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ide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia species of bird ruddy duck male female conservation status least concern iucn 3 1 1 scientific classification kingdom animalia phylum chordata class aves order anseriformes family anatidae genus oxyura species o jamaicensis binomial name oxyura jamaicensis gmelin 1789 extant breeding extant resident extant passage extant non breeding extant introduced resident probably extinct synonyms erismatura jamaicensis oxyura jamaicensis mhnt songs and calls listen to ruddy duck on xeno canto the ruddy duck oxyura jamaicensis is a species of duck one of six extant species of stiff tailed duck genus oxyura in the 1940s the ruddy duck was introduced to the united kingdom where it established a population outside the americas the ruddy duck is considered a highly invasive species prompting many countries to initiate culling projects to eradicate it from the native ecosystem the generic name is derived from ancient greek oxus meaning sharp and oura meaning tail the specific name jamaicensis means from jamaica the ruddy duck has also been nicknamed butterball a term used to describe an individual that is somewhat fat due to its short and stout stature making activities like flying and walking upright awkward 2 taxonomy edit the ruddy duck was formally described in 1789 by the german naturalist johann friedrich gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of carl linnaeus s systema naturae he placed it with the other ducks geese and swans in the genus anas and coined the binomial name anas jamaicensis 3 gmelin based his description on the jamaica shoveler that had been described in 1785 by the english ornithologist john latham from a specimen that he had received from jamaica 4 the ruddy duck is now placed with five other species in the genus oxyura that was introduced in 1828 by the french naturalist charles lucien bonaparte 5 6 the genus name is derived from ancient greek oxus meaning sharp and oura meaning tail the specific epithet jamaicensis means from jamaica 7 the andean duck was formerly considered to be conspecific with the ruddy duck but with the two species split the ruddy duck is monotypic no subspecies are recognised 6 description edit ruddy duck diving under water the ruddy duck is a small compact duck with a stout scoop shaped bill and a long stiff tail which it holds cocked upward it has a slightly peaked head and a fairly short thick neck the male ruddy duck has a blackish cap that contrasts with its bright white cheeks in summer it has a rich chestnut body with a bright blue bill in winter it is a dull gray brown above and paler below with a dull gray bill the female and first year male are brownish somewhat like the winter male but with a blurry stripe across the pale cheek patch in flight the ruddy duck shows the solidly dark tops of the wings 8 on average the female is smaller and weighs less than the male it has a short and stout scoop shaped bill designed for underwater foraging with its short stature it is known to be a great swimmer whilst finding taking flight a much more laboured task 9 in comparison to other ducks ruddy ducks rarely fly but when they do it is done with a very fast wingbeat and closely over the water 10 an interesting physical feature found within this taxon of duck is the trachea inflatable air sacs and esophagi which are used in displays 11 the tail of the ruddy duck is commonly seen held upwards 12 standard measurements 13 14 total body length 340 430 mm 13 5 17 in weight 560 g 1 23 lb wingspan 470 mm 18 5 in wing 133 147 5 mm 5 24 5 81 in tail 67 79 mm 2 6 3 1 in culmen 38 5 41 mm 1 52 1 61 in tarsus 33 38 mm 1 3 1 5 in vocalizations edit both male and female ruddy ducks are not known to be very vocal most of the year though they do become more vocal when courting and raising young 11 males are known to produce short aa anh calls and other noises in short bursts female ruddy ducks have a much higher pitched call often having a raanh sound when communicating with their brood squeaks when chased by males and hisses and nasal sounds towards intruders 2 behaviour and ecology edit breeding and habits edit a female ruddy duck with six ducklings unlike other migratory anatine courtship where partnerships occur in wintering grounds ruddy ducks often begin courtship on the breeding ground both male and female ruddy ducks have been observed interacting aggressively with each other but despite aggression pairs can be seen loafing next to each other minutes later 15 their breeding habitat is marshy lakes and ponds both male and females are not known to be very vocal with quacks though males are known to produce a distinct drumming sound by beating their lower mandible on their breast this drumming beat is done hard enough that often swirls of bubbles will appear in the water this display is known as bubbling 10 in an aggressive response the male faces his rival while performing bubbling in courting a bubbling male orientates his body laterally to the female in a group of courting birds of more than one male the males typically display rapidly alternating forms of bubbling in accordance with constantly and suddenly changing aggressive and sexual responses 15 in courting gestures females mostly respond to the male s advances 10 they nest in dense marsh vegetation near water the female builds the nest out of grass locating it in tall vegetation to hide it from predators a typical brood contains 5 to 15 ducklings 16 pairs form each year though ruddy ducks can have large broods the male normally takes no part in rearing 15 eggs measure 5 9 6 8 cm 2 3 2 7 in in length and 4 3 4 8 cm 1 7 1 9 in in width 17 the female will incubate the eggs for 23 26 days whilst being protected by her mate 2 after the young hatch it only takes about a month or two until they are fully ready to fly but as a result of the young being independent very quickly they often stray from the rest of the brood females will care for her young but never for the entire period of the fledgling 10 female ruddy ducks have been observed acting in brood parasitism there hasn t been a clear factor that influences females to lay their eggs in other nests though it was observed that parasitic eggs were more likely to be male than female hatchlings 15 though some suspect that the parasitic laying is directly tied to the lack of attunement between the female ruddy duck and the environmental cues 18 they are migratory and winter in coastal bays and unfrozen lakes and ponds feeding edit ruddy ducks mainly feed on a large amount of plant matter like seeds and roots as well as aquatic insects and crustaceans a large portion of the animal matter consumed is larvae and pupae 9 19 during the winter they often consume a higher amount of animal food the food foraged is done underwater an activity that the ruddy duck excels at they forage by straining food from the surface of the substrate moving their bills side to side whilst opening and closing their mandibles this allows their food to stay caught in between their bill whilst the substrate is filtered out due to all foraging occurring with substrate clouding the water the way ruddy ducks select their prey is not through visuals instead ruddy ducks use tactile location of the larvae and pupae to forage 20 ruddy ducks can also feed on small molluscs and crustaceans like bivalves and amphipods they are able to find these organisms in moving waters by using the tip of their bill as it has many sensory endings which direct the duck towards their food the slight crooked shape of their mandible also allows them to efficiently tear at plant matter underwater 10 when searching for randomly placed food patches ruddy ducks sampled previously profitable sites before investigating other areas more frequently than would be expected by chance revisiting previously profitable foraging sites may be important when exploiting a patchy food resource with prey densities that are likely to be quickly replenished after having been exploited 21 invasive species and culling edit as a result of escapes from wildfowl collections in the late 1950s ruddy ducks became established in great britain from where they spread into europe this duck s aggressive courting behavior and willingness to interbreed with the endangered native white headed duck oxyura leucocephala of southern europe caused concern amongst spanish conservationists due to this a controversial scheme to extirpate the ruddy duck as a british breeding species started there have also been culling attempts in other european countries 22 by march 2012 a culling program in the uk supported by the rspb had killed 6 500 at a cost of 5m 769 per bird 23 in 2003 the bbc had reported the cost of killing each bird at 915 22 in 2012 lee evans founder of the british birding association claimed the cull cannot succeed now there are hundreds of ruddy ducks on the continent which will not be killed so the birds will continue to breed there s never been any proof anyway that the british population has ever interbred with the spanish ducks 23 by early 2014 the cull had reduced the british population to about 20 100 down from a peak of about 5 500 in 2000 24 according to animal aid in the uk the cost of hunting down the last few ruddy ducks was 3 000 per bird they advised if you see one don t tell anyone even bird groups will tell the authorities and those birds may be killed 25 in europe the ruddy duck is included since 2016 in the list of invasive alien species of union concern the union list 26 that implies the species cannot be imported bred transported commercialized or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the european union 27 references edit birdlife international 2018 oxyura jamaicensis iucn red list of threatened species 2018 e t22727750a132178041 doi 10 2305 iucn uk 2018 2 rlts t22727750a132178041 en retrieved 12 november 2021 1 2 3 hsotr 2023 08 15 ruddy duck homestead on the range retrieved 2024 10 14 gmelin johann friedrich 1789 systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in latin vol 1 part 2 13th ed lipsiae leipzig georg emanuel beer p 519 latham john 1785 a general synopsis of birds vol 3 part 2 london printed for leigh and sotheby p 513 no 58 bonaparte charles lucien 1828 the genera of north american birds and a synopsis of the species found within the territory of the united states systematically arranged in orders and families continued annals of the lyceum of natural history of new york 2 293 432 390 doi 10 1111 j 1749 6632 1826 tb00254 x 1 2 gill frank donsker david rasmussen pamela eds january 2022 screamers ducks geese swans ioc world bird list version 12 1 international ornithologists union retrieved 4 july 2022 jobling james a 2010 the helm dictionary of scientific bird names london christopher helm pp 287 210 isbn 978 1 4081 2501 4 ruddy duck identification all about birds cornell lab of ornithology 1 2 understanding waterfowl the stiff tailed ducks ducks unlimited www ducks org retrieved 2024 10 14 1 2 3 4 5 johnsgard paul 2010 ducks geese and swans of the world tribe oxyurini stiff tailed ducks geese and swans of the world tribe oxyurini stiff tailed ducks ducks 1 2 weller milton w 1997 review of ruddy ducks and other stifftails their behavior and biology the journal of wildlife management 61 4 1454 1456 doi 10 2307 3802163 jstor 3802163 ruddy duck overview all about birds cornell lab of ornithology www allaboutbirds org retrieved 2024 10 14 godfrey w earl 1966 the birds of canada ottawa national museum of canada p 81 sibley david allen 2000 the sibley guide to birds new york knopf p 103 isbn 0 679 45122 6 1 2 3 4 siegfried w roy 1976 social organization in ruddy and maccoa ducks the auk 93 3 560 570 jstor 4084957 ruddy duck fact sheet lincoln park zoo 2 february 1900 ruddy duck life history all about birds cornell lab of ornithology www allaboutbirds org retrieved 2026 05 30 reichart letitia marie 2008 conspecific brood parasitism in ruddy ducks oxyura jamaicensis thesis proquest 756235016 page needed siegfried w roy 1976 breeding biology and parasitism in the ruddy duck the wilson bulletin 88 4 566 574 jstor 4160826 sanchez m i green a j dolz j c november 2000 the diets of the white headed duck oxyura leucocephala ruddy duck o jamaicensis and their hybrids from spain bird study 47 3 275 284 bibcode 2000birds 47 275s doi 10 1080 00063650009461187 hdl 10261 45238 tome michael w wrubleski dale a february 1988 underwater foraging behavior of canvasbacks lesser scaups and ruddy ducks the condor 90 1 168 172 doi 10 2307 1368445 jstor 1368445 1 2 r i p ruddy duck 3 march 2003 1 2 vidal john 8 march 2012 final 100 ruddy ducks in the uk facing extermination the guardian the ruddy ducks with nowhere left to hide telegraph archived from the original on 2014 03 31 ruddy ducks list of invasive alien species of union concern environment european commission ec europa eu retrieved 2021 07 27 regulation eu no 1143 2014 of the european parliament and of the council of 22 october 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to oxyura jamaicensis data related to oxyura jamaicensis at wikispecies ruddy duck species account cornell lab of ornithology ruddy duck oxyura jamaicensis usgs patuxent bird identification infocenter the royal society for the protection of birds in favor of the cull animal aid against the cull ruddy duck species account at massachusetts breeding bird atlas ruddy duck media internet bird collection ruddy duck photo gallery at vireo drexel university taxon identifiers oxyura jamaicensis wikidata q647461 wikispecies oxyura jamaicensis aba rudduc adw oxyura_jamaicensis avibase df1e2a1d birdlife 22727750 bold 10075 bow rudduc bto bob2250 col 4bmph ebird rudduc eol 45510613 eppo oxurja eunis 12002 euring 2250 fauna europaea 96553 fauna europaea new 54b718d1 7fff 4b17 84fc e3e120d790d0 gbif old 2498305 gisd 152 gnab ruddy duck ibc ruddy duck oxyura jamaicensis inaturalist 850859 irmng 10193187 isc 71368 itis 175175 iucn 22727750 natureserve 2 1215229 nbn nhmsys0000530524 ncbi 8884 neotropical rudduc observation org 171 obis 159100 odnr ruddy duck open tree of life 88378 paleobiology database 129153 tsa 12704 worms 159100 xeno canto oxyura jamaicensis authority control databases national israel other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title ruddy_duck oldid 1356932016 categories iucn red list least concern species oxyura ducks birds of north america birds of central america birds of the caribbean birds of the dominican republic birds of haiti birds described in 1789 taxa named by johann friedrich gmelin birds of the united states least concern biota of the united states hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata articles with species microformats cs1...