if we look into the english of chaucer s or of wickliffe s time or the french of marco polo s age we shall find a similar looseness and inattention to correct spelling because these languages were written by few and when the orthography was unsettled times are changed every poor man may now learn to read and write his own language in less than a month and with a little pains he may do it correctly with practice the consequence is that a higher degree of comfort and happiness is reached by many who could never have risen above the level of the serf and the ...