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the (101), language (51), and (46), english (40), saanich (37), languages (35), sign (32), #senćoŧen (27), montler (24), with (22), salish (22), american (20), straits (19), edit (19), alphabet (16), from (15), north (15), 1986 (15), this (12), ipa (12), central (12), unicode (12), other (11), retrieved (11), new (11), are (11), school (11), for (11), southern (10), northern (10), w̱sáneć (10), uvular (10), wikipedia (9), may (8), indigenous (8), salishan (8), upper (8), western (8), word (8), 2018 (8), stress (8), not (8), dialect (7), was (7), articles (7), plain (7), coast (7), miwok (7), board (7), phonology (7), linguistics (7), tŧe (7), orthography (7), toggle (6), text (6), page (6), all (6), first (6), french (6), thompson (6), yokuts (6), pomo (6), archived (6), timothy (6), people (6), university (6), pdf (6), latin (6), 2025 (6), original (6), firstvoices (6), portal (6), only (6), t̪s̪ʼə (6), əw̰ (6), consonants (6), iso (5), letter (5), links (5), northwest (5), talk (5), 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nsonants whether or not it is stressed when unstressed it is a close central ɨ following post alveolars and before sonorants including ɴ and it is central rounded ʉ before the labialized obstruents iv ɑ is ɐ before j it is also affected by uvulars and ʔ being more backed v consonants edit the following table includes all the sounds found in the north straits dialects no one dialect includes them all plosives are not aspirated but are not voiced either ejectives have weak glottalization consonants 12 13 11 type bilabial dental alveolar post alveolar velar uvular glottal median lateral plain lab plain lab stop plain p t tʃ k a kʷ q qʷ ʔ ejective pʼ t̪s̪ʼ b tʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼʷ qʼ qʼʷ fricative s̪ b s ɬ ʃ xʷ χ χʷ h sonorant plain m n l j w ɴ glottalic m̰ c n̰ c l̰ c j̰ c w̰ c ɴ̰ c the plain velar stop k is found only in loanwords as in cepu kəˈpu above vi 1 2 the dentals are most often realized as grooved fricatives s̪ t̪s̪ʼ and are only rarely realized as interdentals θ t̪θʼ vii 1 2 3 4 5 6 the phonemic status of the glottalized sonorants also known as resonants in salish languages is not agreed upon some linguists analyze them as unit phonemes others as sequences of a plain sonorant and a glottal stop ʔ for saanich montler 1986 analyzes them as typically creaky voiced though as ʔr following stress and rʔ preceding stress they do not occur in word initial position viii montler 2018 reaffirms the creaky voice analysis 11 montler 1986 originally described the dorsal consonants k xʷ q χ ɴ as well as their labialized and glottalic counterparts as more fronted in their place of articulation than their typical ipa values noting the velars to be articulated as pre velar k̟ x̟ʷ ix and the uvulars as post velar k̠ x̠ ŋ̠ x however later sources do not maintain this distinction and simply describe them as velar and uvular 14 this includes an updated description from montler 2018 noting the velars as equivalent to english counterparts a and the uvulars as having the tongue backed toward the uvula 11 stress edit saanich stress is phonemic each full word has one stressed syllable either in the root or in a suffix the position of which is lexically determined secondary stress is sometimes described but this is merely a way of distinguishing lexical schwas with secondary stress like all other vowels in a word from epenthetic schwas unstressed orthography edit saanich alphabet senćoŧen sənčáθən script type alphabet period 1978 to present languages north straits salish language saanich language related scripts parent systems proto writing egyptian hieroglyphs proto sinaitic alphabet phoenician alphabet greek alphabet old italic script latin alphabet english alphabet saanich alphabet iso 15924 iso 15924 latn 215 latin unicode unicode alias latin unicode range u 0000 to u 007e basic latin and punctuation u 00cd í u 0106 ć u 015a ś u 0166 ŧ u 023a ⱥ u 023b ȼ u 023d ƚ u 023e ⱦ u 1e30 ḱ u 1df48 in the unicode pipeline approved for unicode 18 15 this article contains phonetic transcriptions in the international phonetic alphabet ipa for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa for the distinction between and see ipa brackets and transcription delimiters the saanich orthography was created by dave elliott in 1978 by using a typewriter to combine latin characters with other marks to create new characters 16 it is a unicase alphabet using only uppercase letters with the single exception of a lower case s for the third person possessive suffix 17 senćoŧen orthography 18 11 a á ⱥ b c ć ȼ d e h i í e ej pʼ k tʃ kʷ tʼ ə h i əj ɑj ɛ æ e j k ḵ ḱ l l ƚ m m n n tʃʼ qʼ qʼʷ q qʷ l l̰ ɬ m m̰ n n̰ ṉ ṉ o p q s ś t ⱦ ṯ ŧ ɴ ɴ̰ ɑ p kʼʷ s ʃ t t̪s̪ʼ tɬʼ s̪ u u w w̱ x x̱ y y z s u w əw̰ uʔ w xʷ χ χʷ j j̰ z ʔ s the glottal stop ʔ is written with a spacing cedilla or less formally with a comma it is omitted at the beginning of words and may be ignored in other contexts the comma was the original orthography but caused problems with electronic document searches and the like saanich dictionaries spell check and increasingly common usage have switched to the cedilla and in 2025 unicode defined the spacing cedilla as a letter to prevent word breaks another problem with the comma the suffixing s is used to indicate third person possessive as in english his hers theirs its occasionally a prefixing s is written as lowercase and attached instead to a previous word according to montler 2018 it also may appear in the middle of a word for unknown reasons 11 the vowel e is usually written á unless it occurs next to a uvular consonant q qʷ qʼ qʷʼ χ χʷ ɴ ɴʷ in which case it is written a and pronounced with a more open realization the latter is rare in the language 11 the glottal stop glottalized sonorants l m n ṉ u y and suffixing s are not included in alphabetization on the other hand the letter z is included as the last letter of the alphabet as can be seen on the w̱sáneć school board s official senćoŧen website 18 it is an outlier as linguists have never mentioned the letter or sound in their studies neither as a phoneme nor as an allophone of any other phonemes according to the firstvoices website it only appears in senćoŧen names 19 it is not included as part of the alphabet in montler 2018 s dictionary 11 vr̰ often surfaces as vʔr when stressed and this may be reflected in the orthography for instance ʔeʔˈ eʔl kʷəɴ is spelled á á l ȼeṉ rather than phonemic á ál ȼeṉ ʔeʔˈ el̰ kʷəɴ in the saanich dictionary and ʔ aʔn χsət is o n xset rather than on xset ʔ an̰ χsət 20 example text edit article 1 of the universal declaration of human rights saanich ewene sán e tŧe u meq eƚtálṉew̱ ȼ sni s sqíeŧ e tŧe xćṉins u xeneneȼel tŧe u meq eƚtálṉew̱ e ȼ si ám teṉs ćśḱáleȼen tŧe u meq sán í ȼ s á iteṉs tŧe u meq sán x̱en iṉ e tŧe sćá će s ipa əwənə sen ə t̪s̪ʼə əw̰ məkʼʷ əɬtelɴəxʷ kʷ sniʔs skʼʷɑjəs̪ ə t̪s̪ʼə χt͡ʃɴins əw̰ χənənəkʷəl t̪s̪ʼə əw̰ məkʼʷ əɬtelɴəxʷ kʷ siʔemʔtəɴs t͡ʃʃqʷeləkʷen t̪s̪ʼə əw̰ məkʼʷ sen əj̰ kʷ sʔeʔiteɴs t̪s̪ʼə əw̰ mekʼʷ sen χʷənʔiɴ ə t̪s̪ʼə st͡ʃeʔt͡ʃəʔs english original all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood unicode edit in 2004 four letters from the saanich alphabet were added to the unicode standard 21 and the barred k was accepted in 2024 15 in 2025 the properties of the spacing cedilla were changed to accommodate saanich 22 grammar edit metathesis edit in saanich metathesis is used as a grammatical device to indicate actual aspect the actual aspect is most commonly translated into english using the be ing progressive construction it is formed from the nonactual verb form through a cv vc metathesis process in which the consonant and vowel switch positions ŧx̱ét shove nonactual ŧéx̱t shoving actual ṯpéx̱ scatter nonactual ṯépx̱ scattering actual ⱦƚéq pinch nonactual ⱦéƚq pinching actual this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information may 2008 notes edit with the comparisons k with k i ck k ɪ k kʷ with qu ick k w ɪ k w with w ow w aʊ and xʷ with wh ich hw ɪ tʃ montler 1986 1 2 1 montler 1986 1 2 montler 1986 1 2 2 montler 1986 1 2 4 montler 1986 1 2 3 montler 1986 1 1 montler 1986 1 1 1 2 montler 1986 1 1 2 montler 1986 1 1 1 6 montler 1986 1 1 1 7 8 references edit there were 6 speakers of north straits salish in 8 of the 10 communities in 2014 and 3 speakers of the only other surviving dialect in 2011 archived 2016 05 13 at the wayback machine á leṉeneȼ ƚte our homeland w̱sáneć leadership council w̱sáneć nation retrieved 7 november 2023 senćoŧen survival school w̱sáneć school board w̱sáneć nation retrieved 7 november 2023 w̱sáneć school board swallow tye 30 november 2018 chapter 9 learning from the homeland an emerging process for indigenizing education in williams wanosts a7 lorna snively gloria eds knowing home braiding indigenous science with western science book 2 epublishing services university of victoria libraries áleṉeneȼ means homeland in the senćoŧen language daily fact 9 there are over 50 first nations languages in canada miss teen southern british columbia archived from the original on 2017 11 27 retrieved 2013 06 02 ƚáu welṉew̱ tribal school archived from the original on 2 january 2013 retrieved 17 april 2012 mckay jackie march 2 2025 refuge for the people cbc news retrieved march 3 2025 renee lewis 2012 08 02 indigenous tap new app to save old languages al jazeera english retrieved 2012 08 21 firstvoices apps firstvoices retrieved 2012 10 04 firstvoices senćoŧen community portal retrieved 2025 07 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 montler timothy 2018 senćoŧen a dictionary of the saanich language pdf electronic ed university of washington press w̱sáneć school board archived pdf from the original on 2022 12 13 leonard janet 2009 preliminary investigation of the relationship between morphology and phonology in senćoŧen saanich working papers of the linguistics circle 19 1 141 152 issn 1920 440x bird sonya leonard janet 2009 universality of articulatory conflict resolution evidence from salish languages pdf northwest journal of linguistics 3 2 1 29 leonard janet 2007 a preliminary account of stress in senćoŧen pdf northwest journal of linguistics 1 4 1 59 1 2 l2 24 234r pp 6 14 15 dave elliott and the sençoîen alphabet bill cayou jim 2003 15 1 2 alphabet senćoŧen org alphabet senćoŧen firstvoices senćoŧen word list english index archived from the original on 2019 08 28 retrieved 2025 08 28 elliot john may 5 2004 proposal to add four senćoŧen latin charaters pdf retrieved november 22 2024 unicode standard annex 29 unicode text segmentation bibliography edit bill adriane cayou roxanne jim jacquelin 2003 neⱦe neḱⱥ sḵelálṉew̱ one green tree victoria b c first peoples cultural foundation ƚáu welṉew̱ tribal school isbn 1 4120 0626 0 mithun marianne 1999 the languages of native north america cambridge cambridge university press isbn 0 521 23228 7 hbk isbn 0 521 29875 x montler timothy 1986 an outline of the morphology and phonology of saanich north straits salish occasional papers in linguistics 4 missoula mt university of montana linguistics laboratory web version of the author s phd dissertation university of hawaiʻi montler timothy 1996 languages and dialects in straits salishan proceedings of the international conference on salish and neighboring languages 31 249 256 montler timothy 1999 language and dialect variation in straits salishan anthropological linguistics 41 4 462 502 montler timothy 2018 senćoŧen a dictionary of the saanich language seattle university of washington press thompson laurence thompson m terry efrat barbara 1974 some phonological developments in straits salish international journal of american linguistics 40 182 196 yelḱátⱦe claxton earl sr stolȼeƚ elliot john sr 1994 reef net technology of the saltwater people brentwood bay b c saanich indian school board external links edit timothy montler s site an outline of the morphology and phonology of saanich north straits salish 1986 phonology morphology sample text how to pronounce senćoŧen saanich classified word list 1991 https www smg surrey ac uk saanich verbs saanich indian school board senćoŧen saanich northern straits salish chris harvey s native language font keyboard senćoŧen welcome page archived 2017 07 31 at the wayback machine first voices w̱sa ́ nec ́ history territory with map v t e salishan languages bella coola nuxalk nuxálk central coast salish comox halkomelem klallam lushootseed northen southern nooksack northern straits lekwungen lummi saanich samish semiahmoo t sou ke pentlatch sechelt squamish twana tsamosan cowlitz lower chehalis upper chehalis quinault tillamook tillamook interior salish northern lillooet shuswap thompson river salish southern coeur d alene columbia moses colville okanagan sinixt montana salish italics indicate extinct languages v t e languages of canada official languages english black afro nova scotian cascadian franglais chiac indigenous lunenburg maritime newfoundland ottawa valley québec toronto french acadian brayon chaouin franglais chiac joual magoua métis newfoundland ontarois québec indigenous languages algonquian abenaki western algonquin blackfoot cree innu maliseet passamaquoddy miꞌkmaq munsee naskapi ojibwe ottawa potawatomi inuit inuinnaqtun inuktitut inupiaq inuvialuktun iroquoian cayuga mohawk oneida onondaga seneca tuscarora wyandot na dene babine witsuwitʼen carrier chipewyan dogrib gwichʼin hän kaska nicola sekani slavey tagish tahltan tlingit tsetsaut tsilhqotʼin tsuutʼina tutchone northern southern salishan comox halkomelem lillooet nuxalk okanagan pentlatch saanich shíshálh shuswap squamish thompson dakotan stoney sioux assiniboine tsimshian coast gitxsan nisgaʼa southern wakashan ditidaht haisla heiltsuk oowekyala kwakʼwala nuu chah nulth other beothuk haida kutenai pidgins creoles and mixed algonquian basque pidgin broken slavey bungee chinook jargon labrador inuit pidgin french michif minority languages canadian gaelic newfoundland irish spanish portuguese italian german pennsylvania hutterite plautdietsch polish ukrainian russian doukhobor arabic persian hindustani punjabi tamil mandarin cantonese korean vietnamese tagalog sign languages american sign language black american sign language protactile hand talk oneida sign language plateau sign language inuit sign language maritime sign language quebec sign language canadian style guides canadian dictionaries v t e languages of the united states languages in italics are extinct english dialects of american english african american english ebonics affrilachian black brogue american indian english appalachian english baltimore english boston english cajun english california english chicano english general american english good american speech high tider english inland northern american english miami english cubonics maine english midland american english new england englishes eastern western new mexican englishes new orleans english new york city english new york latino english northeastern elite accent northern american english north central american upper midwestern english pacific northwest english philadelphia english puerto rican englishes southern american english older texan english upper michigan english utah mormon english western american english western pennsylvania english yeshiva english oral indigenous languages families algic western abenaki arapaho blackfoot cheyenne cree fox malecite passamaquoddy menominee mi kmaq munsee ojibwe potawatomi shawnee eastern abenaki etchemin gros ventre loup mahican massachusett miami illinois mohegan pequot nanticoke narragansett nawathinehena pamlico powhatan quiripi unami wiyot yurok arawakan taíno austronesian chamorro hawaiian refaluwasch samoan tokelauan caddoan arikara pawnee caddo kitsai wichita chinookan kathlamet tsinúk upper chinook comecrudan comecrudo garza mamulique chumashan barbareño cruzeño ineseño obispeño purisimeño ventureño na 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