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om the lower cononaco river who lived near the yasuní and nashiño rivers nampaweiris waneiris baiwairis kempereiris remaining 70 the waorani population before the 1950s contact was estimated at at least 600 persons but contact with the sil missionaries oil workers loggers and other indigenous peoples introduced diseases like influenza tuberculosis malaria and polio which were deadly for the until then isolated waorani 70 waorani accounts indicate that those remaining in their territory believed it was the sil missionaries who poisoned the chicha and that god is bad because he let them die 70 in 1969 a deadly polio epidemic hit the missionary compound immediately following the arrival of the third waorani group killing 16 and permanently handicapping many more several authors argue that sil was directly responsible for this outbreak due to inadequate vaccinations and sanitation while at the same time concentrating a large population in such a small area 71 records indicate that approximately 525 waoranis were concentrated in the sil protectorate over 80 of their pre contact population confined to a small area living sedentary missionary dependent lives 71 72 resistance to evangelism by sil missionaries before 1968 and then to concentration in the protectorate was constant with violent conflict erupting between different groups of the waorani attacks against oil workers and against persons of other indigenous peoples living in the area 73 in 1968 the waorani leader tagae and other families separated refused to be displaced to the missionary settlement and have since lived in voluntary isolation today they are referred to as the tagaeri an indigenous group living in voluntary isolation in 1972 waorani leaders like wiñame and dabo rebelled and founded new settlements in places like dayuno 69 facing a decrease in population in the protectorate due to death of flight in 1976 the sil missionaries called the missionary anthropologist james yost to explain the reasons for the failed reduction yost recommended dispersing the groups some clans had already become enemies and left the reserve he also suggested sil s withdrawal from tiweno so that the waorani can decide their own destiny 70 admitting in 1978 that if the waorani were to solve their own problems and remain independent of sil they would need to face their problems alone 74 sil would then progressively reduce its presence in the protectorate however the ecuadorian government had declared the waorani territory as vacant and started leasing it to oil companies 75 in particular texaco and handed property right to colonizers 72 under the 1977 law on colonization of the amazon region causing further conflicts faced with dispossession many waorani men turned to working for the oil companies or leaving their territory entirely by the end of 1979 james yost counted more than seventy men in the protectorate sixty percent of the total who had worked for oil companies at least once compared with thirty three a year earlier and fewer than ten before 1977 thirteen single girls were working as domestic servants in cities 76 by the 1980s sil activities in ecuador not only in the amazon were a matter of national concern with indigenous leaders calling for their expulsion from the country in may 1981 blanca chancoso leader of the confederación de pueblos de la nacionalidad kichwa del ecuador ecuarunari stated that for a long time we have been denouncing these facts and the damage sil have caused to our indigenous communities throughout the country 77 and demanded they be expelled from ecuador the left wing president of ecuador of the time jaime roldós aguilera expelled sil by decree 1159 of may 22 1981 78 among mounting allegations of espionage in favour of oil companies 70 and of sil s collaboration with the cia in latin america 79 80 reacting to the expulsion in november 1981 local activists stated to the international work group for indigenous affairs iwgia that from its inception in 1952 the institute s activities have been linked to those of oil companies which used sil s policies to confine the indigenous peoples of the amazon to a tenth of their original territory its educational work has had a profound impact on the way of life of the contacted groups resulting in the disintegration of the indigenous worldview and a process of forced assimilation into mainstream society which has led to the impoverishment of a large number of indigenous people recently sil has attempted to expand its reach to other groups living on the coast and in the highlands 78 in 1986 sil unsuccessfully tried to renegotiate its entry into the country nevertheless some sil missionaries returned to ecuador and their influence continued specially that of rachel saint who is said to have controlled access to tiweno allegedly barring anybody who was not a member of sil up until her death in 1994 70 sil has also been accused of biopiracy of waorani blood in collusion with the ecuadorian government and the oil company maxus 81 in 2012 the waorani nationality known as nacionalidad waorani del ecuador nawe brought to the attention the use of genetic samples to the government to which the natives state that the samples were taken from the community without their consent 82 reportedly the collection of the samples took place mostly between 1990 and 1991 in 2014 rené ramírez the head of the ecuadorian ministry of higher education science and technology stated that it was demonstrated that the coriell institute has in its stores samples from the waorani and that it sells genetic material from the waorani people 83 he further explained that harvard university was among the purchasers specifically a 2012 report found that since 1994 seven cell cultures and 36 blood samples were distributed to eight different countries however scientific publications based on the samples have stated that the samples used for their own studies date back to the 1970s 84 when sil was in charge of the protectorate and was conducting the vaccination campaigns allegedly it was during vaccinations initiated by the sil in 1979 by jonathan e kaplan james w larrick and james yost that the first blood samples were taken from waorani people 81 85 the presence of sil translators during the collection of waorani blood has been ratified by the alleged waorani victims themselves 82 regional offices edit besides the headquarters in dallas sil has offices and locally incorporated affiliated organizations in the following countries 86 africa edit cameroon yaoundé central office bamenda regional office maroua regional bureau for the north of the country chad n djaména ethiopia addis ababa senegal dakar central office ziguinchor regional office thies regional office togo lomé kenya nairobi africa regional office nigeria jos americas edit brazil cuiabá colombia 1962 2002 mexico instituto lingüístico de verano mexico based in the tlalpan borough of mexico city peru instituto lingüístico de verano peru based in lima suriname 1968 2001 87 asia edit philippines quezon city oceania edit australia kangaroo ground melbourne suburbs papua new guinea ukarumpa see also edit iso 639 3 jaars references edit citations edit 1 2 our leaders sil global retrieved september 5 2026 1 2 fieldworks language explorer sil software december 9 2014 retrieved july 30 2024 1 2 lexique pro sil software october 2 2014 retrieved july 30 2024 1 2 kurian george thomas lamport mark a 2016 encyclopedia of christianity in the united states volume 5 us rowman littlefield p 255 howard michael c 2014 transnationalism and society an introduction us mcfarland p 196 isbn 978 0 7864 8625 0 hartch todd 2006 missionaries of the state the summer institute of linguistics state formation and indigenous mexico 1935 1985 tuscaloosa al university of alabama press isbn 978 0 8173 1515 3 the new missionaries part 2 pdf philadelphia bulletin may 4 1981 bachrach judy june 3 1981 troubled translators pdf the washington star chandler russell july 25 1981 bible translators the word for the world the washington post issn 0190 8286 archived from the original on august 27 2017 retrieved may 31 2025 cite news cs1 maint bot original url status unknown link a new season for sil global news sil global sil org press release retrieved may 14 2025 1 2 3 about sil global sil org retrieved october 28 2025 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link our work sil global global sil org retrieved august 25 2026 endangered language groups sil bibliography language and culture archives sil fieldwork linguistics sil headland et al 1990 about sil international archived from the original on november 24 2005 1 2 language and culture documentation sil july 30 2012 sil international relations sil org usa retrieved august 24 2021 sil partnerships sil org usa retrieved august 24 2021 keith brown sarah ogilvie concise encyclopedia of languages of the world elsevier netherlands 2010 p 385 stepp john richard hector castaneda and sarah cervone mountains and biocultural diversity mountain research and development 25 no 3 2005 223 227 for the distribution of languages we used the ethnologue database produced by the summer institute of linguistics sil ethnologue is widely regarded as the most comprehensive data source of current languages spoken worldwide ethnologue launches subscription service all things linguistic retrieved july 30 2024 hammarström harald 2015 ethnologue 16 17 18th editions a comprehensive review language 91 3 723 737 doi 10 1353 lan 2015 0038 hdl 11858 00 001m 0000 0014 c719 6 s2cid 119977100 software sil international april 22 2016 adapt it sil international field linguist s toolbox sil language technology sil international may 10 2017 retrieved april 9 2019 guérin valérie and sébastien lacrampe lexique pro technology review 1 no 2 2007 2 baines david fieldworks language explorer flex elex2009 27 butler l heather v v 2007 fieldworks language explorer flex language documentation conservation 1 1 ulinski m balakrishnan a bauer d coyne b hirschberg j rambow o june 2014 documenting endangered languages with the wordseye linguistics tool in proceedings of the 2014 workshop on the use of computational methods in the study of endangered languages pp 6 14 one of the most widely used toolkits in the latter category is sil fieldworks sil fieldworks 2014 or specifically fieldworks language explorer flex flex includes tools for eliciting and recording lexical information dictionary development interlinearization of texts analysis of discourse features and morphological analysis an important part of flex is its linguistfriendly morphological parser black and simons 2006 which uses an underlying model of morphology familiar to linguists is fully integrated into lexicon development and interlinear text analysis and produces a human readable grammar sketch as well as a machine interpretable parser the morphological parser is constructed stealthily in the background and can help a linguist by predicting glosses for interlinear texts wesay sil software october 2 2014 retrieved july 30 2024 tarmstrong november 16 2012 wesay on linux wesay palaso org sil international archived from the original on july 2 2013 wesay sil international october 2 2014 webonary sil international june 10 2013 graphite sil june 2 2015 black h andrew and gary f simons the sil field works language explorer approach to morphological parsing computational linguistics for lessstudied languages texas linguistics society 10 2006 bird s simons g 2003 seven dimensions of portability for language documentation and description language 557 582 home keyman com keyman developer build custom keyboard layouts for desktop web phone and tablets keyman 14 promo april 16 2021 via vimeo cahill michael and elke karan factors in designing effective orthographies for unwritten languages sil international 2008 1 2 dobrin good 2009 gentium sil software fonts sil international october 2 2014 retrieved august 20 2016 doulos sil sil software fonts sil international october 2 2014 retrieved august 20 2016 cahill m january 2011 non linguistic factors in orthographies in symposium on developing orthographies for unwritten languages annual meeting linguistic society of america priest l a september 2004 transitioning a vastly multilingual corporation to unicode in 26th internationalization and unicode conference san jose ca charis sil sil software fonts sil international october 2 2014 retrieved august 20 2016 wells john june 4 2012 ipa transcription in unicode university college london retrieved july 12 2015 wells john an update on phonetic symbols in unicode in international congress of phonetic sciences saarbrüken retrieved january vol 1 p 2011 2007 andika sil software fonts sil international october 2 2014 retrieved october 29 2016 proceedings language 24 3 the linguistic society of america 4 1947 jstor 522186 appeal sil summer institute of linguistics international unesco bkk summer institute of linguistics ramon magsaysay awardee for international understanding 1973 archived from the original on may 10 2011 retrieved february 10 2006 literacy prize winners 1967 2001 pdf unesco april 11 2013 clarke 2001 p 182 bonner 1999 p 20 cleary steigenga 2004 p 36 epps patience l 2005 language endangerment in amazonia the role of missionaries in wohlgemuth jan dirksmeyer tyko eds bedrohte vielfalt aspekte des sprach en tods threatened diversity aspects of language death pdf the book is primarily a german language anthology however the referenced article is in english berlin weißensee pp 326 7 isbn 3 89998 041 7 archived from the original pdf on june 1 2024 also the literacy efforts of most sil missionaries are directed toward the reading and translation of the bible and it is doubtful whether literacy materials based on culturally unfamiliar biblical texts are as effective as those grounded in culturally familiar narratives and the immediate needs of the people moreover language preservation is only an incidental goal at most of the missionary endeavor even the world council of churches at their 1971 meeting in barbados agreed that the translation and study of indigenous languages carried out by sil was not being done to give the indians a tool to communicate to protect their way of life but rather to destroy the culture s core belief system and replace it with an american version of fundamentalist protestantism cf hemming 2003 267 hvalkof aaby 1981 errington 2008 pp 153 162 1 2 3 dobrin 2009 olson 2009 cahill michael 2004 from endangered to less endangered case studies from brazil and papua new guinea electronic working papers sil 2004 004 retrieved august 5 2013 tigre aguila y waorani una sola selva una sola lucha deuda ecológica de las transnacionales petroleras con el pueblo waorani y el parque nacional yasuní alexandra almeida josé proaño acción ecológica 2008 pdf long kathryn t 2019 god in the rainforest missionaries and the waorani in amazonian ecuador new york oxford university press pu...